nach oben

vorheriger Artikel Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene...

nächster Artikel Postreanimationsbehandlung

Tipp

Kreislaufstillstand in besonderen Situationen

Kapitel 4 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council

Zeitschrift:: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin > Ausgabe 8/2015

Autoren:: A. Truhlář, C.D. Deakin, J. Soar, G.E.A. Khalifa, A. Alfonzo, J.J.L.M. Bierens, G. Brattebø, H. Brugger, J. Dunning, S. Hunyadi-Antičević, R.W. Koster, D.J. Lockey, C. Lott, P. Paal, G.D. Perkins, C. Sandroni, K.-C. Thies, D.A. Zideman, J.P. Nolan

» Jetzt Zugang zum Volltext erhalten

Wichtige Hinweise

zu diesem Kapitel haben beigetragen:

Alessandro Barelli: Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy

Bernd W. Böttiger: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Marios Georgiou: American Medical Center, Nicosia, Cyprus

Anthony J. Handley: Honorary Consultant Physician, Colchester, UK

Thomas Lindner: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Drøbak, Norway

Mark J. Midwinter: NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University of Birmingham, UK

Koenraad G. Monsieurs: Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium Emergency Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Wolfgang A. Wetsch: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Ein Erratum zu diesem Beitrag ist unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10049-017-0337-z zu finden.

Ohne Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Jetzt einloggen Kostenlos registrieren

Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 81:1400–1433 PubMedCrossRef

Safar P, Paradis NA, Weil MH (2007) Asphyxial cardiac arrest. In: Paradis NA, Halperin HR, Kern KB, Wenzel V, Chamberlain DA (Hrsg) Cardiac arrest – the science and practice of resuscitation medicine, 2. Aufl. Cambride University Ptress, Cambridge, S 969–993 CrossRef

Farmery AD, Roe PG (1996) A model to describe the rate of oxyhaemoglobin desaturation during apnoea. Br J Anaesth 76:284–291 PubMedCrossRef

DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL (1995) The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 30:169–175 PubMedCrossRef

Deasy C, Bray J, Smith K, Bernard S, Cameron P, Committee VS (2013) Hanging-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. Emerg Med J 30:38–42 PubMedCrossRef

SOS-KANTO Study Group (2007) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study. Lancet 369:920–926 CrossRef

Ogawa T, Akahane M, Koike S, Tanabe S, Mizoguchi T, Imamura T (2011) Outcomes of chest compression only CPR versus conventional CPR conducted by lay people in patients with out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrest witnessed by bystanders: nationwide population based observational study. BMJ 342:c7106 PubMedCrossRef

Deasy C, Bray J, Smith K, Harriss LR, Bernard SA, Cameron P (2011) Paediatric hanging associated out of hospital cardiac arrest in Melbourne, Australia: characteristics and outcomes. Emerg Med J 28:411–415 PubMedCrossRef

Wee JH, Park KN, Oh SH, Youn CS, Kim HJ, Choi SP (2012) Outcome analysis of cardiac arrest due to hanging injury. Am J Emerg Med 30:690–694 PubMedCrossRef

10.

Davies D, Lang M, Watts R (2011) Paediatric hanging and strangulation injuries: a 10-year retrospective description of clinical factors and outcomes. Paediatr Child Health 16:e78–e81 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

11.

Penney DJ, Stewart AH, Parr MJ (2002) Prognostic outcome indicators following hanging injuries. Resuscitation 54:27–29 PubMedCrossRef

12.

Wee JH, Park JH, Choi SP, Park KN (2013) Outcomes of patients admitted for hanging injuries with decreased consciousness but without cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 31:1666–1670 PubMedCrossRef

13.

Mahoney B, Smith W, Lo D, Tsoi K, Tonelli M, Clase C (2005) Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD003235

14.

Einhorn LM, Zhan M, Hsu VD et al (2009) The frequency of hyperkalemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 169:1156–1162 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

15.

Acker CG, Johnson JP, Palevsky PM, Greenberg A (1998) Hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients: causes, adequacy of treatment, and results of an attempt to improve physician compliance with published therapy guidelines. Arch Inter Med 158:917–924 CrossRef

16.

Moranne O, Froissart M, Rossert J et al (2009) Timing of onset of CKD-related metabolic complications. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:164–171 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

17.

Lin CH, Tu YF, Chiang WC, Wu SY, Chang YH, Chi CH (2013) Electrolyte abnormalities and laboratory findings in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who have kidney disease. Am J Emerg Med 31:487–493 PubMedCrossRef

18.

Khanagavi J, Gupta T, Aronow WS et al (2014) Hyperkalemia among hospitalized patients and association between duration of hyperkalemia and outcomes. Arch Med Sci 10:251–257 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

19.

Smellie WS (2007) Spurious hyperkalaemia. BMJ 334:693–695 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

20.

Asirvatham JR, Moses V, Bjornson L (2013) Errors in potassium measurement: a laboratory perspective for the clinician. N Am J Med Sci 5:255–259 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

21.

You JS, Park YS, Chung HS et al (2014) Evaluating the utility of rapid point-of-care potassium testing for the early identification of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease in the emergency department. Yonsei Med J 55:1348–1353 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

22.

Association UR (2014) Teatment of Acute Hyperkalaemia in Adults. Clinical Practice Guidelines. London

23.

Ahmed J, Weisberg LS (2001) Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14:348–356

24.

Surawicz B, Chlebus H, Mazzoleni A (1967) Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of hyperpotassemia. Differences in response to slow and rapid increases in concentration of plasma K. Am Heart J 73:647–664 PubMedCrossRef

25.

An JN, Lee JP, Jeon HJ et al (2012) Severe hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization: predictors of mortality. Crit Care 16:R225 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

26.

Elliott MJ, Ronksley PE, Clase CM, Ahmed SB, Hemmelgarn BR (2010) Management of patients with acute hyperkalemia. CMAJ 182:1631–1635 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

27.

Apel J, Reutrakul S, Baldwin D (2014) Hypoglycemia in the treatment of hyperkalemia with insulin in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Kidney J 7:248–250 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

28.

Alfonzo AV, Isles C, Geddes C, Deighan C (2006) Potassium disorders–clinical spectrum and emergency management. Resuscitation 70:10–25 PubMedCrossRef

29.

El-Sherif N, Turitto G (2011) Electrolyte disorders and arrhythmogenesis. Cardiol J 18:233–245 PubMed

30.

Paice BJ, Paterson KR, Onyanga-Omara F, Donnelly T, Gray JM, Lawson DH (1986) Record linkage study of hypokalaemia in hospitalized patients. Postgrad Med J 62:187–191 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

31.

Kjeldsen K (2010) Hypokalemia and sudden cardiac death. Exp Clin Cardiol 15:e96–e99 PubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant LM (2000) New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern Med 160:2429–2436 PubMedCrossRef

33.

Brown DJ, Brugger H, Boyd J, Paal P (2012) Accidental hypothermia. N Engl J Med 367:1930–1938 PubMedCrossRef

34.

Pasquier M, Zurron N, Weith B et al (2014) Deep accidental hypothermia with core temperature below 24 degrees c presenting with vital signs. High Alt Med Biol 15:58–63 PubMedCrossRef

35.

Walpoth BH, Galdikas J, Leupi F, Muehlemann W, Schlaepfer P, Althaus U (1994) Assessment of hypothermia with a new „tympanic“ thermometer. J Clin Monit 10:91–96 PubMedCrossRef

36.

Strapazzon G, Procter E, Paal P, Brugger H (2014) Pre-hospital core temperature measurement in accidental and therapeutic hypothermia. High Alt Med Biol 15:104–111 PubMedCrossRef

37.

Brugger H, Oberhammer R, Adler-Kastner L, Beikircher W (2009) The rate of cooling during avalanche burial; a „Core“ issue. Resuscitation 80:956–958 CrossRef

38.

Lefrant JY, Muller L, de La Coussaye JE et al (2003) Temperature measurement in intensive care patients: comparison of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal methods versus pulmonary artery core method. Intensive Care Med 29:414–418 PubMedCrossRef

39.

Robinson J, Charlton J, Seal R, Spady D, Joffres MR (1998) Oesophageal, rectal, axillary, tympanic and pulmonary artery temperatures during cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 45:317–323 PubMedCrossRef

40.

Wood S (1991) Interactions between hypoxia and hypothermia. Ann Rev Physiol 53:71–85 CrossRef

41.

Schneider SM (1992) Hypothermia: from recognition to rewarming. Emerg Med Rep 13:1–20

42.

Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A, Nilsen PA, Solbo JP (2000) Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7 degrees C with circulatory arrest. Lancet 355:375–376 PubMedCrossRef

43.

Lexow K (1991) Severe accidental hypothermia: survival after 6 hours 30 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Arctic Med Res 50(Suppl 6):112–114 PubMed

44.

Boue Y, Lavolaine J, Bouzat P, Matraxia S, Chavanon O, Payen JF (2014) Neurologic recovery from profound accidental hypothermia after 5 hours of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 42:e167–e170 PubMedCrossRef

45.

Gordon L, Paal P, Ellerton JA, Brugger H, Peek GJ, Zafren K (2015) Delayed and intermittent CPR for severe accidental hypothermia. Resuscitation 90:46–49 PubMedCrossRef

46.

Paal P, Milani M, Brown D, Boyd J, Ellerton J (2012) Termination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in mountain rescue. High Alt Med Biol 13:200–208 PubMedCrossRef

47.

Danzl DF, Pozos RS, Auerbach PS et al (1987) Multicenter hypothermia survey. Ann Emerg Med 16:1042–1055 PubMedCrossRef

48.

Putzer G, Tiefenthaler W, Mair P, Paal P (2012) Near-infrared spectroscopy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a hypothermic polytraumatised cardiac arrest patient. Resuscitation 83:e1–e2 PubMedCrossRef

49.

Nolan JP, Soar J, Wenzel V, Paal P (2012) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and management of cardiac arrest. Nat Rev Cardiol 9:499–511 PubMedCrossRef

50.

Putzer G, Braun P, Zimmermann A et al (2013) LUCAS compared to manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation is more effective during helicopter rescue-a prospective, randomized, cross-over manikin study. Am J Emerg Med 31:384–389 PubMedCrossRef

51.

Paal P, Beikircher W, Brugger H (2006) [Avalanche emergencies. Review of the current situation]. Anaesthesist 55:314–324 PubMedCrossRef

52.

Stoner J, Martin G, O’Mara K, Ehlers J, Tomlanovich M (2003) Amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in a canine model. Acad Emerg Med 10:187–191 PubMedCrossRef

53.

Krismer AC, Lindner KH, Kornberger R et al (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during severe hypothermia in pigs: does epinephrine or vasopressin increase coronary perfusion pressure? Anesth Analg 90:69–73 PubMedCrossRef

54.

Kornberger E, Lindner KH, Mayr VD et al (2001) Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Resuscitation 50:301–308 PubMedCrossRef

55.

Mattu A, Brady WJ, Perron AD (2002) Electrocardiographic manifestations of hypothermia. Am J Emerg Med 20:314–326 PubMedCrossRef

56.

Paal P, Strapazzon G, Braun P et al (2013) Factors affecting survival from avalanche burial – a randomised prospective porcine pilot study. Resuscitation 84:239–243 PubMedCrossRef

57.

Ujhelyi MR, Sims JJ, Dubin SA, Vender J, Miller AW (2001) Defibrillation energy requirements and electrical heterogeneity during total body hypothermia. Crit Care Med 29:1006–1011 PubMedCrossRef

58.

Zafren K, Giesbrecht GG, Danzl DF et al (2014) Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the out-of-hospital evaluation and treatment of accidental hypothermia: 2014 update. Wilderness Environ Med 25:S66–S85 PubMedCrossRef

59.

Henriksson O, Lundgren PJ, Kuklane K et al (2015) Protection against cold in prehospital care: wet clothing removal or addition of a vapor barrier. Wilderness Environ Med 26:11–20 PubMedCrossRef

60.

Brown D, Ellerton J, Paal P, Boyd J (2015) Hypothermia Evidence, Afterdrop, and Practical Experience. Wilderness Environ Med 26(3):437–439 PubMedCrossRef

61.

Lundgren P, Henriksson O, Naredi P, Bjornstig U (2011) The effect of active warming in prehospital trauma care during road and air ambulance transportation – a clinical randomized trial. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 19:59

62.

Gruber E, Beikircher W, Pizzinini R et al (2014) Non-extracorporeal rewarming at a rate of 6.8 degrees C per hour in a deeply hypothermic arrested patient. Resuscitation 85:e119–e120 PubMedCrossRef

63.

Bouchama A, Knochel JP (2002) Heat stroke. N Engl J Med 346:1978–1988 PubMedCrossRef

64.

Wappler F (2001) Malignant hyperthermia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18:632–652 PubMedCrossRef

65.

Ali SZ, Taguchi A, Rosenberg H (2003) Malignant hyperthermia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 17:519–533 PubMedCrossRef

66.

Empana JP, Sauval P, Ducimetiere P, Tafflet M, Carli P, Jouven X (2009) Increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest attended by the medical mobile intensive care units, but not myocardial infarction, during the 2003 heat wave in Paris, France. Crit Care Med 37:3079–3084 PubMedCrossRef

67.

Coris EE, Ramirez AM, Van Durme DJ (2004) Heat illness in athletes: the dangerous combination of heat, humidity and exercise. Sports Med 34:9–16 PubMedCrossRef

68.

Grogan H, Hopkins PM (2002) Heat stroke: implications for critical care and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 88:700–707 PubMedCrossRef

69.

Bouchama A, De Vol EB (2001) Acid-base alterations in heatstroke. Inten Care Med 27:680–685

70.

Pease S, Bouadma L, Kermarrec N, Schortgen F, Regnier B, Wolff M (2009) Early organ dysfunction course, cooling time and outcome in classic heatstroke. Inten Care Med 35:1454–1458 CrossRef

71.

Akhtar M, Jazayeri MR, Sra J, Blanck Z, Deshpande S, Dhala A (1993) Atrioventricular nodal reentry: clinical, electrophysiological, and therapeutic considerations. Circulation 88:282–295 PubMedCrossRef

72.

el-Kassimi FA, Al-Mashhadani S, Abdullah AK, Akhtar J (1986) Adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating heat stroke. Chest 90:571–574 PubMedCrossRef

73.

Waruiru C, Appleton R (2004) Febrile seizures: an update. Arch Dis Childhood 89:751–756 CrossRef

74.

Berger J, Hart J, Millis M, Baker AL (2000) Fulminant hepatic failure from heat stroke requiring liver transplantation. J Clin Gastroenterol 30:429–431 PubMedCrossRef

75.

Huerta-Alardin AL, Varon J, Marik PE (2005) Bench-to-bedside review: rhabdomyolysis – an overview for clinicians. Crit Care 9:158–169 PubMedCrossRef

76.

Hadad E, Weinbroum AA, Ben-Abraham R (2003) Drug-induced hyperthermia and muscle rigidity: a practical approach. Eur J Emerg Med 10:149–154 PubMedCrossRef

77.

Halloran LL, Bernard DW (2004) Management of drug-induced hyperthermia. Curr Opin Pediatr 16:211–215 PubMedCrossRef

78.

Bouchama A, Dehbi M, Chaves-Carballo E (2007) Cooling and hemodynamic management in heatstroke: practical recommendations. Crit Care 11:R54 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

79.

Armstrong LE, Crago AE, Adams R, Roberts WO, Maresh CM (1996) Whole-body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies. Am J Emerg Med 14:355–358 PubMedCrossRef

80.

Nolan JP, Soar J, Cariou A et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 5 Post Resuscitation Care. Resuscitation

81.

Horowitz BZ (1989) The golden hour in heat stroke: use of iced peritoneal lavage. Am J Emerg Med 7:616–619 PubMedCrossRef

82.

Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K (2003) Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 56:9–13 PubMedCrossRef

83.

Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC et al (2004) A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the CoolGard System and Icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 62:143–150 PubMedCrossRef

84.

Schmutzhard E, Engelhardt K, Beer R et al (2002) Safety and efficacy of a novel intravascular cooling device to control body temperature in neurologic intensive care patients: a prospective pilot study. Crit Care Med 30:2481–2488 PubMedCrossRef

85.

Behringer W, Safar P, Wu X et al (2002) Veno-venous extracorporeal blood shunt cooling to induce mild hypothermia in dog experiments and review of cooling methods. Resuscitation 54:89–98 PubMedCrossRef

86.

Hostler D, Northington WE, Callaway CW (2009) High-dose diazepam facilitates core cooling during cold saline infusion in healthy volunteers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:582–586 PubMedCrossRef

87.

Hadad E, Cohen-Sivan Y, Heled Y, Epstein Y (2005) Clinical review: treatment of heat stroke: should dantrolene be considered? Crit Care 9:86–91 PubMedCrossRef

88.

Channa AB, Seraj MA, Saddique AA, Kadiwal GH, Shaikh MH, Samarkandi AH (1990) Is dantrolene effective in heat stroke patients? Crit Care Med 18:290–292 PubMedCrossRef

89.

Bouchama A, Cafege A, Devol EB, Labdi O, el-Assil K, Seraj M (1991) Ineffectiveness of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of heatstroke. Crit Care Med 19:176–180 PubMedCrossRef

90.

Larach MG, Gronert GA, Allen GC, Brandom BW, Lehman EB (2010) Clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of malignant hyperthermia in North America from 1987 to 2006. Anesth Analg 110:498–507 PubMedCrossRef

91.

Krause T, Gerbershagen MU, Fiege M, Weisshorn R, Wappler F (2004) Dantrolene – a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments. Anaesthesia 59:364–373 PubMedCrossRef

92.

Hall AP, Henry JA (2006) Acute toxic effects of ‚Ecstasy‘ (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth 96:678–685 PubMedCrossRef

93.

Eshel G, Safar P, Sassano J, Stezoski W (1990) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in dogs and monkeys. Resuscitation 20:129–143 PubMedCrossRef

94.

Eshel G, Safar P, Radovsky A, Stezoski SW (1997) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in monkeys: limited efficacy of standard CPR. Aviat Space Environ Med 68:415–420 PubMed

95.

Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161:2007–2012 PubMedCrossRef

96.

Muraro A, Roberts G, Worm M et al (2014) Anaphylaxis: guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 69:1026–1045 PubMedCrossRef

97.

Kleber C, Giesecke MT, Lindner T, Haas NP, Buschmann CT (2014) Requirement for a structured algorithm in cardiac arrest following major trauma: epidemiology, management errors, and preventability of traumatic deaths in Berlin. Resuscitation 85:405–410 PubMedCrossRef

98.

Brenner ML, Moore LJ, DuBose JJ et al (2013) A clinical series of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for hemorrhage control and resuscitation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75:506–511 PubMedCrossRef

99.

Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Bilo MB et al (2014) International consensus on (ICON) anaphylaxis. World Allergy Organ J 7:9 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

100.

Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R et al (2004) Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:832–836 PubMedCrossRef

101.

Soar J, Pumphrey R, Cant A et al (2008) Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions – guidelines for healthcare providers. Resuscitation 77:157–169 PubMedCrossRef

102.

Soar J (2009) Emergency treatment of anaphylaxis in adults: concise guidance. Clin Med 9:181–185 CrossRef

103.

Panesar SS, Javad S, de Silva D et al (2013) The epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Europe: a systematic review. Allergy 68:1353–1361 PubMedCrossRef

104.

Muraro A, Roberts G, Clark A et al (2007) The management of anaphylaxis in childhood: position paper of the European academy of allergology and clinical immunology. Allergy 62:857–871 PubMedCrossRef

105.

Harper NJ, Dixon T, Dugue P et al (2009) Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 64:199–211 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

106.

Turner PJ, Gowland MH, Sharma V et al (2015) Increase in anaphylaxis-related hospitalizations but no increase in fatalities: an analysis of United Kingdom national anaphylaxis data, 1992–2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135:956–963e1 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

107.

Worm M, Moneret-Vautrin A, Scherer K et al (2014) First European data from the network of severe allergic reactions (NORA). Allergy 69:1397–1404 PubMedCrossRef

108.

Gibbison B, Sheikh A, McShane P, Haddow C, Soar J (2012) Anaphylaxis admissions to UK critical care units between 2005 and 2009. Anaesthesia 67:833–839 PubMedCrossRef

109.

Pumphrey RS (2004) Fatal anaphylaxis in the UK, 1992–2001. Novartis Found Symp 257:116–128 (discussion 28–32, 57–60, 276–185) PubMedCrossRef

110.

Gonzalez-Perez A, Aponte Z, Vidaurre CF, Rodriguez LA (2010) Anaphylaxis epidemiology in patients with and patients without asthma: a United Kingdom database review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:1098–1104e1 PubMedCrossRef

111.

Pumphrey RS (2000) Lessons for management of anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 30:1144–1150 PubMedCrossRef

112.

Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL et al (2006) Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report–Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:391–397 PubMedCrossRef

113.

Dhami S, Panesar SS, Roberts G et al (2014) Management of anaphylaxis: a systematic review. Allergy 69:168–175 PubMedCrossRef

114.

Pumphrey RSH (2003) Fatal posture in anaphylactic shock. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:451–452 PubMedCrossRef

115.

Visscher PK, Vetter RS, Camazine S (1996) Removing bee stings. Lancet 348:301–302 PubMedCrossRef

116.

Simpson CR, Sheikh A (2010) Adrenaline is first line treatment for the emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. Resuscitation 81:641–642 PubMedCrossRef

117.

Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FE (2008) Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis. A statement of the World Allergy Organization. Allergy 63:1061–1070 PubMedCrossRef

118.

Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, Simons FE (2008) Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD006312

119.

Bautista E, Simons FE, Simons KJ et al (2002) Epinephrine fails to hasten hemodynamic recovery in fully developed canine anaphylactic shock. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 128:151–164 PubMedCrossRef

120.

Song TT, Nelson MR, Chang JH, Engler RJ, Chowdhury BA (2005) Adequacy of the epinephrine autoinjector needle length in delivering epinephrine to the intramuscular tissues. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 94:539–542 PubMedCrossRef

121.

Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ (2001) Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:871–873 PubMedCrossRef

122.

Simons FE, Roberts JR, Gu X, Simons KJ (1998) Epinephrine absorption in children with a history of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:33–37 PubMedCrossRef

123.

Simons FE, Gu X, Johnston LM, Simons KJ (2000) Can epinephrine inhalations be substituted for epinephrine injection in children at risk for systemic anaphylaxis? Pediatrics 106:1040–1044 PubMedCrossRef

124.

Gompels LL, Bethune C, Johnston SL, Gompels MM (2002) Proposed use of adrenaline (epinephrine) in anaphylaxis and related conditions: a study of senior house officers starting accident and emergency posts. Postgrad Med J 78:416–418 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

125.

Brown SG, Blackman KE, Stenlake V, Heddle RJ (2004) Insect sting anaphylaxis; prospective evaluation of treatment with intravenous adrenaline and volume resuscitation. Emerg Med J 21:149–154 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

126.

Brown SG (2005) Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 5:359–364 PubMedCrossRef

127.

O’Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Davison AG (2008) BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. Thorax 63(Suppl 6):vi1–vi68 PubMed

128.

Sheikh A, Ten Broek V, Brown SG, Simons FE (2007) H1-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis: cochrane systematic review. Allergy 62:830–837 PubMedCrossRef

129.

Choo KJ, Simons FE, Sheikh A (2010) Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD007596

130.

Green R, Ball A (2005) Alpha-agonists for the treatment of anaphylactic shock. Anaesthesia 60:621–622 PubMedCrossRef

131.

Kluger MT (2001) The Bispectral Index during an anaphylactic circulatory arrest. Anaesth Inten Care 29:544–547

132.

McBrien ME, Breslin DS, Atkinson S, Johnston JR (2001) Use of methoxamine in the resuscitation of epinephrine-resistant electromechanical dissociation. Anaesthesia 56:1085–1089 PubMedCrossRef

133.

Rocq N, Favier JC, Plancade D, Steiner T, Mertes PM (2007) Successful use of terlipressin in post-cardiac arrest resuscitation after an epinephrine-resistant anaphylactic shock to suxamethonium. Anesthesiology 107:166–167 PubMedCrossRef

134.

Kill C, Wranze E, Wulf H (2004) Successful treatment of severe anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Two case reports. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 134:260–261 PubMedCrossRef

135.

Dewachter P, Raeth-Fries I, Jouan-Hureaux V et al (2007) A comparison of epinephrine only, arginine vasopressin only, and epinephrine followed by arginine vasopressin on the survival rate in a rat model of anaphylactic shock. Anesthesiology 106:977–983 PubMedCrossRef

136.

Higgins DJ, Gayatri P (1999) Methoxamine in the management of severe anaphylaxis. Anaesthesia 54:1126 PubMedCrossRef

137.

Heytman M, Rainbird A (2004) Use of alpha-agonists for management of anaphylaxis occurring under anaesthesia: case studies and review. Anaesthesia 59:1210–1215 PubMedCrossRef

138.

Schummer W, Schummer C, Wippermann J, Fuchs J (2004) Anaphylactic shock: is vasopressin the drug of choice? Anesthesiology 101:1025–1027 PubMedCrossRef

139.

Di Chiara LS, Ricci Z et al (2008) Role of vasopressin in the treatment of anaphylactic shock in a child undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2:36 PubMedCentralCrossRef

140.

Meng L, Williams EL (2008) Case report: treatment of rocuronium-induced anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Can J Anaesth 55:437–440 PubMedCrossRef

141.

Schummer C, Wirsing M, Schummer W (2008) The pivotal role of vasopressin in refractory anaphylactic shock. Anesth Analg 107:620–624 PubMedCrossRef

142.

Hiruta A, Mitsuhata H, Hiruta M et al (2005) Vasopressin may be useful in the treatment of systemic anaphylaxis in rabbits. Shock 24:264–269 PubMedCrossRef

143.

Thomas M, Crawford I (2005) Best evidence topic report. Glucagon infusion in refractory anaphylactic shock in patients on beta-blockers. Emerg Med J 22:272–273 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

144.

Allen SJ, Gallagher A, Paxton LD (2000) Anaphylaxis to rocuronium. Anaesthesia 55:1223–1224 PubMedCrossRef

145.

Lafforgue E, Sleth JC, Pluskwa F, Saizy C (2005) [Successful extracorporeal resuscitation of a probable perioperative anaphylactic shock due to atracurium]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 24:551–555 PubMedCrossRef

146.

Vatsgar TT, Ingebrigtsen O, Fjose LO, Wikstrom B, Nilsen JE, Wik L (2006) Cardiac arrest and resuscitation with an automatic mechanical chest compression device (LUCAS) due to anaphylaxis of a woman receiving caesarean section because of pre-eclampsia. Resuscitation 68:155–159 PubMedCrossRef

147.

Schwartz LB (2006) Diagnostic value of tryptase in anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 26:451–463 PubMedCrossRef

148.

Brown SG, Blackman KE, Heddle RJ (2004) Can serum mast cell tryptase help diagnose anaphylaxis? Emerg Med Australas 16:120–124 PubMedCrossRef

149.

Tole JW, Lieberman P (2007) Biphasic anaphylaxis: review of incidence, clinical predictors, and observation recommendations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 27:309–326, viii PubMedCrossRef

150.

Simons FE, Lieberman PL, Read EJ Jr, Edwards ES (2009) Hazards of unintentional injection of epinephrine from autoinjectors: a systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 102:282–287 PubMedCrossRef

151.

Campbell RL, Luke A, Weaver AL et al (2008) Prescriptions for self-injectable epinephrine and follow-up referral in emergency department patients presenting with anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 101:631–636 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

152.

Kelso JM (2006) Adose of epinephrine for anaphylaxis: how often needed and how to carry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:464–465 PubMedCrossRef

153.

Choo K, Sheikh A (2007) Action plans for the long-term management of anaphylaxis: systematic review of effectiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 37:1090–1094 PubMedCrossRef

154.

Zwingmann J, Mehlhorn AT, Hammer T, Bayer J, Sudkamp NP, Strohm PC (2012) Survival and neurologic outcome after traumatic out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest in a pediatric and adult population: a systematic review. Crit Care 16:R117 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

155.

Leis CC, Hernandez CC, Blanco MJ, Paterna PC, Hernandez Rde E, Torres EC (2013) Traumatic cardiac arrest: should advanced life support be initiated? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 74:634–638 PubMedCrossRef

156.

Cureton EL, Yeung LY, Kwan RO et al (2012) The heart of the matter: utility of ultrasound of cardiac activity during traumatic arrest. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73:102–110 PubMedCrossRef

157.

Engdahl J, Herlitz J (2005) Localization of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Goteborg 1994–2002 and implications for public access defibrillation. Resuscitation 64:171–175 PubMedCrossRef

158.

Ong ME, Tan EH, Yan X et al (2008) An observational study describing the geographic-time distribution of cardiac arrests in Singapore: what is the utility of geographic information systems for planning public access defibrillation? (PADS Phase I). Resuscitation 76:388–396 PubMedCrossRef

159.

Stratton SJ, Brickett K, Crammer T (1998) Prehospital pulseless, unconscious penetrating trauma victims: field assessments associated with survival. J Trauma 45:96–100 PubMedCrossRef

160.

Cera SM, Mostafa G, Sing RF, Sarafin JL, Matthews BD, Heniford BT (2003) Physiologic predictors of survival in post-traumatic arrest. Am Surg 69:140–144 PubMed

161.

Powell DW, Moore EE, Cothren CC et al (2004) Is emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy futile care for the critically injured patient requiring prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation? J Am Coll Surg 199:211–215 PubMedCrossRef

162.

Esposito TJ, Jurkovich GJ, Rice CL, Maier RV, Copass MK, Ashbaugh DG 1991 Reappraisal of emergency room thoracotomy in a changing environment. J Trauma 31:881–885 (discussion 5–7) PubMedCrossRef

163.

Martin SK, Shatney CH, Sherck JP et al (2002) Blunt trauma patients with prehospital pulseless electrical activity (PEA): poor ending assured. J trauma 53:876–880 (discussion 80–81) PubMedCrossRef

164.

Millin MG, Galvagno SM, Khandker SR et al (2013) Withholding and termination of resuscitation of adult cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to trauma: resource document to the joint NAEMSP-ACSCOT position statements. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75:459–467 PubMedCrossRef

165.

Lockey DJ, Lyon RM, Davies GE (2013) Development of a simple algorithm to guide the effective management of traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:738–742 PubMedCrossRef

166.

Sherren PB, Reid C, Habig K, Burns BJ (2013) Algorithm for the resuscitation of traumatic cardiac arrest patients in a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service. Crit Care 17:308 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

167.

Smith JE, Rickard A, Wise D (2015) Traumatic cardiac arrest. J R Soc Med 108:11–16 PubMedCrossRef

168.

Soar J, Nolan JP, Bottiger BW et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation Section 3. Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation 95:99–146

169.

Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL (1989) Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J trauma 29:1430–1433 PubMedCrossRef

170.

Willis CD, Cameron PA, Bernard SA, Fitzgerald M (2006) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after traumatic cardiac arrest is not always futile. Injury 37:448–454 PubMedCrossRef

171.

Lockey D, Crewdson K, Davies G (2006) Traumatic cardiac arrest: who are the survivors? Ann Emerg Med 48:240–244 PubMedCrossRef

172.

Crewdson K, Lockey D, Davies G (2007) Outcome from paediatric cardiac arrest associated with trauma. Resuscitation 75:29–34 PubMedCrossRef

173.

Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V et al (2013) Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care 17:R76 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

174.

Kwan I, Bunn F, Chinnock P, Roberts I (2014) Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002245

175.

Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE et al (1994) Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 331:1105–1109 PubMedCrossRef

176.

Harris T, Thomas GO, Brohi K (2012) Early fluid resuscitation in severe trauma. BMJ 345:e5752 PubMedCrossRef

177.

Jansen JO, Thomas R, Loudon MA, Brooks A (2009) Damage control resuscitation for patients with major trauma. BMJ 338:b1778 PubMedCrossRef

178.

Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S et al (2015) Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA 313:471–482 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

179.

Bodnar D, Rashford S, Hurn C et al (2013) Characteristics and outcomes of patients administered blood in the prehospital environment by a road based trauma response team. Emerg Med J [Epub ahead of print]

180.

Lockey DJ, Weaver AE, Davies GE (2013) Practical translation of hemorrhage control techniques to the civilian trauma scene. Transfusion 53(Suppl 1):17S–22S PubMedCrossRef

181.

Holcomb JB, Jenkins D, Rhee P et al (2007) Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J Trauma 62:307–310 PubMedCrossRef

182.

collaborators C-, Roberts I, Shakur H et al (2011) The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 377:1096–1101, 101 e1–2 PubMedCrossRef

183.

Cobas MA, De la Pena MA, Manning R, Candiotti K, Varon AJ (2009) Prehospital intubations and mortality: a level 1 trauma center perspective. Anesth Analg 109:489–493 PubMedCrossRef

184.

Lockey DJ, Healey B, Crewdson K, Chalk G, Weaver AE, Davies GE (2015) Advanced airway management is necessary in prehospital trauma patients. Br J Anaesth 114:657–662 PubMedCrossRef

185.

Pepe PE, Roppolo LP, Fowler RL (2005) The detrimental effects of ventilation during low-blood-flow states. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:212–218 PubMedCrossRef

186.

Escott ME, Gleisberg GR, Kimmel K, Karrer A, Cosper J, Monroe BJ (2014) Simple thoracostomy. Moving beyong needle decompression in traumatic cardiac arrest. JEMS 39:26–32 PubMed

187.

Deakin CD, Davies G, Wilson A (1995) Simple thoracostomy avoids chest drain insertion in prehospital trauma. J Trauma 39:373–374 PubMedCrossRef

188.

Flaris AN, Simms ER, Prat N, Reynard F, Caillot JL, Voiglio EJ (2015) Clamshell incision versus left anterolateral thoracotomy. Which one is faster when performing a resuscitative thoracotomy? The tortoise and the hare revisited. World J Surg 39:1306–1311 PubMedCrossRef

189.

Wise D, Davies G, Coats T, Lockey D, Hyde J, Good A (2005) Emergency thoracotomy: „how to do it“. Emerg Med J 22:22–24 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

190.

Rhee PM, Acosta J, Bridgeman A, Wang D, Jordan M, Rich N (2000) Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from the past 25 years. J Am Coll Surg 190:288–298 PubMedCrossRef

191.

Burlew CC, Moore EE, Moore FA et al (2012) Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: resuscitative thoracotomy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73:1359–1363 PubMedCrossRef

192.

Matsumoto H, Mashiko K, Hara Y et al (2009) Role of resuscitative emergency field thoracotomy in the Japanese helicopter emergency medical service system. Resuscitation 80:1270–1274 PubMedCrossRef

193.

Seamon MJ, Chovanes J, Fox N et al (2012) The use of emergency department thoracotomy for traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. Injury 43:1355–1361 PubMedCrossRef

194.

Gao JM, Gao YH, Wei GB et al (2004) Penetrating cardiac wounds: principles for surgical management. World J Surg 28:1025–1029 PubMedCrossRef

195.

Manz E, Nofz L, Norman A, Davies GE (2013) Incidence of clotted heamopericardium in traumatic cardiac arrest in 152 thoracotomy patients. Scan J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 22:P20 CrossRef

196.

Ferrada P, Wolfe L, Anand RJ et al (2014) Use of limited transthoracic echocardiography in patients with traumatic cardiac arrest decreases the rate of nontherapeutic thoracotomy and hospital costs. J Ultrasound Med 33:1829–1832 PubMedCrossRef

197.

Walcher F, Kortum S, Kirschning T, Weihgold N, Marzi I (2002) [Optimized management of polytraumatized patients by prehospital ultrasound]. Unfallchirurg 105:986–994 PubMedCrossRef

198.

Huber-Wagner S, Lefering R, Qvick LM et al (2009) Effect of whole-body CT during trauma resuscitation on survival: a retrospective, multicentre study. Lancet 373:1455–1461 PubMedCrossRef

199.

Barton ED (1999) Tension pneumothorax. Curr Opin Pulm Med 5:269–274 PubMedCrossRef

200.

Roberts DJ, Leigh-Smith S, Faris PD et al (2015) Clinical presentation of patients with tension pneumothorax: a systematic review. Ann Surg [Epub ahead of print] PubMedCrossRef

201.

Leigh-Smith S, Harris T (2005) Tension pneumothorax–time for a re-think? Emerg Med J 22:8–16 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

202.

Chen KY, Jerng JS, Liao WY et al (2002) Pneumothorax in the ICU: patient outcomes and prognostic factors. Chest 122:678–683 PubMedCrossRef

203.

Warner KJ, Copass MK, Bulger EM (2008) Paramedic use of needle thoracostomy in the prehospital environment. Prehosp Emerg Care 12:162–168 PubMedCrossRef

204.

Mistry N, Bleetman A, Roberts KJ (2009) Chest decompression during the resuscitation of patients in prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest. Emerg Med J 26:738–740 PubMedCrossRef

205.

Clemency BM, Tanski CT, Rosenberg M, May PR, Consiglio JD, Lindstrom HA (2015) Sufficient catheter length for pneumothorax needle decompression: a meta-analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med 30:249–253 PubMedCrossRef

206.

Holcomb JB, McManus JG, Kerr ST, Pusateri AE (2009) Needle versus tube thoracostomy in a swine model of traumatic tension hemopneumothorax. Prehosp Disaster Med 13:18–27

207.

Massarutti D, Trillo G, Berlot G et al (2006) Simple thoracostomy in prehospital trauma management is safe and effective: a 2-year experience by helicopter emergency medical crews. Emerg Med 13:276–280

208.

Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G et al (2014) ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 35:3033–3069, 69a–69k PubMedCrossRef

209.

Heradstveit BE, Sunde K, Sunde GA, Wentzel-Larsen T, Heltne JK (2012) Factors complicating interpretation of capnography during advanced life support in cardiac arrest-A clinical retrospective study in 575 patients. Resuscitation 83:813–818 PubMedCrossRef

210.

Kurkciyan I, Meron G, Behringer W et al (1998) Accuracy and impact of presumed cause in patients with cardiac arrest. Circulation 98:766–771 PubMedCrossRef

211.

Kurkciyan I, Meron G, Sterz F et al (2000) Pulmonary embolism as a cause of cardiac arrest: presentation and outcome. Arch Intern Med 160:1529–1535 PubMedCrossRef

212.

Pokorna M, Necas E, Skripsky R, Kratochvil J, Andrlik M, Franek O (2011) How accurately can the aetiology of cardiac arrest be established in an out-of-hospital setting? Analysis by „concordance in diagnosis crosscheck tables“. Resuscitation 82:391–397 PubMedCrossRef

213.

Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, Schober A, Stratil P, Sterz F (2012) Causes of in-hospital cardiac arrest and influence on outcome. Resuscitation 83:1206–1211 PubMedCrossRef

214.

Bergum D, Nordseth T, Mjolstad OC, Skogvoll E, Haugen BO (2015) Causes of in-hospital cardiac arrest – incidences and rate of recognition. Resuscitation 87:63–68 PubMedCrossRef

215.

Bottiger BW, Arntz HR, Chamberlain DA et al (2008) Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 359:2651–2662 PubMedCrossRef

216.

Silfvast T (1991) Cause of death in unsuccessful prehospital resuscitation. J Intern Med 229:331–335 PubMedCrossRef

217.

Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd (2000) Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 160:809–815 PubMedCrossRef

218.

White RH (2003) The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 107:I4–I8 PubMedCrossRef

219.

Geibel A, Zehender M, Kasper W, Olschewski M, Klima C, Konstantinides SV (2005) Prognostic value of the ECG on admission in patients with acute major pulmonary embolism. European Respir J 25:843–848 CrossRef

220.

Torbicki A, Pruszczyk P (2001) The role of echocardiography in suspected and established PE. Semin Vasc Med 1:165–174 PubMedCrossRef

221.

MacCarthy P, Worrall A, McCarthy G, Davies J (2002) The use of transthoracic echocardiography to guide thrombolytic therapy during cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism. Emerg Med J 19:178–179 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

222.

Legome E, Pancu D (2004) Future applications for emergency ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin North Am 22:817–827 PubMedCrossRef

223.

Roy PM, Colombet I, Durieux P, Chatellier G, Sors H, Meyer G (2005) Systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies for the diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. BMJ 331:259 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

224.

Bova C, Greco F, Misuraca G et al (2003) Diagnostic utility of echocardiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med 21:180–183 PubMedCrossRef

225.

Li X, Fu QL, Jing XL et al (2006) A meta-analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with and without the administration of thrombolytic agents. Resuscitation 70:31–36 PubMedCrossRef

226.

Janata K, Holzer M, Kurkciyan I et al (2003) Major bleeding complications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the place of thrombolytic therapy in cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation 57:49–55 PubMedCrossRef

227.

Böttiger BW, Martin E (2001) Thrombolytic therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the role of coagulation activation after cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 7:176–183 PubMedCrossRef

228.

Fatovich DM, Dobb GJ, Clugston RA (2004) A pilot randomised trial of thrombolysis in cardiac arrest (The TICA trial). Resuscitation 61:309–313 PubMedCrossRef

229.

Konstantinov IE, Saxena P, Koniuszko MD, Alvarez J, Newman MA (2007) Acute massive pulmonary embolism with cardiopulmonary resuscitation: management and results. Tex Heart Inst J 34:41–45 (discussion 5–6) PubMedPubMedCentral

230.

Zahorec R (2002) Rescue systemic thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Bratisl Lek Listy 103:266–269 PubMed

231.

Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kroesen G, Baubin M (2001) Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 108 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 50:71–76 PubMedCrossRef

232.

Spöhr F, Böttiger BW (2003) Safety of thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Drug Saf 26:367–379 PubMedCrossRef

233.

Wu JP, Gu DY, Wang S, Zhang ZJ, Zhou JC, Zhang RF (2014) Good neurological recovery after rescue thrombolysis of presumed pulmonary embolism despite prior 100 minutes CPR. J Thorac Dis 6:E289–E293 PubMedPubMedCentral

234.

Maj G, Melisurgo G, De Bonis M, Pappalardo F (2014) ECLS management in pulmonary embolism with cardiac arrest: which strategy is better? Resuscitation 85:e175–e176 PubMedCrossRef

235.

Swol J, Buchwald D, Strauch J, Schildhauer TA (2015) Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with pulmonary embolism in surgical patients – a case series. Perfusion

236.

Doerge HC, Schoendube FA, Loeser H, Walter M, Messmer BJ (1996) Pulmonary embolectomy: review of a 15-year experience and role in the age of thrombolytic therapy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10:952–957 PubMedCrossRef

237.

Fava M, Loyola S, Bertoni H, Dougnac A (2005) Massive pulmonary embolism: percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:119–123 PubMedCrossRef

238.

Hashiba K, Okuda J, Maejima N et al (2012) Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support in pulmonary embolism with cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:183–187 PubMedCrossRef

239.

Miller AC, Rosati SF, Suffredini AF, Schrump DS (2014) A systematic review and pooled analysis of CPR-associated cardiovascular and thoracic injuries. Resuscitation 85:724–731 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

240.

Smekal D, Lindgren E, Sandler H, Johansson J, Rubertsson S (2014) CPR-related injuries after manual or mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS device: a multicentre study of victims after unsuccessful resuscitation. Resuscitation 85:1708–1712 PubMedCrossRef

241.

Truhlar A, Hejna P, Zatopkova L, Skulec R, Cerny V (2012) Concerns about safety of the AutoPulse use in treatment of pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation 83:e133–e134 (discussion e5) PubMedCrossRef

242.

Nikolaou NI, Arntz HR, Bellou A, Beygui F, Bossaert LL, Cariou A (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 5. Initial Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes Resuscitation

243.

Bossaert L, Perkins GD, Askitopoulou H et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation Section 11. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 95:301–310

244.

Lamhaut L, Jouffroy R, Soldan M et al (2013) Safety and feasibility of prehospital extra corporeal life support implementation by non-surgeons for out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1525–1529 PubMedCrossRef

245.

Maekawa K, Tanno K, Hase M, Mori K, Asai Y (2013) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin: a propensity-matched study and predictor analysis*. Crit Care Med 41:1186–1196 PubMedCrossRef

246.

Sakamoto T, Morimura N, Nagao K et al (2014) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective observational study. Resuscitation 85:762–768 PubMedCrossRef

247.

Wagner H, Terkelsen CJ, Friberg H et al (2010) Cardiac arrest in the catheterisation laboratory: a 5-year experience of using mechanical chest compressions to facilitate PCI during prolonged resuscitation efforts. Resuscitation 81:383–387 PubMedCrossRef

248.

Forti A, Zilio G, Zanatta P et al (2014) Full recovery after prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation with mechanical chest compression device during helicopter transportation and percutaneous coronary intervention. J Emerg Med 47:632–634 PubMedCrossRef

249.

Stub D, Bernard S, Pellegrino V et al (2015) Refractory cardiac arrest treated with mechanical CPR, hypothermia, ECMO and early reperfusion (the CHEER trial). Resuscitation 86:88–94 PubMedCrossRef

250.

Belohlavek J, Kucera K, Jarkovsky J et al (2012) Hyperinvasive approach to out-of hospital cardiac arrest using mechanical chest compression device, prehospital intraarrest cooling, extracorporeal life support and early invasive assessment compared to standard of care. A randomized parallel groups comparative study proposal. „Prague OHCA study“. J Transl Med 10:163 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

251.

Stub D, Nehme Z, Bernard S, Lijovic M, Kaye DM, Smith K (2014) Exploring which patients without return of spontaneous circulation following ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest should be transported to hospital? Resuscitation 85:326–331 PubMedCrossRef

252.

Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, McMillan N, Ford M (2014) 2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 52:1032–1283 CrossRef

253.

Zimmerman JL (2003) Poisonings and overdoses in the intensive care unit: general and specific management issues. Crit Care Med 31:2794–2801 PubMedCrossRef

254.

Park JH, Shin SD, Song KJ, Park CB, Ro YS, Kwak YH (2012) Epidemiology and outcomes of poisoning-induced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:51–57 PubMedCrossRef

255.

Gunja N, Graudins A (2011) Management of cardiac arrest following poisoning. Emerg Med Australas 23:16–22 PubMedCrossRef

256.

Yanagawa Y, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2007) Recovery from a psychotropic drug overdose tends to depend on the time from ingestion to arrival, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and a sign of circulatory insufficiency on arrival. Am J Emerg Med 25:757–761 PubMedCrossRef

257.

Thompson TM, Theobald J, Lu J, Erickson TB (2014) The general approach to the poisoned patient. Dis Mon 60:509–524 PubMedCrossRef

258.

Engebretsen KM, Kaczmarek KM, Morgan J, Holger JS (2011) High-dose insulin therapy in beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 49:277–283 CrossRef

259.

Cave G, Harvey MG (2014) Should we consider the infusion of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of poisoned patients? Crit Care 18:457 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

260.

Ozcan MS, Weinberg G (2014) Intravenous lipid emulsion for the treatment of drug toxicity. J Intensive Care Med 29:59–70 PubMedCrossRef

261.

Agarwala R, Ahmed SZ, Wiegand TJ (2014) Prolonged use of intravenous lipid emulsion in a severe tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Med Toxicol 10:210–214 PubMedCrossRef

262.

Kundu R, Almasri H, Moza A, Ghose A, Assaly R (2013) Intravenous lipid emulsion in wide complex arrhythmia with alternating bundle branch block pattern from cocaine overdose. Kardiol Pol 71:1073–1075 PubMedCrossRef

263.

de Lange DW, Sikma MA, Meulenbelt J (2013) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of poisoned patients. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 51:385–393 CrossRef

264.

Masson R, Colas V, Parienti JJ et al (2012) A comparison of survival with and without extracorporeal life support treatment for severe poisoning due to drug intoxication. Resuscitation 83:1413–1417 PubMedCrossRef

265.

Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2004) Position Paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:1–26 PubMedCrossRef

266.

Greene S, Harris C, Singer J (2008) Gastrointestinal decontamination of the poisoned patient. Pediatric emergency care 24:176–186 (quiz 87–89) PubMedCrossRef

267.

Benson BE, Hoppu K, Troutman WG et al (2013) Position paper update: gastric lavage for gastrointestinal decontamination. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 51:140–146 CrossRef

268.

Vale JA, Kulig K (2004) Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:933–943 PubMedCrossRef

269.

Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2005) Position paper: single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:61–87 CrossRef

270.

Thanacoody R, Caravati EM, Troutman B et al (2015) Position paper update: whole bowel irrigation for gastrointestinal decontamination of overdose patients. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 53:5–12 CrossRef

271.

Krenzelok EP (2005) Ipecac syrup-induced emesis…no evidence of benefit. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:11–12 CrossRef

272.

(1999) Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37:731–751

273.

Hojer J, Troutman WG, Hoppu K et al (2013) Position paper update: ipecac syrup for gastrointestinal decontamination. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 51:134–139 CrossRef

274.

Skinner CG, Chang AS, Matthews AS, Reedy SJ, Morgan BW (2012) Randomized controlled study on the use of multiple-dose activated charcoal in patients with supratherapeutic phenytoin levels. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 50:764–769 CrossRef

275.

Brahmi N, Kouraichi N, Thabet H, Amamou M (2006) Influence of activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics and the clinical features of carbamazepine poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 24:440–443 PubMedCrossRef

276.

Pitetti RD, Singh S, Pierce MC (2003) Safe and efficacious use of procedural sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists in a pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157:1090–1096 PubMedCrossRef

277.

Treatment of benzodiazepine overdose with flumazenil (1992) The Flumazenil in Benzodiazepine Intoxication Multicenter Study Group. Clin Ther 14:978–995

278.

Lheureux P, Vranckx M, Leduc D, Askenasi R (1992) Flumazenil in mixed benzodiazepine/tricyclic antidepressant overdose: a placebo-controlled study in the dog. Am J Emerg Med 10:184–188 PubMedCrossRef

279.

Beauvoir C, Passeron D, du Cailar G, Millet E (1991) [Diltiazem poisoning: hemodynamic aspects]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 10:154–157 PubMedCrossRef

280.

Gillart T, Loiseau S, Azarnoush K, Gonzalez D, Guelon D (2008) [Resuscitation after three hours of cardiac arrest with severe hypothermia following a toxic coma]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 27:510–513 PubMedCrossRef

281.

Nordt SP, Clark RF (1997) Midazolam: a review of therapeutic uses and toxicity. J Emerg Med 15:357–365 PubMedCrossRef

282.

Machin KL, Caulkett NA (1998) Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol and a medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination in mallard ducks. Am J Vet Res 59:598–602 PubMed

283.

Osterwalder JJ (1996) Naloxone–for intoxications with intravenous heroin and heroin mixtures–harmless or hazardous? A prospective clinical study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:409–416 PubMedCrossRef

284.

Sporer KA, Firestone J, Isaacs SM (1996) Out-of-hospital treatment of opioid overdoses in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med 3:660–667 PubMedCrossRef

285.

Wanger K, Brough L, Macmillan I, Goulding J, MacPhail I, Christenson JM (1998) Intravenous vs subcutaneous naloxone for out-of-hospital management of presumed opioid overdose. Acad Emerg Med 5:293–299 PubMedCrossRef

286.

Hasan RA, Benko AS, Nolan BM, Campe J, Duff J, Zureikat GY (2003) Cardiorespiratory effects of naloxone in children. Ann Pharmacother 37:1587–1592 PubMedCrossRef

287.

Sporer KA (1999) Acute heroin overdose. Ann Intern Med 130:584–590 PubMedCrossRef

288.

Kaplan JL, Marx JA, Calabro JJ et al (1999) Double-blind, randomized study of nalmefene and naloxone in emergency department patients with suspected narcotic overdose. Ann Emerg Med 34:42–50 PubMedCrossRef

289.

Schneir AB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Offerman SR et al (2002) Massive OxyContin ingestion refractory to naloxone therapy. Ann Emerg Med 40:425–428 PubMedCrossRef

290.

Kelly AM, Kerr D, Dietze P, Patrick I, Walker T, Koutsogiannis Z (2005) Randomised trial of intranasal versus intramuscular naloxone in prehospital treatment for suspected opioid overdose. Med J Aust 182:24–27 PubMed

291.

Robertson TM, Hendey GW, Stroh G, Shalit M (2009) Intranasal naloxone is a viable alternative to intravenous naloxone for prehospital narcotic overdose. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:512–515 PubMedCrossRef

292.

Kerr D, Kelly AM, Dietze P, Jolley D, Barger B (2009) Randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness and safety of intranasal and intramuscular naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose. Addiction 104:2067–2074 PubMedCrossRef

293.

Barton ED, Colwell CB, Wolfe T et al (2005) Efficacy of intranasal naloxone as a needleless alternative for treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting. J Emerg Med 29:265–271 PubMedCrossRef

294.

Boyd JJ, Kuisma MJ, Alaspaa AO, Vuori E, Repo JV, Randell TT (2006) Recurrent opioid toxicity after pre-hospital care of presumed heroin overdose patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 50:1266–1270 PubMedCrossRef

295.

Buajordet I, Naess AC, Jacobsen D, Brors O (2004) Adverse events after naloxone treatment of episodes of suspected acute opioid overdose. Eur J Emerg Med 11:19–23 PubMedCrossRef

296.

Cantwell K, Dietze P, Flander L (2005) The relationship between naloxone dose and key patient variables in the treatment of non-fatal heroin overdose in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 65:315–319 PubMedCrossRef

297.

Cetrullo C, Di Nino GF, Melloni C, Pieri C, Zanoni A (1983) Naloxone antagonism toward opiate analgesic drugs. Clinical experimental study. Minerva Anestesiol 49:199–204 PubMed

298.

Nielsen K, Nielsen SL, Siersma V, Rasmussen LS (2011) Treatment of opioid overdose in a physician-based prehospital EMS: frequency and long-term prognosis. Resuscitation 82:1410–1413 PubMedCrossRef

299.

Stokland O, Hansen TB, Nilsen JE (1998) Prehospital treatment of heroin intoxication in Oslo in 1996. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 118:3144–3146 PubMed

300.

Wampler DA, Molina DK, McManus J, Laws P, Manifold CA (2011) No deaths associated with patient refusal of transport after naloxone-reversed opioid overdose. Prehosp Emerg Care 15:320–324 PubMedCrossRef

301.

Tokarski GF, Young MJ (1988) Criteria for admitting patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Emerg Med 6:121–124 PubMedCrossRef

302.

Banahan BF Jr, Schelkun PH (1990) Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: conservative management in a community hospital with cost-saving implications. J Emerg Med 8:451–454 PubMedCrossRef

303.

Hulten BA, Adams R, Askenasi R et al (1992) Predicting severity of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 30:161–170 PubMedCrossRef

304.

Bailey B, Buckley NA, Amre DK (2004) A meta-analysis of prognostic indicators to predict seizures, arrhythmias or death after tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:877–888 PubMedCrossRef

305.

Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH (2005) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicol Rev 24:205–214 PubMedCrossRef

306.

Woolf AD, Erdman AR, Nelson LS et al (2007) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:203–233 CrossRef

307.

Hoffman JR, Votey SR, Bayer M, Silver L (1993) Effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate-to-severe cyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Emerg Med 11:336–341 PubMedCrossRef

308.

Koppel C, Wiegreffe A, Tenczer J (1992) Clinical course, therapy, outcome and analytical data in amitriptyline and combined amitriptyline/chlordiazepoxide overdose. Hum Exp Toxicol 11:458–465 PubMedCrossRef

309.

Hedges JR, Baker PB, Tasset JJ, Otten EJ, Dalsey WC, Syverud SA (1985) Bicarbonate therapy for the cardiovascular toxicity of amitriptyline in an animal model. J Emerg Med 3:253–260 PubMedCrossRef

310.

Knudsen K, Abrahamsson J (1997) Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning. Crit Care Med 25:669–674 PubMedCrossRef

311.

Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V, Valois M (1986) Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate. Ann Emerg Med 15:1052–1059 PubMedCrossRef

312.

Bradberry SM, Thanacoody HK, Watt BE, Thomas SH, Vale JA (2005) Management of the cardiovascular complications of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: role of sodium bicarbonate. Toxicol Rev 24:195–204 PubMedCrossRef

313.

Yoav G, Odelia G, Shaltiel C (2002) A lipid emulsion r(ed)uces mortality from clomipramine overdose in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 44:30 PubMed

314.

Harvey M, Cave G (2007) Intralipid outperforms sodium bicarbonate in a rabbit model of clomipramine toxicity. Annals of emergency medicine 49:178–185, 85 e1–4 PubMedCrossRef

315.

Brunn GJ, Keyler DE, Pond SM, Pentel PR (1992) Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats using drug-specific antibody Fab’ fragment: effects on hypotension and interaction with sodium bicarbonate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:1392–1399 PubMed

316.

Brunn GJ, Keyler DE, Ross CA, Pond SM, Pentel PR (1991) Drug-specific F(ab’)2 fragment r(ed)uces desipramine cardiotoxicity in rats. Int J Immunopharmacol 13:841–851 PubMedCrossRef

317.

Hursting MJ, Opheim KE, Raisys VA, Kenny MA, Metzger G (1989) Tricyclic antidepressant-specific Fab fragments alter the distribution and elimination of desipramine in the rabbit: a model for overdose treatment. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 27:53–66 PubMedCrossRef

318.

Pentel PR, Scarlett W, Ross CA, Landon J, Sidki A, Keyler DE (1995) Reduction of desipramine cardiotoxicity and prolongation of survival in rats with the use of polyclonal drug-specific antibody Fab fragments. Ann Emerg Med 26:334–341 PubMedCrossRef

319.

Pentel PR, Ross CA, Landon J, Sidki A, Shelver WL, Keyler DE (1994) Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats with polyclonal drug-specific antibody Fab fragments. J Lab Clin Med 123:387–393 PubMed

320.

Dart RC, Sidki A, Sullivan JB Jr, Egen NB, Garcia RA (1996) Ovine desipramine antibody fragments reverse desipramine cardiovascular toxicity in the rat. Ann Emerg Med 27:309–315 PubMedCrossRef

321.

Heard K, Dart RC, Bogdan G et al (2006) A preliminary study of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) ovine FAB for TCA toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44:275–281 CrossRef

322.

Pentel P, Peterson CD (1980) Asystole complicating physostigmine treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Ann Emerg Med 9:588–590 PubMedCrossRef

323.

Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW Jr et al (1989) Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 321:1557–1562 PubMedCrossRef

324.

Baumann BM, Perrone J, Hornig SE, Shofer FS, Hollander JE (2000) Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of diazepam, nitroglycerin, or both for treatment of patients with potential cocaine-associated acute coronary syndromes. Acad Emerg Med 7:878–885 PubMedCrossRef

325.

Honderick T, Williams D, Seaberg D, Wears R (2003) A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of benzodiazepines and nitroglycerine or nitroglycerine alone in the treatment of cocaine-associated acute coronary syndromes. Am J Emerg Med 21:39–42 PubMedCrossRef

326.

Negus BH, Willard JE, Hillis LD et al (1994) Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction with intravenous verapamil. Am J Cardiol 73:510–513 PubMedCrossRef

327.

Saland KE, Hillis LD, Lange RA, Cigarroa JE (2002) Influence of morphine sulfate on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction. Am J Cardiol 90:810–811 PubMedCrossRef

328.

Brogan WCI, Lange RA, Kim AS, Moliterno DJ, Hillis LD (1991) Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by nitroglycerin. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:581–586 PubMedCrossRef

329.

Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P et al (1994) Nitroglycerin in the treatment of cocaine associated chest pain–clinical safety and efficacy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 32:243–256 PubMedCrossRef

330.

Dattilo PB, Hailpern SM, Fearon K, Sohal D, Nordin C (2008) Beta-blockers are associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction after cocaine use. Ann Emerg Med 51:117–125 PubMedCrossRef

331.

Vongpatanasin W, Mansour Y, Chavoshan B, Arbique D, Victor RG (1999) Cocaine stimulates the human cardiovascular system via a central mechanism of action. Circulation 100:497–502 PubMedCrossRef

332.

Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED et al (1990) Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med 112:897–903 PubMedCrossRef

333.

Sand IC, Brody SL, Wrenn KD, Slovis CM (1991) Experience with esmolol for the treatment of cocaine-associated cardiovascular complications. Am J Emerg Med 9:161–163 PubMedCrossRef

334.

Sofuoglu M, Brown S, Babb DA, Pentel PR, Hatsukami DK (2000) Carvedilol affects the physiological and behavioral response to smoked cocaine in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 60:69–76 PubMedCrossRef

335.

Sofuoglu M, Brown S, Babb DA, Pentel PR, Hatsukami DK (2000) Effects of labetalol treatment on the physiological and subjective response to smoked cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65:255–259 PubMedCrossRef

336.

Boehrer JD, Moliterno DJ, Willard JE, Hillis LD, Lange RA (1993) Influence of labetalol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Am J Med 94:608–610 PubMedCrossRef

337.

Hsue PY, McManus D, Selby V et al (2007) Cardiac arrest in patients who smoke crack cocaine. Am J Cardiol 99:822–824 PubMedCrossRef

338.

Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T (2006) Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 61:800–801 PubMedCrossRef

339.

Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB (2006) Successful use of a 20 % lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 105:217–218 PubMedCrossRef

340.

Marwick PC, Levin AI, Coetzee AR (2009) Recurrence of cardiotoxicity after lipid rescue from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 108:1344–1346 PubMedCrossRef

341.

Warren JA, Thoma RB, Georgescu A, Shah SJ (2008) Intravenous lipid infusion in the successful resuscitation of local anesthetic-induced cardiovascular collapse after supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 106:1578–1580. (table of contents) PubMedCrossRef

342.

Smith HM, Jacob AK, Segura LG, Dilger JA, Torsher LC (2008) Simulation education in anesthesia training: a case report of successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest linked to recent simulation training. Anesth Analg 106:1581–1584. (table of contents) PubMedCrossRef

343.

Foxall GL, Hardman JG, Bedforth NM (2007) Three-dimensional, multiplanar, ultrasound-guided radial nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 32:516–521 PubMedCrossRef

344.

Shah S, Gopalakrishnan S, Apuya J, Martin T (2009) Use of Intralipid in an infant with impending cardiovascular collapse due to local anesthetic toxicity. J Anesth 23:439–441 PubMedCrossRef

345.

Zimmer C, Piepenbrink K, Riest G, Peters J (2007) [Cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects after accidental intravascular bupivacaine administration. Therapy with lidocaine propofol and lipid emulsion]. Anaesthesist 56:449–453 PubMedCrossRef

346.

Litz RJ, Roessel T, Heller AR, Stehr SN (2008) Reversal of central nervous system and cardiac toxicity after local anesthetic intoxication by lipid emulsion injection. Anesth Analg 106:1575–1577. (table of contents) PubMedCrossRef

347.

Ludot H, Tharin JY, Belouadah M, Mazoit JX, Malinovsky JM (2008) Successful resuscitation after ropivacaine and lidocaine-induced ventricular arrhythmia following posterior lumbar plexus block in a child. Anesth Analg 106:1572–1574. (table of contents) PubMedCrossRef

348.

Cave G, Harvey MG, Winterbottom T (2009) Evaluation of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland lipid infusion protocol in bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest in rabbits. Anaesthesia 64:732–737 PubMedCrossRef

349.

Di Gregorio GS, Ripper R et al (2009) Lipid emulsion is superior to vasopressin in a rodent model of resuscitation from toxin-induced cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 37:993–999 PubMedCrossRef

350.

Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, Garcia-Amaro MF, Cwik MJ (1998) Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 88:1071–1075 PubMedCrossRef

351.

Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W (2003) Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28:198–202 PubMedCrossRef

352.

Weinberg GL, Di Gregorio G, Ripper R et al (2008) Resuscitation with lipid versus epinephrine in a rat model of bupivacaine overdose. Anesthesiology 108:907–913 PubMedCrossRef

353.

2010 Management of Severe Local Anaesthetic Toxicity. Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, (Accessed 28 June 2010, 2010)

354.

Mayr VD, Mitterschiffthaler L, Neurauter A et al (2008) A comparison of the combination of epinephrine and vasopressin with lipid emulsion in a porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest after intravenous injection of bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 106:1566–1571. (table of contents) PubMedCrossRef

355.

Hicks SD, Salcido DD, Logue ES et al (2009) Lipid emulsion combined with epinephrine and vasopressin does not improve survival in a swine model of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 111:138–146 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

356.

Hiller DB, Gregorio GD, Ripper R et al (2009) Epinephrine impairs lipid resuscitation from bupivacaine overdose: a threshold effect. Anesthesiology 111:498–505 PubMedCrossRef

357.

Bailey B (2003) Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41:595–602 PubMedCrossRef

358.

Fahed S, Grum DF, Papadimos TJ (2008) Labetalol infusion for refractory hypertension causing severe hypotension and bradycardia: an issue of patient safety. Patient Saf Surg 2:13 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

359.

Fernandes CM, Daya MR (1995) Sotalol-induced bradycardia reversed by glucagon. Can Fam Physician 41:659–660, 63–65 PubMedPubMedCentral

360.

Frishman W, Jacob H, Eisenberg E, Ribner H (1979) Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 8. Self-poisoning with beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents: recognition and management. Am Heart J 98:798–811 PubMedCrossRef

361.

Gabry AL, Pourriat JL, Hoang TD, Lapandry C (1985) [Cardiogenic shock caused by metoprolol poisoning. Reversibility with high doses of glucagon and isoproterenol]. Presse Med 14:229 PubMed

362.

Hazouard E, Ferrandiere M, Lesire V, Joye F, Perrotin D, de Toffol B (1999) Peduncular hallucinosis related to propranolol self-poisoning: efficacy of intravenous glucagon. Inten Care Med 25:336–337 CrossRef

363.

Khan MI, Miller MT (1985) Beta-blocker toxicity – the role of glucagon. Report of 2 cases. S Afr Med J 67:1062–1063 PubMed

364.

Letter MBH (1976) Massive intoxication with metoprolol. Br Med J 1:222

365.

O’Mahony D, O’Leary P, Molloy MG (1990) Severe oxprenolol poisoning: the importance of glucagon infusion. Hum Exp Toxicol 9:101–103 PubMedCrossRef

366.

Wallin CJ, Hulting J (1983) Massive metoprolol poisoning treated with prenalterol. Acta Med Scand 214:253–255 PubMedCrossRef

367.

Weinstein RS, Cole S, Knaster HB, Dahlbert T (1985) Beta blocker overdose with propranolol and with atenolol. Ann Emerg Med 14:161–163 PubMedCrossRef

368.

Alderfliegel F, Leeman M, Demaeyer P, Kahn RJ (1993) Sotalol poisoning associated with asystole. Inten Care Med 19:57–58 CrossRef

369.

Kenyon CJ, Aldinger GE, Joshipura P, Zaid GJ (1988) Successful resuscitation using external cardiac pacing in beta adrenergic antagonist-induced bradyasystolic arrest. Ann Emerg Med 17:711–713 PubMedCrossRef

370.

Freestone S, Thomas HM, Bhamra RK, Dyson EH (1986) Severe atenolol poisoning: treatment with prenalterol. Hum Toxicol 5:343–345 PubMedCrossRef

371.

Kerns W 2nd, Schroeder D, Williams C, Tomaszewski C, Raymond R (1997) Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 29:748–757 PubMedCrossRef

372.

Holger JS, Engebretsen KM, Fritzlar SJ, Patten LC, Harris CR, Flottemesch TJ (2007) Insulin versus vasopressin and epinephrine to treat beta-blocker toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:396–401 CrossRef

373.

Page C, Hacket LP, Isbister GK (2009) The use of high-dose insulin-glucose euglycemia in beta-blocker overdose: a case report. J Med Toxicol 5:139–143 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

374.

Jovic-Stosic J, Gligic B, Putic V, Brajkovic G, Spasic R (2011) Severe propranolol and ethanol overdose with wide complex tachycardia treated with intravenous lipid emulsion: a case report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 49:426–430 CrossRef

375.

Barton CA, Johnson NB, Mah ND, Beauchamp G, Hendrickson R (2015) Successful treatment of a massive metoprolol overdose using intravenous lipid emulsion and hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy. Pharmacotherapy 35:e56–e60 PubMedCrossRef

376.

Sebe A, Disel NR, Acikalin Akpinar A, Karakoc E (2015) Role of intravenous lipid emulsions in the management of calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker overdose: 3 years experience of a university hospital. Postgrad Med 127:119–124 PubMedCrossRef

377.

Doepker B, Healy W, Cortez E, Adkins EJ (2014) High-dose insulin and intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for cardiogenic shock induced by intentional calcium-channel blocker and Beta-blocker overdose: a case series. J Emerg Med 46:486–490 PubMedCrossRef

378.

Kollef MH (1994) Labetalol overdose successfully treated with amrinone and alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists. Chest 105:626–627 PubMedCrossRef

379.

O’Grady J, Anderson S, Pringle D (2001) Successful treatment of severe atenolol overdose with calcium chloride. Cjem 3:224–227 PubMedCrossRef

380.

McVey FK, Corke CF (1991) Extracorporeal circulation in the management of massive propranolol overdose. Anaesthesia 46:744–746 PubMedCrossRef

381.

Lane AS, Woodward AC, Goldman MR (1987) Massive propranolol overdose poorly responsive to pharmacologic therapy: use of the intra-aortic balloon pump. Ann Emerg Med 16:1381–1383 PubMedCrossRef

382.

Rooney M, Massey KL, Jamali F, Rosin M, Thomson D, Johnson DH (1996) Acebutolol overdose treated with hemodialysis and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Pharmacol 36:760–763 PubMedCrossRef

383.

Brimacombe JR, Scully M, Swainston R (1991) Propranolol overdose–a dramatic response to calcium chloride. Med J Aust 155:267–268 PubMed

384.

Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green JL, Rumack BH, Giffin SL (2009) 2008 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 26th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 47:911–1084 CrossRef

385.

Olson KR, Erdman AR, Woolf AD et al (2005) Calcium channel blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:797–822 CrossRef

386.

St-Onge M, Dube PA, Gosselin S et al (2014) Treatment for calcium channel blocker poisoning: a systematic review. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 52:926–944 CrossRef

387.

Levine M, Curry SC, Padilla-Jones A, Ruha AM (2013) Critical care management of verapamil and diltiazem overdose with a focus on vasopressors: a 25-year experience at a single center. Ann Emerg Med 62:252–258 PubMedCrossRef

388.

Cohen V, Jellinek SP, Fancher L et al (2009) Tarka(R) (Trandolapril/Verapamil Hydrochloride Extended-Release) overdose. J Emerg Med 40(3):291–295 PubMedCrossRef

389.

Greene SL, Gawarammana I, Wood DM, Jones AL, Dargan PI (2007) Relative safety of hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of calcium channel blocker overdose: a prospective observational study. Inten Care Med 33:2019–2024 CrossRef

390.

Harris NS (2006) Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 24–2006. A 40-year-old woman with hypotension after an overdose of amlodipine. N Engl J Med 355:602–611 PubMedCrossRef

391.

Johansen KK, Belhage B (2007) [A 48-year-old woman’s survival from a massive verapamil overdose]. Ugeskr Laeger 169:4074–4075 PubMed

392.

Kanagarajan K, Marraffa JM, Bouchard NC, Krishnan P, Hoffman RS, Stork CM (2007) The use of vasopressin in the setting of recalcitrant hypotension due to calcium channel blocker overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:56–59 CrossRef

393.

Marques M, Gomes E, de Oliveira J (2003) Treatment of calcium channel blocker intoxication with insulin infusion: case report and literature review. Resuscitation 57:211–213 PubMedCrossRef

394.

Meyer M, Stremski E, Scanlon M (2003) Successful resuscitation of a verapamil intoxicated child with a dextrose-insulin infusion. Clin Inten Care 14:109–113 CrossRef

395.

Ortiz-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Ospina LF, Figueroa-Gonzalez M (2005) Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic therapy for intoxication with calcium channel blockers. Bol Asoc Med P R 97:182–189 PubMed

396.

Patel NP, Pugh ME, Goldberg S, Eiger G (2007) Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy for verapamil poisoning: case report. Am J Crit Care 16:520, 18–19

397.

Rasmussen L, Husted SE, Johnsen SP (2003) Severe intoxication after an intentional overdose of amlodipine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:1038–1040 PubMedCrossRef

398.

Smith SW, Ferguson KL, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS, Greller HA (2008) Prolonged severe hypotension following combined amlodipine and valsartan ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46:470–474 CrossRef

399.

Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan et al (2000) Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 355:967–972

400.

Lapostolle F, Borron SW, Verdier C et al (2008) Digoxin-specific Fab fragments as single first-line therapy in digitalis poisoning. Crit Care Med 36:3014–3018 PubMedCrossRef

401.

Chan BS, Buckley NA (2014) Digoxin-specific antibody fragments in the treatment of digoxin toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 52:824–836 CrossRef

402.

Dasgupta A, Szelei-Stevens KA (2004) Neutralization of free digoxin-like immunoreactive components of oriental medicines Dan Shen and Lu-Shen-Wan by the Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody (Digibind). Am J Clin Pathol 121:276–281 PubMedCrossRef

403.

Bosse GM, Pope TM (1994) Recurrent digoxin overdose and treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. J Emerg Med 12:179–185 PubMedCrossRef

404.

Borron SW, Baud FJ, Barriot P, Imbert M, Bismuth C (2007) Prospective study of hydroxocobalamin for acute cyanide poisoning in smoke inhalation. Ann Emerg Med 49:794–801, e1–2 PubMedCrossRef

405.

Espinoza OB, Perez M, Ramirez MS (1992) Bitter cassava poisoning in eight children: a case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 34:65 PubMed

406.

Houeto P, Hoffman JR, Imbert M, Levillain P, Baud FJ (1995) Relation of blood cyanide to plasma cyanocobalamin concentration after a fixed dose of hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning. The Lancet 346:605–608 CrossRef

407.

Pontal P, Bismuth C, Garnier R (1982) Therapeutic attitude in cyanide poisoning: Retrospective study of 24 non-lethal cases. Vet Hum Toxicol 24:286–287

408.

Kirk MA, Gerace R, Kulig KW (1993) Cyanide and methemoglobin kinetics in smoke inhalation victims treated with the cyanide antidote kit. Ann Emerg Med 22:1413–1418 PubMedCrossRef

409.

Chen KK, Rose CL (1952) Nitrite and thiosulfate therapy in cyanide poisoning. J Am Med Assoc 149:113–119 PubMedCrossRef

410.

Yen D, Tsai J, Wang LM et al (1995) The clinical experience of acute cyanide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 13:524–528 PubMedCrossRef

411.

Reade MC, Davies SR, Morley PT, Dennett J, Jacobs IC, Australian Resuscitation C (2012) Review article: management of cyanide poisoning. Emerg Med Australas 24:225–238 PubMedCrossRef

412.

Streitz MJ, Bebarta VS, Borys DJ, Morgan DL (2014) Patterns of cyanide antidote use since regulatory approval of hydroxocobalamin in the United States. Am J Ther 21:244–249 PubMedCrossRef

413.

Dries DJ, Endorf FW (2013) Inhalation injury: epidemiology, pathology, treatment strategies. Scan J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:31 CrossRef

414.

Iqbal S, Clower JH, Boehmer TK, Yip FY, Garbe P (2010) Carbon monoxide-related hospitalizations in the U.S.: evaluation of a web-based query system for public health surveillance. Public Health Rep 125:423–432 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

415.

Hampson NB, Hauff NM (2008) Carboxyhemoglobin levels in carbon monoxide poisoning: do they correlate with the clinical picture? Am J Emerg Med 26:665–669 PubMedCrossRef

416.

Buckley NA, Juurlink DN, Isbister G, Bennett MH, Lavonas EJ (2011) Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD002041

417.

Weaver LK (2009) Clinical practice. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 360:1217–1225 PubMedCrossRef

418.

Juurlink DN, Buckley NA, Stanbrook MB, Isbister GK, Bennett M, McGuigan MA (2005) Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD002041

419.

Roderique JD, Josef CS, Feldman MJ, Spiess BD (2015) A modern literature review of carbon monoxide poisoning theories, therapies, and potential targets for therapy advancement. Toxicology 334:45–58 PubMedCrossRef

420.

Satran D, Henry CR, Adkinson C, Nicholson CI, Bracha Y, Henry TD (2005) Cardiovascular manifestations of moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1513–1516 PubMedCrossRef

421.

Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B, Adkinson C, Nicholson CI, Henry TD (2006) Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA 295:398–402 PubMedCrossRef

422.

Braz LG, Modolo NS, do Nascimento P Jr et al (2006) Perioperative cardiac arrest: a study of 53,718 anaesthetics over 9 yr from a Brazilian teaching hospital. Br J Anaesth 96:569–575 PubMedCrossRef

423.

Sprung J, Warner ME, Contreras MG et al (2003) Predictors of survival following cardiac arrest in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a study of 518,294 patients at a tertiary referral center. Anesthesiology 99:259–269 PubMedCrossRef

424.

Nunnally ME, O’Connor MF, Kordylewski H, Westlake B, Dutton RP (2015) The incidence and risk factors for perioperative cardiac arrest observed in the national anesthesia clinical outcomes registry. Anesth Analg 120:364–370 PubMedCrossRef

425.

Nunes JC, Braz JR, Oliveira TS, de Carvalho LR, Castiglia YM, Braz LG (2014) Intraoperative and anesthesia-related cardiac arrest and its mortality in older patients: a 15-year survey in a tertiary teaching hospital. PloS one 9:e104041 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

426.

Siriphuwanun V, Punjasawadwong Y, Lapisatepun W, Charuluxananan S, Uerpairojkit K (2014) Incidence of and factors associated with perioperative cardiac arrest within 24 hours of anesthesia for emergency surgery. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 7:155–162 PubMedPubMedCentral

427.

Gonzalez LP, Braz JR, Modolo MP, de Carvalho LR, Modolo NS, Braz LG (2014) Pediatric perioperative cardiac arrest and mortality: a study from a tertiary teaching hospital. Pediatr Crit Care Med 15:878–884 PubMedCrossRef

428.

Ellis SJ, Newland MC, Simonson JA et al (2014) Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 120:829–838 PubMedCrossRef

429.

Newland MC, Ellis SJ, Lydiatt CA et al (2002) Anesthetic-related cardiac arrest and its mortality: a report covering 72,959 anesthetics over 10 years from a US teaching hospital. Anesthesiology 97:108–115 PubMedCrossRef

430.

Bhananker SM, Ramamoorthy C, Geiduschek JM et al (2007) Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: update from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Registry. Anesth Analg 105:344–350 PubMedCrossRef

431.

Krishna Ramachandran SM, Kheterpal S et al (2013) Predictors of survival from perioperative cardiopulmonary arrests: a retrospective analysis of 2,524 events from the Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation registry. Anesthesiology 119:1322–1339 CrossRef

432.

Brown J, Rogers J, Soar J (2001) Cardiac arrest during surgery and ventilation in the prone position: a case report and systematic review. Resuscitation 50:233–238 PubMedCrossRef

433.

Atkinson MC (2000) The efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prone position. Crit Care Resusc 2:188–190 PubMed

434.

Mertes PM, Tajima K, Regnier-Kimmoun MA et al (2010) Perioperative anaphylaxis. Med Clin North Am 94:761–789, xi PubMedCrossRef

435.

Wolfe JW, Butterworth JF (2011) Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 24:561–566 PubMedCrossRef

436.

Cao D, Heard K, Foran M, Koyfman A (2015) Intravenous lipid emulsion in the emergency department: a systematic review of recent literature. J Emerg Med 48:387–397 PubMedCrossRef

437.

Waring WS (2012) Intravenous lipid administration for drug-induced toxicity: a critical review of the existing data. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 5:437–444 PubMedCrossRef

438.

Neal JM, Mulroy MF, Weinberg GL American Society of Regional A, Pain M (2012) American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2012 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med 37:16–18 PubMedCrossRef

439.

Mazer SP, Weisfeldt M, Bai D et al (2003) Reverse CPR: a pilot study of CPR in the prone position. Resuscitation 57:279–285 PubMedCrossRef

440.

Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME et al (2013) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the american heart association. Circulation 128:417–435 PubMedCrossRef

441.

Martin GB, Carden DL, Nowak RM, Lewinter JR, Johnston W, Tomlanovich MC (1986) Aortic and right atrial pressures during standard and simultaneous compression and ventilation CPR in human beings. Ann Emerg Med 15:125–130 PubMedCrossRef

442.

Timerman S, Cardoso LF, Ramires JA, Halperin H (2004) Improved hemodynamic performance with a novel chest compression device during treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:273–280 PubMedCrossRef

443.

Niemann JT, Rosborough JP, Ung S, Criley JM (1982) Coronary perfusion pressure during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 11:127–131 PubMedCrossRef

444.

Nolan JP, Neumar RW, Adrie C et al (2010) Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication: a scientific statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation; the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Council on Stroke (Part II). Int Emerg Nurs 18:8–28 PubMedCrossRef

445.

British Medical Association the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing (2014) Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A joint statment from the British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. British Medical Association, London

446.

Charalambous CP, Zipitis CS, Keenan DJ (2006) Chest reexploration in the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a safe alternative to returning to the operating theater. Ann Thorac Surg 81:191–194 PubMedCrossRef

447.

McKowen RL, Magovern GJ, Liebler GA, Park SB, Burkholder JA, Maher TD (1985) Infectious complications and cost-effectiveness of open resuscitation in the surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 40:388–392 PubMedCrossRef

448.

Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre – Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52:269–272 PubMedCrossRef

449.

Mackay JH, Powell SJ, Osgathorp J, Rozario CJ (2002) Six-year prospective audit of chest reopening after cardiac arrest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:421–425 PubMedCrossRef

450.

Birdi I, Chaudhuri N, Lenthall K, Reddy S, Nashef SA (2000) Emergency reinstitution of cardiopulmonary bypass following cardiac surgery: outcome justifies the cost. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17:743–746 PubMedCrossRef

451.

el-Banayosy A, Brehm C, Kizner L et al (1998) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery: a two-year study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 12:390–392 PubMedCrossRef

452.

Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P, Michalis A, Palatianos GM, Geroulanos S (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: Incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113:15–19 PubMedCrossRef

453.

Wahba A, Gotz W, Birnbaum DE (1997) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following open heart surgery. Scand Cardiovasc J 31:147–149 PubMedCrossRef

454.

Kaiser GC, Naunheim KS, Fiore AC et al (1990) Reoperation in the intensive care unit. Ann Thorac Surg 49:903–907 (discussion 8) PubMedCrossRef

455.

LaPar DJ, Ghanta RK, Kern JA et al (2014) Hospital variation in mortality from cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: an opportunity for improvement? Ann Thorac Surg 98:534–539 (discussion 9–40) PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

456.

Rhodes JF, Blaufox AD, Seiden HS et al (1999) Cardiac arrest in infants after congenital heart surgery. Circulation 100:II194–II199 PubMedCrossRef

457.

Kempen PM, Allgood R (1999) Right ventricular rupture during closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation after pneumonectomy with pericardiotomy: a case report. Crit Care Med 27:1378–1379 PubMedCrossRef

458.

Bohrer H, Gust R, Bottiger BW (1995) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9:352 PubMedCrossRef

459.

Klintschar M, Darok M, Radner H (1998) Massive injury to the heart after attempted active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Legal Med 111:93–96 PubMedCrossRef

460.

Fosse E, Lindberg H (1996) Left ventricular rupture following external chest compression. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:502–504 PubMedCrossRef

461.

Li Y, Wang H, Cho JH et al (2010) Defibrillation delivered during the upstroke phase of manual chest compression improves shock success. Crit Care Med 38:910–915 PubMedCrossRef

462.

Li Y, Yu T, Ristagno G et al (2010) The optimal phasic relationship between synchronized shock and mechanical chest compressions. Resuscitation 81:724–729 PubMedCrossRef

463.

Larsen AI, Hjornevik AS, Ellingsen CL, Nilsen DW (2007) Cardiac arrest with continuous mechanical chest compression during percutaneous coronary intervention. A report on the use of the LUCAS device. Resuscitation 75:454–459 PubMedCrossRef

464.

Tsao NW, Shih CM, Yeh JS et al (2012) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted primary percutaneous coronary intervention may improve survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by profound cardiogenic shock. J Crit Care 27:530 e1–11 CrossRef

465.

Alpert MA (2011) Sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death on dialysis: epidemiology, evaluation, treatment, and prevention. Hemodial Int 15(1):S22–S29 PubMedCrossRef

466.

Sacchetti A, Stuccio N, Panebianco P, Torres M (1999) ED hemodialysis for treatment of renal failure emergencies. Am J Emerg Med 17:305–307 PubMedCrossRef

467.

Putcha N, Allon M (2007) Management of hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Sem Dial 20:431–439 CrossRef

468.

Bleyer AJ, Russell GB, Satko SG (1999) Sudden and cardiac death rates in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 55:1553–1559 PubMedCrossRef

469.

Alfonzo AV, Simpson K, Deighan C, Campbell S, Fox J (2007) Modifications to advanced life support in renal failure. Resuscitation 73:12–28 PubMedCrossRef

470.

Davis TR, Young BA, Eisenberg MS, Rea TD, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2008) Outcome of cardiac arrests attended by emergency medical services staff at community outpatient dialysis centers. Kidney Int 73:933–939 PubMedCrossRef

471.

Lafrance JP, Nolin L, Senecal L, Leblanc M (2006) Predictors and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) calls in a large haemodialysis unit over a seven-year period. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:1006–1012 PubMedCrossRef

472.

Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB, Indik JH, Halperin HR, Berg RA (2010) Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 38:101–108 PubMedCrossRef

473.

Girotra S, Nallamothu BK, Spertus JA et al (2012) Trends in survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 367:1912–1920 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

474.

Bird S, Petley GW, Deakin CD, Clewlow F (2007) Defibrillation during renal dialysis: a survey of UK practice and procedural recommendations. Resuscitation 73:347–353 PubMedCrossRef

475.

Lehrich RW, Pun PH, Tanenbaum ND, Smith SR, Middleton JP (2007) Automated external defibrillators and survival from cardiac arrest in the outpatient hemodialysis clinic. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:312–320 PubMedCrossRef

476.

Arsati F, Montalli VA, Florio FM et al (2010) Brazilian dentists’ attitudes about medical emergencies during dental treatment. J Dent Educ 74:661–666 PubMed

477.

Girdler NM, Smith DG (1999) Prevalence of emergency events in British dental practice and emergency management skills of British dentists. Resuscitation 41:159–167 PubMedCrossRef

478.

(2013) Quality standards for cardiopulmonary resuscitation practice and training. Primary dental care – Quality standards for CPR and training. https://www.resus.org.uk/quality-standards/primary-dental-care-quality-standards-for-cpr-and-training/

479.

Muller MP, Hansel M, Stehr SN, Weber S, Koch T (2008) A state-wide survey of medical emergency management in dental practices: incidence of emergencies and training experience. Emerg Med J 25:296–300 PubMedCrossRef

480.

Meechan JG, Skelly AM (1997) Problems complicating dental treatment with local anaesthesia or sedation: prevention and management. Dent Update 24:278–283 PubMed

481.

Jowett NI, Cabot LB (2000) Patients with cardiac disease: considerations for the dental practitioner. Br Dent J 189:297–302 PubMed

482.

Chapman PJ, Penkeyman HW (2002) Successful defibrillation of a dental patient in cardiac arrest. Aust Dent J 47:176–177 PubMedCrossRef

483.

Absi EG (1987) A cardiac arrest in the dental chair. Br Dent J 163:199–200 PubMedCrossRef

484.

Fujino H, Yokoyama T, Yoshida K, Suwa K (2010) Using a stool for stabilization of a dental chair when CPR is required. Resuscitation 81:502 PubMedCrossRef

485.

Laurent F, Segal N, Augustin P (2010) Chest compression: not as effective on dental chair as on the floor. Resuscitation 81:1729 (author reply 30) PubMedCrossRef

486.

Lepere AJ, Finn J, Jacobs I (2003) Efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed in a dental chair. Aust Dent J 48:244–247 PubMedCrossRef

487.

Yokoyama T, Yoshida K, Suwa K (2008) Efficacy of external cardiac compression in a dental chair. Resuscitation 79:175–176 PubMedCrossRef

488.

Segal N, Laurent F, Maman L, Plaisance P, Augustin P (2012) Accuracy of a feedback device for cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a dental chair. Emerg Med J 29:890–893 PubMedCrossRef

489.

Perkins GD, Stephenson BT, Smith CM, Gao F (2004) A comparison between over-the-head and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 61:155–161 PubMedCrossRef

490.

Handley AJ, Handley JA (2004) Performing chest compressions in a confined space. Resuscitation 61:55–61 PubMedCrossRef

491.

Maisch S, Issleib M, Kuhls B et al (2010) A comparison between over-the-head and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by two rescuers: a simulation study. J Emerg Med 39:369–376 PubMedCrossRef

492.

Chi CH, Tsou JY, Su FC (2009) Comparison of chest compression kinematics associated with over-the-head and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 27:1112–1116 PubMedCrossRef

493.

Perkins GD, Handley AJ, Koster KW et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation Section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation 95:81–98

494.

Rosenberg M (2010) Preparing for medical emergencies: the essential drugs and equipment for the dental office. J Am Dent Assoc 141(Suppl 1):14S–19S PubMedCrossRef

495.

(UK) RC (2013) Quality Standards for cardiopulmonary resuscitation practice and training. Acute Care. Resuscitation Council (UK), London

496.

Hunter PL (1991) Cardiac arrest in the dental surgery. Br Dent J 170:284 PubMedCrossRef

497.

Deakin CD, Fothergill R, Moore F, Watson L, Whitbread M (2014) Level of consciousness on admission to a Heart Attack Centre is a predictor of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:905–909 PubMedCrossRef

498.

Laurent F, Augustin P, Zak C, Maman L, Segal N (2011) Preparedness of dental practices to treat cardiac arrest: availability of defibrillators. Resuscitation 82:1468–1469 PubMedCrossRef

499.

Kandray DP, Pieren JA, Benner RW (2007) Attitudes of Ohio dentists and dental hygienists on the use of automated external defibrillators. J Dent Educ 71:480–486 PubMed

500.

(2013) Safe Sedation Practice for Healthcare Procedures: Standards and Guidance. http://www.aomrc.org.uk/doc_details/9737-safe-sedation-practice-for-healthcare-procedures-standards-and-guidance

501.

Chapman PJ (1995) A questionnaire survey of dentists regarding knowledge and perceived competence in resuscitation and occurrence of resuscitation emergencies. Aust Dent J 40:98–103 PubMedCrossRef

502.

Chate RA (1996) Evaluation of a dental practice cardiopulmonary resuscitation training scheme. Br Dent J 181:416–420 PubMedCrossRef

503.

Atherton GJ, Pemberton MN, Thornhill MH (2000) Medical emergencies: the experience of staff of a UK dental teaching hospital. Br Dent J 188:320–324 PubMed

504.

Sand M, Bechara FG, Sand D, Mann B (2009) Surgical and medical emergencies on board European aircraft: a retrospective study of 10189 cases. Crit Care 13:R3 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

505.

Graf J, Stuben U, Pump S (2012) In-flight medical emergencies. Dtsch Arztebl Int 109:591–601. (quiz 2) PubMedPubMedCentral

506.

Weinlich M, Nieuwkamp N, Stueben U, Marzi I, Walcher F (2009) Telemedical assistance for in-flight emergencies on intercontinental commercial aircraft. J Telemed Telecare 15:409–413 PubMedCrossRef

507.

Peterson DC, Martin-Gill C, Guyette FX et al (2013) Outcomes of medical emergencies on commercial airline flights. N Engl J Med 368:2075–2083 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

508.

McLoughlin DC, Jenkins DI (2003) Aircrew periodic medical examinations. Occup Med (Lond) 53:11–14 CrossRef

509.

Hung KK, Cocks RA, Poon WK, Chan EY, Rainer TH, Graham CA (2013) Medical volunteers in commercial flight medical diversions. Aviat Space Environ Med 84:491–497 PubMedCrossRef

510.

Valani R, Cornacchia M, Kube D (2010) Flight diversions due to onboard medical emergencies on an international commercial airline. Aviat Space Environ Med 81:1037–1040 PubMedCrossRef

511.

O’Rourke MF, Donaldson E, Geddes JS (1997) An airline cardiac arrest program. Circulation 96:2849–2853 PubMedCrossRef

512.

Page RL, Joglar JA, Kowal RC et al (2000) Use of automated external defibrillators by a U.S. airline. N Engl J Med 343:1210–1216 PubMedCrossRef

513.

Brown AM, Rittenberger JC, Ammon CM, Harrington S, Guyette FX (2010) In-flight automated external defibrillator use and consultation patterns. Prehosp Emerg Care 14:235–239 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

514.

Bertrand C, Rodriguez Redington P, Lecarpentier E et al (2004) Preliminary report on AED deployment on the entire Air France commercial fleet: a joint venture with Paris XII University Training Programme. Resuscitation 63:175–181 PubMedCrossRef

515.

Hunter A (1980) Will you volunteer in-flight medical care? Can Med Assoc J 123:137–140 PubMedPubMedCentral

516.

Emergency Medical Equipment Training, Advisory Circular No. 121–34B. 2006. http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC121–34B.pdf

517.

Hinkelbein J, Neuhaus C, Wetsch WA et al (2014) Emergency medical equipment on board German airliners. J Travel Med 21:318–323 PubMedCrossRef

518.

Emergency Medical Equipment, Advisory Circular No. 121–33B. 2006. http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC121–33B.pdf

519.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 859/2008 of 20 August 2008 amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91 as regards common technical requirements and administrative procedures applicable to commercial transportation by aeroplane. Official Journal of the European Union, 2008. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32008R0859

520.

Sand M, Gambichler T, Sand D, Thrandorf C, Altmeyer P, Bechara FG (2010) Emergency medical kits on board commercial aircraft: a comparative study. Travel Med Infect Dis 8:388–394 PubMedCrossRef

521.

Skogvoll E, Bjelland E, Thorarinsson B (2000) Helicopter emergency medical service in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest–a 10-year population-based study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44:972–979 PubMedCrossRef

522.

Lyon RM, Nelson MJ (2013) Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:1 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

523.

Rittenberger JC, Hostler DP, Tobin T, Gaines J, Callaway CW (2008) Predictors of ROSC in witnessed aeromedical cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 76:43–46 PubMedCrossRef

524.

Pietsch U, Lischke V, Pietsch C (2014) Benefit of mechanical chest compression devices in mountain HEMS: lessons learned from 1 year of experience and evaluation. Air Med J 33:299–301 PubMedCrossRef

525.

Omori K, Sato S, Sumi Y et al (2013) The analysis of efficacy for AutoPulse system in flying helicopter. Resuscitation 84:1045–1050 PubMedCrossRef

526.

Harmon KG, Asif IM, Klossner D, Drezner JA (2011) Incidence of sudden cardiac death in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes. Circulation 123:1594–1600 PubMedCrossRef

527.

Chandra N, Papadakis M, Sharma S (2010) Preparticipation screening of young competitive athletes for cardiovascular disorders. Phys Sportsmed 38:54–63 PubMedCrossRef

528.

Angelini P (2007) Coronary artery anomalies: an entity in search of an identity. Circulation 115:1296–1305 PubMed

529.

Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO (2009) Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation 119:1085–1092 PubMedCrossRef

530.

Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2002) Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA 287:1142–1146 PubMedCrossRef

531.

Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Garberich RF, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2013) Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis. Heart Rhythm 10:219–223 PubMedCrossRef

532.

Maron BJ, Friedman RA, Kligfield P et al (2014) Assessment of the 12-lead electrocardiogram as a screening test for detection of cardiovascular disease in healthy general populations of young people (12–25 years of age): a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:1479–1514 PubMedCrossRef

533.

Lin CY, Wang YF, Lu TH, Kawach I (2015) Unintentional drowning mortality, by age and body of water: an analysis of 60 countries. Inj Prev 21:e43–e50 PubMedCrossRef

534.

Venema AM, Groothoff JW, Bierens JJ (2010) The role of bystanders during rescue and resuscitation of drowning victims. Resuscitation 81:434–439 PubMedCrossRef

535.

Szpilman D, Webber J, Quan L et al (2014) Creating a drowning chain of survival. Resuscitation 85:1149–1152 PubMedCrossRef

536.

Bierens J (2014) Drowning Prevention, Rescue Treatment, 2. Aufl. Springer, Heidelberg

537.

(2014) Global Report on Drowning. Preventing a Leading Killer. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/143893/1/9789241564786_eng.pdf

538.

Racz E, Konczol F, Meszaros H et al (2015) Drowning-related fatalities during a 5-year period (2008–2012) in South-West Hungary–a retrospective study. J Forensic Leg Med 31:7–11 PubMedCrossRef

539.

Halik R, Poznanska A, Seroka W, Wojtyniak B (2014) Accidental drownings in Poland in 2000–2012. Przegl Epidemiol 68:493–499, 591–494 PubMed

540.

Claesson A, Lindqvist J, Ortenwall P, Herlitz J (2012) Characteristics of lifesaving from drowning as reported by the Swedish Fire and Rescue Services 1996–2010. Resuscitation 83:1072–1077 PubMedCrossRef

541.

Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: The „Utstein style“. Resuscitation 59:45–57 PubMedCrossRef

542.

Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning the „Utstein styleℌ. Circulation 108:2565–2574

543.

Layon AJ, Modell JH (2009) Drowning: update 2009. Anesthesiology 110:1390–1401 PubMedCrossRef

544.

Szpilman D, Bierens JJ, Handley AJ, Orlowski JP (2012) Drowning. N Engl J Med 366:2102–2110 PubMedCrossRef

545.

Szpilman D, Soares M (2004) In-water resuscitation–is it worthwhile? Resuscitation 63:25–31 PubMedCrossRef

546.

Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK (1990) Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics 86:586–593 PubMed

547.

Mtaweh H, Kochanek PM, Carcillo JA, Bell MJ, Fink EL (2015) Patterns of multiorgan dysfunction after pediatric drowning. Resuscitation 90:91–96 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

548.

Kyriacou DN, Arcinue EL, Peek C, Kraus JF (1994) Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury. Pediatrics 94:137–142 PubMed

549.

Szpilman D (1997) Near-drowning and drowning classification: a proposal to stratify mortality based on the analysis of 1,831 cases. Chest 112:660–665 PubMedCrossRef

550.

Wallis BA, Watt K, Franklin RC, Taylor M, Nixon JW, Kimble RM (2015) Interventions associated with drowning prevention in children and adolescents: systematic literature review. Inj Prev 21:195–204 PubMedCrossRef

551.

Leavy JE, Crawford G, Portsmouth L et al (2015) Recreational drowning prevention interventions for adults, 1990–2012: a review. J Community Health 40:725–735

552.

Vahatalo R, Lunetta P, Olkkola KT, Suominen PK (2014) Drowning in children: utstein style reporting and outcome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:604–610 PubMedCrossRef

553.

Claesson A, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J (2014) Cardiac arrest due to drowning–changes over time and factors of importance for survival. Resuscitation 85:644–648 PubMedCrossRef

554.

Dyson K, Morgans A, Bray J, Matthews B, Smith K (2013) Drowning related out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: characteristics and outcomes. Resuscitation 84:1114–1118 PubMedCrossRef

555.

Bierens JJ, van der Velde EA, van Berkel M, van Zanten JJ (1990) Submersion in The Netherlands: prognostic indicators and results of resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 19:1390–1395 PubMedCrossRef

556.

Franklin RC, Pearn JH (2011) Drowning for love: the aquatic victim-instead-of-rescuer syndrome: drowning fatalities involving those attempting to rescue a child. J Paediatr Child Health 47:44–47 PubMedCrossRef

557.

Perkins GD, Travers AH, Considine J et al (2015) Part 3: Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 95:e43–e70

558.

Tipton MJ, Golden FS (2011) A proposed decision-making guide for the search, rescue and resuscitation of submersion (head under) victims based on expert opinion. Resuscitation 82:819–824 PubMedCrossRef

559.

Wanscher M, Agersnap L, Ravn J et al (2012) Outcome of accidental hypothermia with or without circulatory arrest: experience from the Danish Praesto Fjord boating accident. Resuscitation 83:1078–1084 PubMedCrossRef

560.

Kieboom JK, Verkade HJ, Burgerhof JG et al (2015) Outcome after resuscitation beyond 30 min in drowned children with cardiac arrest and hypothermia: Dutch nationwide retrospective cohort study. BMJ 350:h418 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

561.

Perkins GD (2005) In-water resuscitation: a pilot evaluation. Resuscitation 65:321–324 PubMedCrossRef

562.

Winkler BE, Eff AM, Ehrmann U et al (2013) Effectiveness and safety of in-water resuscitation performed by lifeguards and laypersons: a crossover manikin study. Prehosp Emerg Care 17:409–415 PubMedCrossRef

563.

Watson RS, Cummings P, Quan L, Bratton S, Weiss NS (2001) Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims. J Trauma 51:658–662 PubMedCrossRef

564.

March NF, Matthews RC (1980) Feasibility study of CPR in the water. Undersea Biomed Res 7:141–148 PubMed

565.

March NF, Matthews RC (1980) New techniques in external cardiac compressions. Aquatic cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 244:1229–1232 PubMedCrossRef

566.

Barcala-Furelos R, Abelairas-Gomez C, Romo-Perez V, Palacios-Aguilar J (2013) Effect of physical fatigue on the quality CPR: a water rescue study of lifeguards: physical fatigue and quality CPR in a water rescue. Am J Emerg Med 31:473–477 PubMedCrossRef

567.

Claesson A, Karlsson T, Thoren AB, Herlitz J (2011) Delay and performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in surf lifeguards after simulated cardiac arrest due to drowning. Am J Emerg Med 29:1044–1050 PubMedCrossRef

568.

Manolios N, Mackie I (1988) Drowning and near-drowning on Australian beaches patrolled by life-savers: a 10-year study, 1973–1983. Med J Aust 148:165–167, 70–71 PubMed

569.

Baker PA, Webber JB (2011) Failure to ventilate with supraglottic airways after drowning. Anaesth Intensive Care 39:675–677 PubMed

570.

Montenij LJ, de Vries W, Schwarte L, Bierens JJ (2011) Feasibility of pulse oximetry in the initial prehospital management of victims of drowning: a preliminary study. Resuscitation 82:1235–1238 PubMedCrossRef

571.

Moran I, Zavala E, Fernandez R, Blanch L, Mancebo J (2003) Recruitment manoeuvres in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J Suppl 42:37 s-42 s

572.

Wyatt JP, Tomlinson GS, Busuttil A (1999) Resuscitation of drowning victims in south-east Scotland. Resuscitation 41:101–104 PubMedCrossRef

573.

Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS, Thorne JK, Corneli HM (1988) The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 min. JAMA 260:377–379 PubMedCrossRef

574.

Schmidt U, Fritz KW, Kasperczyk W, Tscherne H (1995) Successful resuscitation of a child with severe hypothermia after cardiac arrest of 88 min. Prehospital Disaster Med 10:60–62 PubMedCrossRef

575.

Oehmichen M, Hennig R, Meissner C (2008) Near-drowning and clinical laboratory changes. Leg Med (Tokyo) 10:1–5 CrossRef

576.

Modell JH (1985) Serum electrolyte changes in near-drowning victims. JAMA 253:557 PubMedCrossRef

577.

Gregorakos L, Markou N, Psalida V et al (2009) Near-drowning: clinical course of lung injury in adults. Lung 187:93–97 PubMedCrossRef

578.

The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308 CrossRef

579.

Sutherasan Y, Penuelas O, Muriel A et al (2015) Management and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac arrest. Crit Care 19:215 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

580.

Eich C, Brauer A, Timmermann A et al (2007) Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the „Utstein Style for Drowning“. Resuscitation 75:42–52 PubMedCrossRef

581.

Guenther U, Varelmann D, Putensen C, Wrigge H (2009) Extended therapeutic hypothermia for several days during extracorporeal membrane-oxygenation after drowning and cardiac arrest Two cases of survival with no neurological sequelae. Resuscitation 80:379–381 PubMedCrossRef

582.

Kim KI, Lee WY, Kim HS, Jeong JH, Ko HH (2014) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in near-drowning patients with cardiac or pulmonary failure. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 22:77 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

583.

Champigneulle B, Bellenfant-Zegdi F, Follin A et al (2015) Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for refractory cardiac arrest after drowning: an 11-year experience. Resuscitation 88:126–131 PubMedCrossRef

584.

Wood C (2010) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 1: prophylactic antibiotics in near-drowning. Emerg Med J 27:393–394 PubMedCrossRef

585.

Van Berkel MB, Lie RLK et al (1996) Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersion victims a retrospective study in 125 patients. Inten Care Med 22:101–107 CrossRef

586.

Davies KJ, Walters JH, Kerslake IM, Greenwood R, Thomas MJ (2013) Early antibiotics improve survival following out-of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:616–619 PubMedCrossRef

587.

Tadie JM, Heming N, Serve E et al (2012) Drowning associated pneumonia: a descriptive cohort. Resuscitation 83:399–401 PubMedCrossRef

588.

(2005) Proceedings of the 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 67:157–341

589.

Paal P, Ellerton J, Sumann G et al (2007) Basic life support ventilation in mountain rescue. Official recommendations of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MEDCOM). High Alt Med Biol 8:147–154 PubMedCrossRef

590.

Elsensohn F, Soteras I, Resiten O, Ellerton J, Brugger H, Paal P (2011) Equipment of medical backpacks in mountain rescue. High Alt Med Biol 12:343–347 PubMedCrossRef

591.

Elsensohn F, Agazzi G, Syme D et al (2006) The use of automated external defibrillators and public access defibrillators in the mountains: official guidelines of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine ICAR-MEDCOM. Wilderness Environ Med 17:64–66 PubMedCrossRef

592.

Brugger H, Elsensohn F, Syme D, Sumann G, Falk M (2005) A survey of emergency medical services in mountain areas of Europe and North America: official recommendations of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR Medcom). High Alt Med Biol 6:226–237 PubMedCrossRef

593.

Tomazin I, Ellerton J, Reisten O, Soteras I, Avbelj M (2011) International Commission for Mountain Emergency M. Medical standards for mountain rescue operations using helicopters: official consensus recommendations of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MEDCOM). High Alt Med Biol 12:335–341 PubMedCrossRef

594.

Pietsch U, Lischke V, Pietsch C, Kopp KH (2014) Mechanical chest compressions in an avalanche victim with cardiac arrest: an option for extreme mountain rescue operations. Wilderness Environ Med 25:190–193 PubMedCrossRef

595.

Ellerton J, Gilbert H (2012) Should helicopters have a hoist or ‚long-line‘ capability to perform mountain rescue in the UK? Emerg Med J 29:56–59 PubMedCrossRef

596.

Klemenc-Ketis Z, Tomazin I, Kersnik J (2012) HEMS in Slovenia: one country, four models, different quality outcomes. Air Med J 31:298–304 PubMedCrossRef

597.

Tomazin I, Vegnuti M, Ellerton J, Reisten O, Sumann G, Kersnik J (2012) Factors impacting on the activation and approach times of helicopter emergency medical services in four Alpine countries. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20:56 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

598.

Wang JC, Tsai SH, Chen YL et al (2014) The physiological effects and quality of chest compressions during CPR at sea level and high altitude. Am J Emerg Med 32:1183–1188 PubMedCrossRef

599.

Suto T, Saito S (2014) Considerations for resuscitation at high altitude in elderly and untrained populations and rescuers. Am J Emerg Med 32:270–276 PubMedCrossRef

600.

Narahara H, Kimura M, Suto T et al (2012) Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation at high altitudes on the physical condition of untrained and unacclimatized rescuers. Wilderness Environ Med 23:161–164 PubMedCrossRef

601.

Boyd J, Brugger H, Shuster M (2010) Prognostic factors in avalanche resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation 81:645–652 PubMedCrossRef

602.

Locher T, Walpoth BH (1996) [Differential diagnosis of circulatory failure in hypothermic avalanche victims: retrospective analysis of 32 avalanche accidents]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 85:1275–1282

603.

Grissom CK, Radwin MI, Scholand MB, Harmston CH, Muetterties MC, Bywater TJ (2004) Hypercapnia increases core temperature cooling rate during snow burial. J Appl Physiol 96:1365–1370 PubMedCrossRef

604.

Oberhammer R, Beikircher W, Hormann C et al (2008) Full recovery of an avalanche victim with profound hypothermia and prolonged cardiac arrest treated by extracorporeal re-warming. Resuscitation 76:474–480 PubMedCrossRef

605.

Mair P, Brugger H, Mair B, Moroder L, Ruttmann E (2014) Is extracorporeal rewarming indicated in avalanche victims with unwitnessed hypothermic cardiorespiratory arrest? High Alt Med Biol 15:500–503 PubMedCrossRef

606.

Boue Y, Payen JF, Brun J et al (2014) Survival after avalanche-induced cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:1192–1196 PubMedCrossRef

607.

Hilmo J, Naesheim T, Gilbert M (2014) „Nobody is dead until warm and dead“: prolonged resuscitation is warranted in arrested hypothermic victims also in remote areas–a retrospective study from northern Norway. Resuscitation 85:1204–1211 PubMedCrossRef

608.

Brugger H, Sumann G, Meister R et al (2003) Hypoxia and hypercapnia during respiration into an artificial air pocket in snow: implications for avalanche survival. Resuscitation 58:81–88 PubMedCrossRef

609.

Haegeli P, Falk M, Brugger H, Etter HJ, Boyd J (2011) Comparison of avalanche survival patterns in Canada and Switzerland. CMAJ 183:789–795 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

610.

Boyd J, Haegeli P, Abu-Laban RB, Shuster M, Butt JC (2009) Patterns of death among avalanche fatalities: a 21-year review. CMAJ 180:507–512 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

611.

Brugger H, Durrer B, Elsensohn F et al (2013) Resuscitation of avalanche victims: Evidence-based guidelines of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine (ICAR MEDCOM): intended for physicians and other advanced life support personnel. Resuscitation 84:539–546 PubMedCrossRef

612.

Brugger H, Paal P, Boyd J (2011) Prehospital resuscitation of the buried avalanche victim. High Alt Med Biol 12:199–205 PubMedCrossRef

613.

Kottmann A, Blancher M, Spichiger T et al (2015) The Avalanche Victim Resuscitation Checklist, a new concept for the management of avalanche victims. Resuscitation 91:e7–e8 PubMedCrossRef

614.

Budnick LD (1984) Bathtub-related electrocutions in the United States (1979) to 1982. JAMA 252:918–920 PubMedCrossRef

615.

(1998) Lightning-associated deaths – United States, 1980–1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47:391–394

616.

Geddes LA, Bourland JD, Ford G (1986) The mechanism underlying sudden death from electric shock. Med Instrum 20:303–315 PubMed

617.

Zafren K, Durrer B, Herry JP, Brugger H (2005) Lightning injuries: prevention and on-site treatment in mountains and remote areas. Official guidelines of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine and the Medical Commission of the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (ICAR and UIAA MEDCOM). Resuscitation 65:369–372 PubMedCrossRef

618.

Cherington M (1995) Lightning injuries. Ann Emerg Med 25:517–519 PubMedCrossRef

619.

Fahmy FS, Brinsden MD, Smith J, Frame JD (1999) Lightning: the multisystem group injuries. J Trauma 46:937–940 PubMedCrossRef

620.

Patten BM (1992) Lightning and electrical injuries. Neurol Clin 10:1047–1058 PubMed

621.

Browne BJ, Gaasch WR (1992) Electrical injuries and lightning. Emerg Med Clin North Am 10:211–229 PubMed

622.

Kleiner JP, Wilkin JH (1978) Cardiac effects of lightning stroke. JAMA 240:2757–2759 PubMedCrossRef

623.

Lichtenberg R, Dries D, Ward K, Marshall W, Scanlon P (1993) Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:531–536 PubMedCrossRef

624.

Cooper MA (1995) Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Sem Neurol 15:268–278 CrossRef

625.

Milzman DP, Moskowitz L, Hardel M (1999) Lightning strikes at a mass gathering. South Med J 92:708–710 PubMedCrossRef

626.

Cooper MA (1980) Lightning injuries: prognostic signs for death. Ann Emerg Med 9:134–138 PubMedCrossRef

627.

Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (1995) Neuropathology of lightning-strike injuries. Sem Neurol 15:323–328 CrossRef

628.

Cherington M, McDonough G, Olson S, Russon R, Yarnell PR (2007) Lichtenberg figures and lightning: case reports and review of the literature. Cutis 80:141–143 PubMed

629.

Epperly TD, Stewart JR (1989) The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract 29:267–272 PubMed

630.

Duclos PJ, Sanderson LM (1990) An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int J Epidemiol 19:673–679 PubMedCrossRef

631.

Whitcomb D, Martinez JA, Daberkow D (2002) Lightning injuries. South Med J 95:1331–1334 PubMedCrossRef

632.

Goldman RD, Einarson A, Koren G (2003) Electric shock during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 49:297–298 PubMedPubMedCentral

633.

Blumenthal R, Saayman G (2014) Bone marrow embolism to the lung in electrocution: two case reports. Am J Foren Med Pathol 35:170–171 CrossRef

634.

El Sayed M, Tamim H, Mann NC (2015) Description of procedures performed on patients by emergency medical services during mass casualty incidents in the United States. Am J Emerg Med 33:1030–1036 PubMedCrossRef

635.

World DR (2014) 2014. https://www.ifrc.org/world-disasters-report-2014/data

636.

Schenk E, Wijetunge G, Mann NC, Lerner EB, Longthorne A, Dawson D (2014) Epidemiology of mass casualty incidents in the United States. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:408–416 PubMedCrossRef

637.

Tokuda Y, Kikuchi M, Takahashi O, Stein GH (2006) Prehospital management of sarin nerve gas terrorism in urban settings: 10 years of progress after the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Resuscitation 68:193–202 PubMedCrossRef

638.

Lamhaut L, Dagron C, Apriotesei R et al (2010) Comparison of intravenous and intraosseous access by pre-hospital medical emergency personnel with and without CBRN protective equipment. Resuscitation 81:65–68 PubMedCrossRef

639.

Castle N, Pillay Y, Spencer N (2011) Comparison of six different intubation aids for use while wearing CBRN-PPE: a manikin study. Resuscitation 82:1548–1552 PubMedCrossRef

640.

Castle N, Bowen J, Spencer N (2010) Does wearing CBRN-PPE adversely affect the ability for clinicians to accurately, safely, and speedily draw up drugs? Clin Toxicol (Phila) 48:522–527 CrossRef

641.

Cross KP, Petry MJ, Cicero MX (2015) A better START for low-acuity victims: data-driven refinement of mass casualty triage. Prehosp Emerg Care 19:272–278 PubMedCrossRef

642.

SALT mass casualty triage (2008) concept endorsed by the American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, American Trauma Society, National Association of EMS Physicians, National Disaster Life Support Education Consortium, and State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2:245–246 CrossRef

643.

Cone DC, Serra J, Burns K, MacMillan DS, Kurland L, Van Gelder C (2009) Pilot test of the SALT mass casualty triage system. Prehospital Emerg Care 13:536–540 CrossRef

644.

Risavi BL, Terrell MA, Lee W, Holsten DL Jr (2013) Prehospital mass-casualty triage training-written versus moulage scenarios: how much do EMS providers retain? Prehosp Disaster Med 28:251–256 PubMedCrossRef

645.

Knight JF, Carley S, Tregunna B et al (2010) Serious gaming technology in major incident triage training: a pragmatic controlled trial. Resuscitation 81:1175–1179 PubMedCrossRef

646.

Postma IL, Weel H, Heetveld MJ et al (2013) Mass casualty triage after an airplane crash near Amsterdam. Injury 44:1061–1067 PubMedCrossRef

647.

Jones N, White ML, Tofil N et al (2014) Randomized trial comparing two mass casualty triage systems (JumpSTART versus SALT) in a pediatric simulated mass casualty event. Prehospital Emerg Care 18:417–423 CrossRef

648.

Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R (2004) The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 59:469–478 PubMedCrossRef

649.

To T, Stanojevic S, Moores G et al (2012) Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health 12:204 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

650.

Pearce N, Ait-Khaled N, Beasley R et al (2007) Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax 62:758–766 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

651.

Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A (2010) Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Allergy 65:152–167 PubMedCrossRef

652.

Cohen S, Berkman N, Avital A et al (2015) Decline in asthma prevalence and severity in Israel over a 10-year period. Respiration 89:27–32 PubMedCrossRef

653.

Mikalsen IB, Skeiseid L, Tveit LM, Engelsvold DH, Oymar K (2015) Decline in admissions for childhood asthma, a 26-year period population-based study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol

654.

Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL et al (2014) International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J 43:343–373 PubMedCrossRef

655.

Romagnoli M, Caramori G, Braccioni F et al (2007) Near-fatal asthma phenotype in the ENFUMOSA Cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 37:552–557 PubMedCrossRef

656.

Alvarez GG, Schulzer M, Jung D, Fitzgerald JM (2005) A systematic review of risk factors associated with near-fatal and fatal asthma. Can Respir J 12:265–270 PubMedCrossRef

657.

Turner MO, Noertjojo K, Vedal S, Bai T, Crump S, Fitzgerald JM (1998) Risk factors for near-fatal asthma: a case-control study in hospitalized patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1804–1809 PubMedCrossRef

658.

Ernst P, Spitzer WO, Suissa S et al (1992) Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use. JAMA 268:3462–3464 PubMedCrossRef

659.

Suissa S, Blais L, Ernst P (1994) Patterns of increasing beta-agonist use and the risk of fatal or near-fatal asthma. Eur Respir J 7:1602–1609 PubMedCrossRef

660.

Alvarez GG, Fitzgerald JM (2007) A systematic review of the psychological risk factors associated with near fatal asthma or fatal asthma. Respiration 74:228–236 PubMedCrossRef

661.

Sturdy PM, Victor CR, Anderson HR et al (2002) Psychological, social and health behaviour risk factors for deaths certified as asthma: a national case-control study. Thorax 57:1034–1039 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

662.

Roberts G, Patel N, Levi-Schaffer F, Habibi P, Lack G (2003) Food allergy as a risk factor for life-threatening asthma in childhood: a case-controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:168–174 PubMedCrossRef

663.

Why asthmastillkills: the national review of asthma deaths (NRAD). Confidential Enquiry Report 2014. 2014. http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/why-asthma-still-kills-full-report.pdf

664.

Tsai CL, Lee WY, Hanania NA, Camargo CA Jr (2012) Age-related differences in clinical outcomes for acute asthma in the United States, 2006–2008. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129:1252–1258e1 PubMedCrossRef

665.

Williams TJ, Tuxen DV, Scheinkestel CD, Czarny D, Bowes G (1992) Risk factors for morbidity in mechanically ventilated patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:607–615 PubMedCrossRef

666.

Kokturk N, Demir N, Kervan F, Dinc E, Koybasioglu A, Turktas H (2004) A subglottic mass mimicking near-fatal asthma: a challenge of diagnosis. J Emerg Med 26:57–60 PubMedCrossRef

667.

Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2009) 2009. (Accessed 24/06/10, 2010

668.

SIGN 141 British guideline on the management of asthma. 2014. http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN141.pdf

669.

Rodrigo GJ, Nannini LJ (2006) Comparison between nebulized adrenaline and beta2 agonists for the treatment of acute asthma. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Emerg Med 24:217–222 PubMedCrossRef

670.

Rodrigo G, Rodrigo C, Burschtin O (1999) A meta-analysis of the effects of ipratropium bromide in adults with acute asthma. Am J Med 107:363–370 PubMedCrossRef

671.

Aaron SD (2001) The use of ipratropium bromide for the management of acute asthma exacerbation in adults and children: a systematic review. J Asthma 38:521–530 PubMedCrossRef

672.

Mohammed S, Goodacre S (2007) Intravenous and nebulised magnesium sulphate for acute asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J 24:823–830 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

673.

Powell C, Dwan K, Milan SJ et al (2012) Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD003898 PubMed

674.

Bradshaw TA, Matusiewicz SP, Crompton GK, Innes JA, Greening AP (2008) Intravenous magnesium sulphate provides no additive benefit to standard management in acute asthma. Respir Med 102:143–149 PubMedCrossRef

675.

Goodacre S, Cohen J, Bradburn M et al (2013) Intravenous or nebulised magnesium sulphate versus standard therapy for severe acute asthma (3Mg trial): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 1:293–300 PubMedCrossRef

676.

Kew KM, Kirtchuk L, Michell CI (2014) Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD010909

677.

Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Ducharme FM, Bretzlaff JA, Bota GW (2001) Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001:CD000195

678.

Ratto D, Alfaro C, Sipsey J, Glovsky MM, Sharma OP (1988) Are intravenous corticosteroids required in status asthmaticus? JAMA 260:527–529 PubMedCrossRef

679.

Travers A, Jones AP, Kelly K, Barker SJ, Camargo CA, Rowe BH (2001) Intravenous beta2-agonists for acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001:CD002988

680.

Cowman S, Butler J (2008) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 3. The use of intravenous aminophylline in addition to beta-agonists and steroids in acute asthma. Emerg Med J 25:289–290 PubMedCrossRef

681.

Parameswaran K, Belda J, Rowe BH (2000) Addition of intravenous aminophylline to beta2-agonists in adults with acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000:CD002742

682.

Kuitert LM, Watson D (2007) Antileukotrienes as adjunctive therapy in acute asthma. Drugs 67:1665–1670 PubMedCrossRef

683.

Camargo CA Jr, Gurner DM, Smithline HA et al (2010) A randomized placebo-controlled study of intravenous montelukast for the treatment of acute asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:374–380 PubMedCrossRef

684.

Watts K, Chavasse RJ (2012) Leukotriene receptor antagonists in addition to usual care for acute asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD006100

685.

Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Pollack CV, Rowe B (2003) Use of helium-oxygen mixtures in the treatment of acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 123:891–896 PubMedCrossRef

686.

Gupta D, Keogh B, Chung KF et al (2004) Characteristics and outcome for admissions to adult, general critical care units with acute severe asthma: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care 8:R112–R121 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

687.

Brenner B, Corbridge T, Kazzi A (2009) Intubation and mechanical ventilation of the asthmatic patient in respiratory failure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124:S19–S28 PubMedCrossRef

688.

Antonelli M, Pennisi MA, Montini L (2005) Clinical review: Noninvasive ventilation in the clinical setting–experience from the past 10 years. Crit Care 9:98–103 PubMedCrossRef

689.

Lim WJ, Mohammed Akram R, Carson KV et al (2012) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev 12:CD004360

690.

Leatherman JW, McArthur C, Shapiro RS (2004) Effect of prolongation of expiratory time on dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Crit Care Med 32:1542–1545 PubMedCrossRef

691.

Bowman FP, Menegazzi JJ, Check BD, Duckett TM (1995) Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 26:216–219 PubMedCrossRef

692.

Lapinsky SE, Leung RS (1996) Auto-PEEP and electromechanical dissociation. N Engl J Med 335:674 PubMedCrossRef

693.

Rogers PL, Schlichtig R, Miro A, Pinsky M (1991) Auto-PEEP during CPR. An „occult“ cause of electromechanical dissociation? Chest 99:492–493 PubMedCrossRef

694.

Rosengarten PL, Tuxen DV, Dziukas L, Scheinkestel C, Merrett K, Bowes G (1991) Circulatory arrest induced by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in a patient with severe asthma. Anaesth Intensive Care 19:118–121 PubMed

695.

Sprung J, Hunter K, Barnas GM, Bourke DL (1994) Abdominal distention is not always a sign of esophageal intubation: cardiac arrest due to „auto-PEEP“. Anesth Analg 78:801–804 PubMed

696.

Harrison R (2010) Chest compression first aid for respiratory arrest due to acute asphyxic asthma. Emerg Med J 27:59–61 PubMedCrossRef

697.

Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW, Clewlow F, Dalrymple-Hay MJ (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance– implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37:9–12 PubMedCrossRef

698.

Galbois A, Ait-Oufella H, Baudel JL et al (2010) Pleural ultrasound compared to chest radiographic detection of pneumothorax resolution after drainage. Chest 138(3):648–655 PubMedCrossRef

699.

Mabuchi N, Takasu H, Ito S et al (1991) Successful extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) for a patient with severe asthma and cardiac arrest. Clin Inten Care 2:292–294

700.

Martin GB, Rivers EP, Paradis NA, Goetting MG, Morris DC, Nowak RM (1998) Emergency department cardiopulmonary bypass in the treatment of human cardiac arrest. Chest 113:743–751 PubMedCrossRef

701.

Mabvuure NT, Rodrigues JN (2014) External cardiac compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of patients with left ventricular assist devices. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 19:286–289 PubMedCrossRef

702.

Hubner P, Meron G, Kurkciyan I et al (2014) Neurologic causes of cardiac arrest and outcomes. J Emerg Med 47:660–667 PubMedCrossRef

703.

Thurman DJ, Hesdorffer DC, French JA (2014) Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: assessing the public health burden. Epilepsia 55:1479–1485 PubMedCrossRef

704.

Arnaout M, Mongardon N, Deye N et al (2015) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from brain cause: epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome in a multicenter cohort*. Crit Care Med 43:453–460 PubMedCrossRef

705.

Skrifvars MB, Parr MJ (2012) Incidence, predisposing factors, management and survival following cardiac arrest due to subarachnoid haemorrhage: a review of the literature. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20:75

706.

Mitsuma W, Ito M, Kodama M et al (2011) Clinical and cardiac features of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 82:1294–1297 PubMedCrossRef

707.

Sandroni C, Dell’Anna AM (2015) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from neurologic cause: recognition and outcome*. Crit Care Med 43:508–509 PubMedCrossRef

708.

Noritomi DT, de Cleva R, Beer I et al (2006) Doctors awareness of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage as a cause of cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation 71:123–124 PubMedCrossRef

709.

Sandroni C, Adrie C, Cavallaro F et al (2010) Are patients brain-dead after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest suitable as organ donors? A systematic review. Resuscitation 81:1609–1614 PubMedCrossRef

710.

Jain R, Nallamothu BK, Chan PS (2010) American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation i. Body mass index and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 3:490–497 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

711.

Testori C, Sterz F, Losert H et al (2011) Cardiac arrest survivors with moderate elevated body mass index may have a better neurological outcome: a cohort study. Resuscitation 82:869–873 PubMedCrossRef

712.

Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet No 311. 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/

713.

Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB et al (2006) Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med 355:763–778 PubMedCrossRef

714.

Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK et al (2006) Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. The Lancet 368:666–678 CrossRef

715.

Adabag S, Huxley RR, Lopez FL et al (2015) Obesity related risk of sudden cardiac death in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Heart 101:215–221 PubMedCrossRef

716.

Duflou J, Virmani R, Rabin I, Burke A, Farb A, Smialek J (1995) Sudden death as a result of heart disease in morbid obesity. Am Heart J 130:306–313 PubMedCrossRef

717.

Nishisaki A, Maltese MR, Niles DE et al (2012) Backboards are important when chest compressions are provided on a soft mattress. Resuscitation 83:1013–1020 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

718.

Bunch TJ, White RD, Lopez-Jimenez F, Thomas RJ (2008) Association of body weight with total mortality and with ICD shocks among survivors of ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 77:351–355 PubMedCrossRef

719.

White RD, Blackwell TH, Russell JK, Jorgenson DB (2004) Body weight does not affect defibrillation, resuscitation, or survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with a nonescalating biphasic waveform defibrillator. Crit Care Med 32:S387–S392 PubMedCrossRef

720.

Sugerman H, Windsor A, Bessos M, Wolfe L (1997) Intra-abdominal pressure, sagittal abdominal diameter and obesity comorbidity. J Intern Med 241:71–79 PubMedCrossRef

721.

Holmberg TJ, Bowman SM, Warner KJ et al (2011) The association between obesity and difficult prehospital tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 112:1132–1138 PubMedCrossRef

722.

Reminiac F, Jouan Y, Cazals X, Bodin JF, Dequin PF, Guillon A (2014) Risks associated with obese patient handling in emergency prehospital care. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:555–557 PubMedCrossRef

723.

Kruska P, Kappus S Kerner T (2012) [Obesity in prehospital emergency care]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 47:556–562 PubMedCrossRef

724.

Chalkias A, Xanthos T (2014) The obesity paradox in cardiac arrest patients. Int J Cardiol 171:101–102 PubMedCrossRef

725.

Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2013. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division 2013. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2013/en/

726.

Lipman S, Cohen S, Einav S et al (2014) The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology consensus statement on the management of cardiac arrest in pregnancy. Anesth Analg 118:1003–1016 PubMedCrossRef

727.

Soar J, Callaway CW, Aibiki M et al (2015) Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation XX:XX

728.

Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A et al (2014) Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2:e323–e333 PubMedCrossRef

729.

UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–2012. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care 2014

730.

Page-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Sanchez JA (1999) Perimortem cesarean section of twin pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med 6:1072–1074 PubMedCrossRef

731.

Cardosi RJ, Porter KB (1998) Cesarean delivery of twins during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. Obstet Gynecol 92:695–697 PubMed

732.

Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE (2003) Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Left lateral position vs. tilted supine position. Anaesthesia 58:428–431 PubMedCrossRef

733.

Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM (2002) Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 57:15–20 PubMedCrossRef

734.

Bamber JH, Dresner M (2003) Aortocaval compression in pregnancy: the effect of changing the degree and direction of lateral tilt on maternal cardiac output. Anesth Analg 97:256–258. (table of contents) PubMedCrossRef

735.

Carbonne B, Benachi A, Leveque ML, Cabrol D, Papiernik E (1996) Maternal position during labor: effects on fetal oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry. Obstet Gynecol 88:797–800 PubMedCrossRef

736.

Tamas P, Szilagyi A, Jeges S et al (2007) Effects of maternal central hemodynamics on fetal heart rate patterns. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 86:711–714 PubMedCrossRef

737.

Abitbol MM (1985) Supine position in labor and associated fetal heart rate changes. Obstet Gynecol 65:481–486 PubMed

738.

Kinsella SM (2003) Lateral tilt for pregnant women: why 15 degrees? Anaesthesia 58:835–836 PubMedCrossRef

739.

Goodwin AP, Pearce AJ (1992) The human wedge. A manoeuvre to relieve aortocaval compression during resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 47:433–434 PubMedCrossRef

740.

Rees GA, Willis BA (1988) Resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 43:347–349 PubMedCrossRef

741.

Jones SJ, Kinsella SM, Donald FA (2003) Comparison of measured and estimated angles of table tilt at Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 90:86–87 PubMedCrossRef

742.

Nanson J, Elcock D, Williams M, Deakin CD (2001) Do physiological changes in pregnancy change defibrillation energy requirements? Br J Anaesth 87:237–239 PubMedCrossRef

743.

Chiloiro M, Darconza G, Piccioli E, De Carne M, Clemente C, Riezzo G (2001) Gastric emptying and orocecal transit time in pregnancy. J Gastroenterol 36:538–543 PubMedCrossRef

744.

O’Sullivan G (1993) Gastric emptying during pregnancy and the puerperium. Int J Obstet Anesth 2:216–224 PubMedCrossRef

745.

Johnson MD, Luppi CJ, Over DC (1998) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. In: Gambling DR, Douglas MJ (Hrsg) Obstetric Anesthesia and Uncommon Disorders. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, S 51–74

746.

Izci B, Vennelle M, Liston WA, Dundas KC, Calder AA, Douglas NJ (2006) Sleep-disordered breathing and upper airway size in pregnancy and post-partum. Eur Respir J 27:321–327 PubMedCrossRef

747.

Rahman K, Jenkins JG (2005) Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly. Anaesthesia 60:168–171 PubMedCrossRef

748.

Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP Pearce AC (2004) Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 59:675–694 PubMedCrossRef

749.

Potts M, Prata N, Sahin-Hodoglugil NN (2010) Maternal mortality: one death every 7 min. The Lancet 375:1762–1763 CrossRef

750.

Lewis Ge. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers Lives; Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safer (2003)–05. The Seventh Report of the United Kingdom Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. London: CEMACH, 2007. London: RCOG Press; 2007

751.

Gynecologists ACoOa (2012) Optimizing Protocols in Obstetrics management of obstetric hemmorhage

752.

Organization WH (2012) WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage

753.

Geoghegan J, Daniels JP, Moore PA, Thompson PJ, Khan KS, Gulmezoglu AM (2009) Cell salvage at caesarean section: the need for an evidence-based approach. BJOG 116:743–747 PubMedCrossRef

754.

Bouwmeester FW, Bolte AC, van Geijn HP (2005) Pharmacological and surgical therapy for primary postpartum hemorrhage. Curr Pharm Des 11:759–773 PubMedCrossRef

755.

Hofmeyr GJ, Abdel-Aleem H, Abdel-Aleem MA (2008) Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 16:CD006431

756.

Sekhavat L, Tabatabaii A, Dalili M, Farajkhoda T, Tafti AD (2009) Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 22:72–75 PubMedCrossRef

757.

Phillips LE, McLintock C, Pollock W et al (2009) Recombinant activated factor VII in obstetric hemorrhage: experiences from the Australian and New Zealand Haemostasis Registry. Anesth Analg 109:1908–1915 PubMedCrossRef

758.

Bomken C, Mathai S, Biss T, Loughney A, Hanley J (2009) Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa) in the Management of Major Obstetric Haemorrhage: a case series and a proposed guideline for use. Obstet Gynecol Int 2009:364843 PubMed

759.

Doumouchtsis SK, Papageorghiou AT, Vernier C, Arulkumaran S (2008) Management of postpartum hemorrhage by uterine balloon tamponade: prospective evaluation of effectiveness. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 87:849–855 PubMedCrossRef

760.

Georgiou C (2009) Balloon tamponade in the management of postpartum haemorrhage: a review. BJOG 116:748–757 PubMedCrossRef

761.

El-Hamamy E CBL (2005) A worldwide review of the uses of the uterine compression suture techniques as alternative to hysterectomy in the management of severe post-partum haemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol 25:143–149 PubMedCrossRef

762.

Hong TM, Tseng HS, Lee RC, Wang JH, Chang CY (2004) Uterine artery embolization: an effective treatment for intractable obstetric haemorrhage. Clin Radiol 59:96–101 PubMedCrossRef

763.

Knight M (2007) Peripartum hysterectomy in the UK: management and outcomes of the associated haemorrhage. BJOG 114:1380–1387 PubMedCrossRef

764.

Rossi AC, Lee RH, Chmait RH (2010) Emergency postpartum hysterectomy for uncontrolled postpartum bleeding: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 115:637–644 PubMedCrossRef

765.

Yu S, Pennisi JA, Moukhtar M, Friedman EA (1995) Placental abruption in association with advanced abdominal pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 40:731–735 PubMed

766.

Ray P, Murphy GJ, Shutt LE (2004) Recognition and management of maternal cardiac disease in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 93:428–439 PubMedCrossRef

767.

Abbas AE, Lester SJ, Connolly H (2005) Pregnancy and the cardiovascular system. International J Cardiol 98:179–189 CrossRef

768.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Cardiac disease in pregnancy2011

769.

James AH, Jamison MG, Biswas MS, Brancazio LR, Swamy GK, Myers ER (2006) Acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy: a United States population-based study. Circulation 113:1564–1571 PubMedCrossRef

770.

Ahearn GS, Hadjiliadis D, Govert JA, Tapson VF (2002) Massive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy successfully treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a case report and review of treatment options. Arch Intern Med 162:1221–1227 PubMedCrossRef

771.

Drenthen W, Pieper PG, Roos-Hesselink JW et al (2007) Outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: a literature review. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:2303–2311 PubMedCrossRef

772.

Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M (2005) Pre-eclampsia. The Lancet 365:785–799 CrossRef

773.

Sibai BM (2005) Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 105:402–410 PubMedCrossRef

774.

Duley L, Gulmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ (2003) Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003:CD000025

775.

Duley L, Henderson-Smart D (2003) Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003:CD000128

776.

Duley L, Henderson-Smart D (2003) Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia. Cochrane database Syst Rev 2003:CD000127

777.

World Health Organization. WHO recommendations for Prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia2011

778.

Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Walker GJ, Chou D (2010) Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD000127

779.

Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Chou D (2010) Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD000128

780.

Duley L, Gulmezoglu AM, Chou D (2010) Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD002960

781.

Duley L, Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Hall DR (2010) Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD007388

782.

Knight M (2008) Antenatal pulmonary embolism: risk factors, management and outcomes. BJOG 115:453–461 PubMedCrossRef

783.

Dapprich M, Boessenecker W (2002) Fibrinolysis with alteplase in a pregnant woman with stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 13:290 PubMedCrossRef

784.

Turrentine MA, Braems G, Ramirez MM (1995) Use of thrombolytics for the treatment of thromboembolic disease during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50:534–541 PubMedCrossRef

785.

Thabut G, Thabut D, Myers RP et al (2002) Thrombolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1660–1667 PubMedCrossRef

786.

Patel RK, Fasan O, Arya R (2003) Thrombolysis in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 90:1216–1217 PubMed

787.

Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R (2009) Amniotic fluid embolism: an evidence-based review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 201:445 e1–13

788.

Fitzpatrick K, Tuffnell D, Kurinczuk J, Knight M (2015) Incidence, risk factors, management and outcomes of amniotic-fluid embolism: a population-based cohort and nested case-control study. BJOG

789.

Stanten RD, Iverson LI, Daugharty TM, Lovett SM, Terry C, Blumenstock E (2003) Amniotic fluid embolism causing catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiogram and treatment by cardiopulmonary bypass. Obstet Gynecol 102:496–498 PubMed

790.

Einav S, Kaufman N, Sela HY (2012) Maternal cardiac arrest and perimortem caesarean delivery: evidence or expert-based? Resuscitation 83:1191–1200 PubMedCrossRef

791.

Dijkman A, Huisman CM, Smit M et al (2010) Cardiac arrest in pregnancy: increasing use of perimortem caesarean section due to emergency skills training? Bjog 117:282–287 PubMedCrossRef

792.

Baghirzada L, Balki M (2013) Maternal cardiac arrest in a tertiary care centre during 1989–2011: a case series. Can J Anaesth 60:1077–1084 PubMedCrossRef

793.

Katz VL, Dotters DJ, Droegemueller W (1986) Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 68:571–576 PubMed

794.

American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 102(suppl):I1–I384

795.

Chapter 4; Part 6: Cardiac Arrest Associated with Pregnancy. In: Cummins R, Hazinski M, Field J, eds. ACLS-The Reference Textbook. Dallas: American Heart Association; 2003:143–58

796.

Katz V, Balderston K, DeFreest M (2005) Perimortem cesarean delivery: were our assumptions correct? Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1916–1920 (discussion 20–21) PubMedCrossRef

797.

Oates S, Williams GL, Rees GA (1988) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in late pregnancy. BMJ 297:404–405 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

798.

Strong THJ, Lowe RA (1989) Perimortem cesarean section. Am J Emerg Med 7:489–494 PubMedCrossRef

799.

Boyd R, Teece S (2002) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Perimortem caesarean section. Emerg Med J 19:324–325 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

800.

Allen MC, Donohue PK, Dusman AE (1993) The limit of viability – neonatal outcome of infants born at 22 to 25 weeks’ gestation. N Engl J Med 329:1597–1601 PubMedCrossRef

801.

Moore C, Promes SB (2004) Ultrasound in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 22:697–722 PubMedCrossRef

802.

Rittenberger JC, Kelly E, Jang D, Greer K, Heffner A (2008) Successful outcome utilizing hypothermia after cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a case report. Crit Care Med 36:1354–1356 PubMedCrossRef

803.

Natale A, Davidson T, Geiger MJ, Newby K (1997) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and pregnancy: a safe combination? Circulation 96:2808–2812 PubMedCrossRef

804.

Siassakos D, Crofts JF, Winter C, Weiner CP, Draycott TJ (2009) The active components of effective training in obstetric emergencies. BJOG 116:1028–1032 PubMedCrossRef

805.

Siassakos D, Bristowe K, Draycott TJ et al (2011) Clinical efficiency in a simulated emergency and relationship to team behaviours: a multisite cross-sectional study. BJOG 118:596–607 PubMedCrossRef

806.

McNally B, Robb R, Mehta M et al (2011) Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Surveillance – Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), United States, October 1, 2005–December 31, 2010. MMWR Surveill Summ 60:1–19 PubMed

807.

Chugh SS, Jui J, Gunson K et al (2004) Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1268–1275 PubMedCrossRef

808.

Churpek MM, Yuen TC, Winslow C, Hall J, Edelson DP (2015) Differences in vital signs between elderly and nonelderly patients prior to ward cardiac arrest. Critical Care Med 43:816–822 CrossRef

809.

Van Hoeyweghen RJ,B, Mullie A et al (1992) Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in elderly patients. Belgian Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Ann Emerg Med 21:1179–1184 PubMedCrossRef

810.

Tung P, Albert CM (2013) Causes and prevention of sudden cardiac death in the elderly. Nature reviews. Cardiology 10:135–142 PubMed

811.

Teodorescu C, Reinier K, Dervan C et al (2010) Factors associated with pulseless electric activity versus ventricular fibrillation: the Oregon sudden unexpected death study. Circulation 122:2116–2122 PubMedCrossRef

812.

Winther-Jensen M, Pellis T, Kuiper M et al (2015) Mortality and neurological outcome in the elderly after target temperature management for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 91:92–98 PubMedCrossRef

813.

Lamantia MA, Stewart PW, Platts-Mills TF et al (2013) Predictive value of initial triage vital signs for critically ill older adults. West J Emerg Med 14:453–460 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

814.

Nasa P, Juneja D, Singh O (2012) Severe sepsis and septic shock in the elderly: an overview. World J Crit Care Med 1:23–30 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

815.

Tresch DD (1998) Management of the older patient with acute myocardial infarction: difference in clinical presentations between older and younger patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:1157–1162 PubMedCrossRef

816.

Tresch DD (1996) Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure in Elderly Patients. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 5:27–33 PubMed

817.

Gardin JM, Arnold AM, Bild DE et al (1998) Left ventricular diastolic filling in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. Am J Cardiol 82:345–351 PubMedCrossRef

818.

Priebe HJ (2000) The aged cardiovascular risk patient. Br J Anaesth 85:763–778 PubMedCrossRef

819.

Hasegawa K, Hagiwara Y, Imamura T et al (2013) Increased incidence of hypotension in elderly patients who underwent emergency airway management: an analysis of a multi-centre prospective observational study. Int J Emerg Med 6:12 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

820.

Montamat SC, Cusack BJ, Vestal RE (1989) Management of drug therapy in the elderly. N Engl J Med 321:303–309 PubMedCrossRef

821.

Black CJ, Busuttil A, Robertson C (2004) Chest wall injuries following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 63:339–343 PubMedCrossRef

822.

Krischer JP, Fine EG, Davis JH, Nagel EL (1987) Complications of cardiac resuscitation. Chest 92:287–291 PubMedCrossRef

823.

Kashiwagi Y, Sasakawa T, Tampo A et al (2015) Computed tomography findings of complications resulting from cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 88:86–91 PubMedCrossRef

824.

Grimaldi D, Dumas F, Perier MC et al (2014) Short- and long-term outcome in elderly patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a cohort study. Critical care medicine 42:2350–2357 PubMedCrossRef

825.

Nolan JP, Soar J, Smith GB et al (2014) Incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom National Cardiac Arrest Audit. Resuscitation 85:987–992 PubMedCrossRef

826.

Deasy C, Bray JE, Smith K et al (2011) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the older age groups in Melbourne, Australia. Resuscitation 82:398–403 PubMedCrossRef

827.

Chan PS, Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM et al (2013) Long-term outcomes in elderly survivors of in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 368:1019–1026 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

828.

van deGEM, van Munster BC, van deWFT, van Delden JJ, Scholten RJ, Hooft L (2013) Pre-arrest predictors of survival after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the elderly a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 13:68

829.

Menon PR, Ehlenbach WJ, Ford DW, Stapleton RD (2014) Multiple in-hospital resuscitation efforts in the elderly. Crit Care Med 42:108–117 PubMedCrossRef

830.

Bunch TJ, White RD, Khan AH, Packer DL (2004) Impact of age on long-term survival and quality of life following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 32:963–967 PubMedCrossRef

831.

Boyd K, Teres D, Rapoport J, Lemeshow S (1996) The relationship between age and the use of DNR orders in critical care patients. Evidence for age discrimination. Arch Intern Med 156:1821–1826 PubMedCrossRef

832.

Schwenzer KJ, Smith WT, Durbin CG Jr (1993) Selective application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves survival rates. Anesth Analg 76:478–484 PubMedCrossRef

833.

Seder DB, Patel N, McPherson J et al (2014) Geriatric experience following cardiac arrest at six interventional cardiology centers in the United States 2006–2011: interplay of age, do-not-resuscitate order, and outcomes. Crit Care Med 42:289–295 PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Kreislaufstillstand in besonderen Situationen
Kapitel 4 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council
Autoren:: A. Truhlář
C.D. Deakin
J. Soar
G.E.A. Khalifa
A. Alfonzo
J.J.L.M. Bierens
G. Brattebø
H. Brugger
J. Dunning
S. Hunyadi-Antičević
R.W. Koster
D.J. Lockey
C. Lott
P. Paal
G.D. Perkins
C. Sandroni
K.-C. Thies
D.A. Zideman
J.P. Nolan
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-015-0096-7
Verlag: Springer Medizin
Zeitschrift: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin Zeitschrift für präklinische und innerklinische Notfallmedizin
Ausgabe 8/2015
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578

Springerpflege

Tipp

Weitere Artikel dieser Ausgabe durch Wischen aufrufen

zu diesem Kapitel haben beigetragen:

Ohne Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2015

A tragedy we want to change

Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren

Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („adult advanced life support“)

Erste Hilfe

Das initiale Management des akuten Koronarsyndroms

Postreanimationsbehandlung