Postreanimationsbehandlung

1.

Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Soar J et al (2010) European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010 section 4. adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 81:1305–1352 PubMedCrossRef

2.

Nolan J, Soar J, Eikeland H (2006) The chain of survival. Resuscitation 71:270–271 PubMedCrossRef

3.

Nolan JP, Neumar RW, Adrie C et al (2008) Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A scientific statement from the international liaison committee on resuscitation; the American heart association emergency cardiovascular care committee; the council on cardiovascular surgery and anesthesia; the council on cardiopulmonary, perioperative, and critical care; the council on clinical cardiology; the council on stroke. Resuscitation 79:350–379 PubMedCrossRef

4.

Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Stolz U et al (2014) Statewide regionalization of postarrest care for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: association with survival and neurologic outcome. Ann Emerg Med 64:496–506e1 PubMedCrossRef

5.

Soholm H, Wachtell K, Nielsen SL et al (2013) Tertiary centres have improved survival compared to other hospitals in the copenhagen area after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:162–167 PubMedCrossRef

6.

Kirves H, Skrifvars MB, Vahakuopus M, Ekstrom K, Martikainen M, Castren M (2007) Adherence to resuscitation guidelines during prehospital care of cardiac arrest patients. Eur J Emerg Med 14:75–81 PubMedCrossRef

7.

Sunde K, Pytte M, Jacobsen D et al (2007) Implementation of a standardised treatment protocol for post resuscitation care after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 73:29–39 PubMedCrossRef

8.

Gaieski DF, Band RA, Abella BS et al (2009) Early goal-directed hemodynamic optimization combined with therapeutic hypothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:418–424 PubMedCrossRef

9.

Carr BG, Goyal M, Band RA et al (2009) A national analysis of the relationship between hospital factors and post-cardiac arrest mortality. Intensive Care Med 35:505–511 PubMedCrossRef

10.

Oddo M, Schaller MD, Feihl F, Ribordy V, Liaudet L (2006) From evidence to clinical practice: effective implementation of therapeutic hypothermia to improve patient outcome after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 34:1865–1873 PubMed

11.

Knafelj R, Radsel P, Ploj T, Noc M (2007) Primary percutaneous coronary intervention and mild induced hypothermia in comatose survivors of ventricular fibrillation with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. Resuscitation 74:227–234 PubMedCrossRef

12.

Deakin CD, Fothergill R, Moore F, Watson L, Whitbread M (2014) Level of consciousness on admission to a heart attack centre is a predictor of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:905–909 PubMedCrossRef

13.

Langhelle A, Tyvold SS, Lexow K, Hapnes SA, Sunde K, Steen PA (2003) In-hospital factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A comparison between four regions in Norway. Resuscitation 56:247–263 PubMedCrossRef

14.

Tomte O, Andersen GO, Jacobsen D, Draegni T, Auestad B, Sunde K (2011) Strong and weak aspects of an established post-resuscitation treatment protocol-A five-year observational study. Resuscitation 82:1186–1193 PubMedCrossRef

15.

Nolan JP, Laver SR, Welch CA, Harrison DA, Gupta V, Rowan K (2007) Outcome following admission to UK intensive care units after cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Anaesthesia 62:1207–1216 PubMedCrossRef

16.

Keenan SP, Dodek P, Martin C, Priestap F, Norena M, Wong H (2007) Variation in length of intensive care unit stay after cardiac arrest: where you are is as important as who you are. Crit Care Med 35:836–841 PubMedCrossRef

17.

Carr BG, Kahn JM, Merchant RM, Kramer AA, Neumar RW (2009) Inter-hospital variability in post-cardiac arrest mortality. Resuscitation 80:30–34 PubMedCrossRef

18.

Niskanen M, Reinikainen M, Kurola J (2007) Outcome from intensive care after cardiac arrest: comparison between two patient samples treated in 1986–87 and 1999–2001 in Finnish ICUs. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 51:151–157 PubMedCrossRef

19.

Hovdenes J, Laake JH, Aaberge L, Haugaa H, Bugge JF (2007) Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: experiences with patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention and cardiogenic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 51:137–142 PubMedCrossRef

20.

Nielsen N, Hovdenes J, Nilsson F et al (2009) Outcome, timing and adverse events in therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 53:926–934 PubMedCrossRef

21.

Sulzgruber P, Kliegel A, Wandaller C et al (2015) Survivors of cardiac arrest with good neurological outcome show considerable impairments of memory functioning. Resuscitation 88:120–125 PubMedCrossRef

22.

Lilja G, Nielsen N, Friberg H et al (2015) Cognitive function in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after target temperature management at 33 degrees C versus 36 degrees C. Circulation 131:1340–1349 PubMedCrossRef

23.

Moulaert VRMP, Verbunt JA, van Heugten CM, Wade DT (2009) Cognitive impairments in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 80:297–305 PubMedCrossRef

24.

Cronberg T, Lilja G, Horn J et al (2015) Neurologic function and health-related quality of life in patients following targeted temperature management at 33 degrees c vs 36 degrees c after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 72(6):634–641 PubMedCrossRef

25.

Mongardon N, Dumas F, Ricome S et al (2011) Postcardiac arrest syndrome: from immediate resuscitation to long-term outcome. Ann Intensive Care 1:45 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

26.

Stub D, Bernard S, Duffy SJ, Kaye DM (2011) Post cardiac arrest syndrome: a review of therapeutic strategies. Circulation 123:1428–1435 PubMedCrossRef

27.

Lemiale V, Dumas F, Mongardon N et al (2013) Intensive care unit mortality after cardiac arrest: the relative contribution of shock and brain injury in a large cohort. Intensive Care Med 39:1972–1980 PubMedCrossRef

28.

Laver S, Farrow C, Turner D, Nolan J (2004) Mode of death after admission to an intensive care unit following cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 30:2126–2128 PubMedCrossRef

29.

Olasveengen TM, Sunde K, Brunborg C, Thowsen J, Steen PA, Wik L (2009) Intravenous drug administration during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 302:2222–2229 PubMedCrossRef

30.

Dragancea I, Rundgren M, Englund E, Friberg H, Cronberg T (2013) The influence of induced hypothermia and delayed prognostication on the mode of death after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:337–342 PubMedCrossRef

31.

Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T et al (2013) Targeted temperature management at 33 degrees C versus 36 degrees C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 369:2197–2206 PubMedCrossRef

32.

Laurent I, Monchi M, Chiche JD et al (2002) Reversible myocardial dysfunction in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:2110–2116 PubMedCrossRef

33.

Ruiz-Bailen M, Aguayo de Hoyos E, Ruiz-Navarro S et al (2005) Reversible myocardial dysfunction after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 66:175–181 PubMedCrossRef

34.

Chalkias A, Xanthos T (2012) Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of post-resuscitation myocardial stunning. Heart Fail Rev 17:117–128 PubMedCrossRef

35.

Cerchiari EL, Safar P, Klein E, Diven W (1993) Visceral, hematologic and bacteriologic changes and neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in dogs. The visceral post-resuscitation syndrome. Resuscitation 25:119–136 PubMedCrossRef

36.

Adrie C, Monchi M, Laurent I et al (2005) Coagulopathy after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest: implication of the protein C anticoagulant pathway. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:21–28 PubMedCrossRef

37.

Grimaldi D, Guivarch E, Neveux N et al (2013) Markers of intestinal injury are associated with endotoxemia in successfully resuscitated patients. Resuscitation 84:60–65 PubMedCrossRef

38.

Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Chansky ME et al (2013) Multiple organ dysfunction after return of spontaneous circulation in postcardiac arrest syndrome. Crit Care Med 41:1492–1501 PubMedCrossRef

39.

Bottiger BW, Bohrer H, Boker T, Motsch J, Aulmann M, Martin E (1996) Platelet factor 4 release in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation–can reperfusion be impaired by platelet activation? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:631–635 PubMedCrossRef

40.

Bottiger BW, Motsch J, Braun V, Martin E, Kirschfink M (2002) Marked activation of complement and leukocytes and an increase in the concentrations of soluble endothelial adhesion molecules during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and early reperfusion after cardiac arrest in humans. Crit Care Med 30:2473–2480 PubMedCrossRef

41.

Bottiger BW, Motsch J, Bohrer H et al (1995) Activation of blood coagulation after cardiac arrest is not balanced adequately by activation of endogenous fibrinolysis. Circulation 92:2572–2578 PubMedCrossRef

42.

Adrie C, Adib-Conquy M, Laurent I et al (2002) Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest as a „sepsis-like“ syndrome. Circulation 106:562–568 PubMedCrossRef

43.

Adrie C, Laurent I, Monchi M, Cariou A, Dhainaou JF, Spaulding C (2004) Postresuscitation disease after cardiac arrest: a sepsis-like syndrome? Curr Opin Crit Care 10:208–212 PubMedCrossRef

44.

Huet O, Dupic L, Batteux F et al (2011) Postresuscitation syndrome: potential role of hydroxyl radical-induced endothelial cell damage. Crit Care Med 39:1712–1720 PubMedCrossRef

45.

Fink K, Schwarz M, Feldbrugge L et al (2010) Severe endothelial injury and subsequent repair in patients after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care 14:R104 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

46.

van Genderen ME, Lima A, Akkerhuis M, Bakker J, van Bommel J (2012) Persistent peripheral and microcirculatory perfusion alterations after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are associated with poor survival. Crit Care Med 40:2287–2294 PubMedCrossRef

47.

Bro-Jeppesen J, Kjaergaard J, Wanscher M et al (2015) Systemic inflammatory response and potential prognostic implications after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a substudy of the target temperature management trial. Crit Care Med 43:1223–1232 PubMedCrossRef

48.

Sutherasan Y, Penuelas O, Muriel A et al (2015) Management and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac arrest. Crit Care 19:215 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

49.

Pilcher J, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, Bellomo R, Young P, Beasley R (2012) The effect of hyperoxia following cardiac arrest – a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal trials. Resuscitation 83:417–422 PubMedCrossRef

50.

Zwemer CF, Whitesall SE, DʼAlecy LG (1994) Cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation with 100 % oxygen exacerbates neurological dysfunction following nine minutes of normothermic cardiac arrest in dogs. Resuscitation 27:159–170 PubMedCrossRef

51.

Richards EM, Fiskum G, Rosenthal RE, Hopkins I, McKenna MC (2007) Hyperoxic reperfusion after global ischemia decreases hippocampal energy metabolism. Stroke 38:1578–1584 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

52.

Vereczki V, Martin E, Rosenthal RE, Hof PR, Hoffman GE, Fiskum G (2006) Normoxic resuscitation after cardiac arrest protects against hippocampal oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, and neuronal death. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26:821–835 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

53.

Liu Y, Rosenthal RE, Haywood Y, Miljkovic-Lolic M, Vanderhoek JY, Fiskum G (1998) Normoxic ventilation after cardiac arrest reduces oxidation of brain lipids and improves neurological outcome. Stroke 29:1679–1686 PubMedCrossRef

54.

Balan IS, Fiskum G, Hazelton J, Cotto-Cumba C, Rosenthal RE (2006) Oximetry-guided reoxygenation improves neurological outcome after experimental cardiac arrest. Stroke 37:3008–3013 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

55.

Kilgannon JH, Jones AE, Shapiro NI et al (2010) Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. JAMA 303:2165–2171 PubMedCrossRef

56.

Kilgannon JH, Jones AE, Parrillo JE et al (2011) Relationship between supranormal oxygen tension and outcome after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Circulation 123:2717–2722 PubMedCrossRef

57.

Janz DR, Hollenbeck RD, Pollock JS, McPherson JA, Rice TW (2012) Hyperoxia is associated with increased mortality in patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia after sudden cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 40:3135–3139 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

58.

Bellomo R, Bailey M, Eastwood GM et al (2011) Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R90 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

59.

Wang CH, Chang WT, Huang CH et al (2014) The effect of hyperoxia on survival following adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Resuscitation 85:1142–1148 PubMedCrossRef

60.

Young P, Bailey M, Bellomo R et al (2014) HyperOxic Therapy OR NormOxic Therapy after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (HOT OR NOT): a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Resuscitation 85:1686–1691 PubMedCrossRef

61.

Stub D, Smith K, Bernard S et al (2015) Air versus oxygen in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 131(24):2143–2150 PubMedCrossRef

62.

Menon DK, Coles JP, Gupta AK et al (2004) Diffusion limited oxygen delivery following head injury. Crit Care Med 32:1384–1390 PubMedCrossRef

63.

Bouzat P, Suys T, Sala N, Oddo M (2013) Effect of moderate hyperventilation and induced hypertension on cerebral tissue oxygenation after cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 84:1540–1545 PubMedCrossRef

64.

Buunk G, van der Hoeven JG, Meinders AE (1997) Cerebrovascular reactivity in comatose patients resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. Stroke 28:1569–1573 PubMedCrossRef

65.

Buunk G, van der Hoeven JG, Meinders AE (1998) A comparison of near-infrared spectroscopy and jugular bulb oximetry in comatose patients resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. Anaesthesia 53:13–19 PubMedCrossRef

66.

Roine RO, Launes J, Nikkinen P, Lindroth L, Kaste M (1991) Regional cerebral blood flow after human cardiac arrest. A hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single photon emission computed tomographic study. Arch Neurol 48:625–629 PubMedCrossRef

67.

Beckstead JE, Tweed WA, Lee J, MacKeen WL (1978) Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man following cardiac arrest. Stroke 9:569–573 PubMedCrossRef

68.

Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Chansky ME, Mittal N, Wooden J, Trzeciak S (2013) Association between postresuscitation partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and neurological outcome in patients with post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Circulation 127:2107–2113 PubMedCrossRef

69.

Schneider AG, Eastwood GM, Bellomo R et al (2013) Arterial carbon dioxide tension and outcome in patients admitted to the intensive care unit after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:927–934 PubMedCrossRef

70.

Vaahersalo J, Bendel S, Reinikainen M et al (2014) Arterial blood gas tensions after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: associations with long-term neurologic outcome. Crit Care Med 42:1463–1470 PubMedCrossRef

71.

Falkenbach P, Kamarainen A, Makela A et al (2009) Incidence of iatrogenic dyscarbia during mild therapeutic hypothermia after successful resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:990–993 PubMedCrossRef

72.

Slutsky AS, Ranieri VM (2013) Ventilator-induced lung injury. N Engl J Med 369:2126–2136 PubMedCrossRef

73.

Alhazzani W, Alshahrani M, Jaeschke R et al (2013) Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 17:R43 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

74.

Salciccioli JD, Cocchi MN, Rittenberger JC et al (2013) Continuous neuromuscular blockade is associated with decreased mortality in post-cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 84:1728–1733 PubMedCrossRef

75.

Rundgren M, Westhall E, Cronberg T, Rosen I, Friberg H (2010) Continuous amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram predicts outcome in hypothermia-treated cardiac arrest patients. Crit Care Med 38:1838–1844 PubMedCrossRef

76.

Miller AC, Rosati SF, Suffredini AF, Schrump DS (2014) A systematic review and pooled analysis of CPR-associated cardiovascular and thoracic injuries. Resuscitation 85:724–731 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

77.

Kashiwagi Y, Sasakawa T, Tampo A et al (2015) Computed tomography findings of complications resulting from cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 88:86–91 PubMedCrossRef

78.

Larsen JM, Ravkilde J (2012) Acute coronary angiography in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 83:1427–1433 PubMedCrossRef

79.

Spaulding CM, Joly LM, Rosenberg A et al (1997) Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 336:1629–1633 PubMedCrossRef

80.

Camuglia AC, Randhawa VK, Lavi S, Walters DL (2014) Cardiac catheterization is associated with superior outcomes for survivors of out of hospital cardiac arrest: review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 85:1533–1540 PubMedCrossRef

81.

Grasner JT, Meybohm P, Caliebe A et al (2011) Postresuscitation care with mild therapeutic hypothermia and coronary intervention after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective registry analysis. Crit Care 15:R61 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

82.

Garcia-Tejada J, Jurado-Roman A, Rodriguez J et al (2014) Post-resuscitation electrocardiograms, acute coronary findings and in-hospital prognosis of survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:1245–1250 PubMedCrossRef

83.

Nikolaou NI, Arntz HR, Bellou A, Beygui F, Bossaert LL, Cariou A (2015) European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015 Section 5. Initial management of acute coronary syndromes resuscitation

84.

Callaway CW, Schmicker RH, Brown SP et al (2014) Early coronary angiography and induced hypothermia are associated with survival and functional recovery after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:657–663 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

85.

Dumas F, White L, Stubbs BA, Cariou A, Rea TD (2012) Long-term prognosis following resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest: role of percutaneous coronary intervention and therapeutic hypothermia. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:21–27 PubMedCrossRef

86.

Zanuttini D, Armellini I, Nucifora G et al (2013) Predictive value of electrocardiogram in diagnosing acute coronary artery lesions among patients with out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrest. Resuscitation 84:1250–1254 PubMedCrossRef

87.

Dumas F, Manzo-Silberman S, Fichet J et al (2012) Can early cardiac troponin I measurement help to predict recent coronary occlusion in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors? Crit Care Med 40:1777–1784 PubMedCrossRef

88.

Sideris G, Voicu S, Dillinger JG et al (2011) Value of post-resuscitation electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 82:1148–1153 PubMedCrossRef

89.

Muller D, Schnitzer L, Brandt J, Arntz HR (2008) The accuracy of an out-of-hospital 12-lead ECG for the detection of ST-elevation myocardial infarction immediately after resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 52:658–664 PubMedCrossRef

90.

Dumas F, Cariou A, Manzo-Silberman S et al (2010) Immediate percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with better survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insights from the PROCAT (Parisian Region Out of hospital Cardiac ArresT) registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 3:200–207 PubMedCrossRef

91.

Radsel P, Knafelj R, Kocjancic S, Noc M (2011) Angiographic characteristics of coronary disease and postresuscitation electrocardiograms in patients with aborted cardiac arrest outside a hospital. Am J Cardiol 108:634–638 PubMedCrossRef

92.

Hollenbeck RD, McPherson JA, Mooney MR et al (2014) Early cardiac catheterization is associated with improved survival in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest without STEMI. Resuscitation 85:88–95 PubMedCrossRef

93.

Redfors B, Ramunddal T, Angeras O et al (2015) Angiographic findings and survival in patients undergoing coronary angiography due to sudden cardiac arrest in Western Sweden. Resuscitation 90:13–20 PubMedCrossRef

94.

Bro-Jeppesen J, Kjaergaard J, Wanscher M et al (2012) Emergency coronary angiography in comatose cardiac arrest patients: do real-life experiences support the guidelines? Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 1:291–301 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

95.

Dankiewicz J, Nielsen N, Annborn M et al (2015) Survival in patients without acute ST elevation after cardiac arrest and association with early coronary angiography: a post hoc analysis from the TTM trial. Intensive Care Med 41:856–864 PubMedCrossRef

96.

Noc M, Fajadet J, Lassen JF et al (2014) Invasive coronary treatment strategies for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a consensus statement from the European association for percutaneous cardiovascular interventions (EAPCI)/stent for life (SFL) groups. EuroIntervention 10:31–37 PubMedCrossRef

97.

Chelly J, Mongardon N, Dumas F et al (2012) Benefit of an early and systematic imaging procedure after cardiac arrest: insights from the PROCAT (Parisian Region Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest) registry. Resuscitation 83:1444–1450 PubMedCrossRef

98.

Arnaout M, Mongardon N, Deye N et al (2015) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from brain cause: epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome in a multicenter cohort*. Crit Care Med 43:453–460 PubMedCrossRef

99.

Caputo ND, Stahmer C, Lim G, Shah K (2014) Whole-body computed tomographic scanning leads to better survival as opposed to selective scanning in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 77:534–539 PubMedCrossRef

100.

Truhlar A, Deakin CD, Soar J et al (2015) European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015 section 4 cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation

101.

Bro-Jeppesen J, Annborn M, Hassager C et al (2015) Hemodynamics and vasopressor support during targeted temperature management at 33 degrees C Versus 36 degrees C after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a post hoc study of the target temperature management trial*. Crit Care Med 43:318–327 PubMedCrossRef

102.

Chang WT, Ma MH, Chien KL et al (2007) Postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction: correlated factors and prognostic implications. Intensive Care Med 33:88–95 PubMedCrossRef

103.

Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Berg RA et al (1997) Postresuscitation left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction: treatment with dobutamine. Circulation 95:2610–2613 PubMedCrossRef

104.

Vasquez A, Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Heidenreich J, Berg RA, Ewy GA (2004) Optimal dosing of dobutamine for treating post-resuscitation left ventricular dysfunction. Resuscitation 61:199–207 PubMedCrossRef

105.

Manzo-Silberman S, Fichet J, Mathonnet A et al (2013) Percutaneous left ventricular assistance in post cardiac arrest shock: comparison of intra aortic blood pump and IMPELLA Recover LP2.5. Resuscitation 84:609–615 PubMedCrossRef

106.

Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ et al (2012) Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 367:1287–1296 PubMedCrossRef

107.

Ahmad Y, Sen S, Shun-Shin MJ et al (2015) Intra-aortic balloon pump therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 175(6):931–939 PubMedCrossRef

108.

Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al (2013) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 41:580–637 PubMedCrossRef

109.

Pro CI, Yealy DM, Kellum JA et al (2014) A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370:1683–1693 CrossRef

110.

Investigators A, Group ACT, Peake SL et al (2014) Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371:1496–1506 CrossRef

111.

Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS et al (2015) Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med 372:1301–1311 PubMedCrossRef

112.

Beylin ME, Perman SM, Abella BS et al (2013) Higher mean arterial pressure with or without vasoactive agents is associated with increased survival and better neurological outcomes in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 39:1981–1988 PubMedCrossRef

113.

Kilgannon JH, Roberts BW, Jones AE et al (2014) Arterial blood pressure and neurologic outcome after resuscitation from cardiac arrest*. Crit Care Med 42:2083–2091 PubMedCrossRef

114.

Walters EL, Morawski K, Dorotta I et al (2011) Implementation of a post-cardiac arrest care bundle including therapeutic hypothermia and hemodynamic optimization in comatose patients with return of spontaneous circulation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a feasibility study. Shock 35:360–366 PubMedCrossRef

115.

Zeiner A, Sunder-Plassmann G, Sterz F et al (2004) The effect of mild therapeutic hypothermia on renal function after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in men. Resuscitation 60:253–261 PubMedCrossRef

116.

Torgersen C, Meichtry J, Schmittinger CA et al (2013) Haemodynamic variables and functional outcome in hypothermic patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:798–804 PubMedCrossRef

117.

Post H, Schmitto JD, Steendijk P et al (2010) Cardiac function during mild hypothermia in pigs: increased inotropy at the expense of diastolic dysfunction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 199:43–52 CrossRef

118.

Staer-Jensen H, Sunde K, Olasveengen TM et al (2014) Bradycardia during therapeutic hypothermia is associated with good neurologic outcome in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 42:2401–2408 PubMedCrossRef

119.

Thomsen JH, Hassager C, Bro-Jeppesen J et al (2015) Sinus bradycardia during hypothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – a new early marker of favorable outcome? Resuscitation 89:36–42 PubMedCrossRef

120.

Pene F, Hyvernat H, Mallet V et al (2005) Prognostic value of relative adrenal insufficiency after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 31:627–633 PubMedCrossRef

121.

Hekimian G, Baugnon T, Thuong M et al (2004) Cortisol levels and adrenal reserve after successful cardiac arrest resuscitation. Shock 22:116–119 PubMedCrossRef

122.

Mentzelopoulos SD, Malachias S, Chamos C et al (2013) Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310:270–279 PubMedCrossRef

123.

Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Tzoufi M et al (2009) Vasopressin, epinephrine, and corticosteroids for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med 169:15–24 PubMedCrossRef

124.

Lee DS, Green LD, Liu PP et al (2003) Effectiveness of implantable defibrillators for preventing arrhythmic events and death: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:1573–1582 PubMedCrossRef

125.

Vardas PE, Auricchio A, Blanc JJ et al (2007) Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: the task force for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy of the European society of cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 28:2256–2295 PubMedCrossRef

126.

Task Force on the management of STseamiotESoC, Steg PG, James SK et al (2012) ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 33:2569–2619 PubMedCrossRef

127.

John RM, Tedrow UB, Koplan BA et al (2012) Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Lancet 380:1520–1529 PubMedCrossRef

128.

Soar J, Callaway CW, Aibiki M et al (2015) Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation

129.

Buunk G, van der Hoeven JG, Meinders AE (2000) Cerebral blood flow after cardiac arrest. Neth J Med 57:106–112 PubMedCrossRef

130.

Angelos MG, Ward KR, Hobson J, Beckley PD (1994) Organ blood flow following cardiac arrest in a swine low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass model. Resuscitation 27:245–254 PubMedCrossRef

131.

Fischer M, Bottiger BW, Popov-Cenic S, Hossmann KA (1996) Thrombolysis using plasminogen activator and heparin reduces cerebral no-reflow after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an experimental study in the cat. Intensive Care Med 22:1214–1223 PubMedCrossRef

132.

Sakabe T, Tateishi A, Miyauchi Y et al (1987) Intracranial pressure following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 13:256–259 PubMedCrossRef

133.

Morimoto Y, Kemmotsu O, Kitami K, Matsubara I, Tedo I (1993) Acute brain swelling after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: pathogenesis and outcome. Crit Care Med 21:104–110 PubMedCrossRef

134.

Nishizawa H, Kudoh I (1996) Cerebral autoregulation is impaired in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:1149–1153 PubMedCrossRef

135.

Sundgreen C, Larsen FS, Herzog TM, Knudsen GM, Boesgaard S, Aldershvile J (2001) Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Stroke 32:128–132 PubMedCrossRef

136.

Ameloot K, Genbrugge C, Meex I et al (2015) An observational near-infrared spectroscopy study on cerebral autoregulation in post-cardiac arrest patients: time to drop ‚one-size-fits-all‘ hemodynamic targets? Resuscitation 90:121–126 PubMedCrossRef

137.

Chamorro C, Borrallo JM, Romera MA, Silva JA, Balandin B (2010) Anesthesia and analgesia protocol during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Anesth Analg 110:1328–1335 PubMedCrossRef

138.

Bjelland TW, Dale O, Kaisen K et al (2012) Propofol and remifentanil versus midazolam and fentanyl for sedation during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a randomised trial. Intensive Care Med 38:959–967 PubMedCrossRef

139.

Hellstrom J, Owall A, Martling CR, Sackey PV (2014) Inhaled isoflurane sedation during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a case series. Crit Care Med 42:e161–e166 CrossRef

140.

Knapp J, Bergmann G, Bruckner T, Russ N, Bottiger BW, Popp E (2013) Pre- and postconditioning effect of Sevoflurane on myocardial dysfunction after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats. Resuscitation 84:1450–1455 PubMedCrossRef

141.

Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A et al (2003) Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 289:2983–2991 PubMedCrossRef

142.

De Jonghe B, Cook D, Appere-De-Vecchi C, Guyatt G, Meade M, Outin H (2000) Using and understanding sedation scoring systems: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 26:275–285 PubMedCrossRef

143.

Snyder BD, Hauser WA, Loewenson RB, Leppik IE, Ramirez-Lassepas M, Gumnit RJ (1980) Neurologic prognosis after cardiopulmonary arrest, III: seizure activity. Neurology 30:1292–1297 PubMedCrossRef

144.

Bouwes A, van Poppelen D, Koelman JH et al (2012) Acute posthypoxic myoclonus after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. BMC Neurol 12:63 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

145.

Seder DB, Sunde K, Rubertsson S et al (2015) Neurologic outcomes and postresuscitation care of patients with myoclonus following cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 43:965–972 PubMedCrossRef

146.

Benbadis SR, Chen S, Melo M (2010) Whatʼs shaking in the ICU? The differential diagnosis of seizures in the intensive care setting. Epilepsia 51:2338–2340 PubMedCrossRef

147.

Caviness JN, Brown P (2004) Myoclonus: current concepts and recent advances. Lancet Neurol 3:598–607 PubMedCrossRef

148.

Hirsch LJ, LaRoche SM, Gaspard N et al (2013) American clinical neurophysiology societyʼs standardized critical care EEG terminology: 2012 version. J Clin Neurophysiol 30:1–27 PubMedCrossRef

149.

Mani R, Schmitt SE, Mazer M, Putt ME, Gaieski DF (2012) The frequency and timing of epileptiform activity on continuous electroencephalogram in comatose post-cardiac arrest syndrome patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 83:840–847 PubMedCrossRef

150.

Legriel S, Hilly-Ginoux J, Resche-Rigon M et al (2013) Prognostic value of electrographic postanoxic status epilepticus in comatose cardiac-arrest survivors in the therapeutic hypothermia era. Resuscitation 84:343–350 PubMedCrossRef

151.

Ingvar M (1986) Cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate during seizures. Relationship to epileptic brain damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 462:194–206 PubMedCrossRef

152.

Thomke F, Weilemann SL (2010) Poor prognosis despite successful treatment of postanoxic generalized myoclonus. Neurology 74:1392–1394 PubMedCrossRef

153.

Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest (1986) Brain resuscitation clinical trial i study group. N Engl J Med 314:397–403 CrossRef

154.

Longstreth WT Jr, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2002) Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology 59:506–514 PubMedCrossRef

155.

Amorim E, Rittenberger JC, Baldwin ME, Callaway CW, Popescu A, Post Cardiac Arrest S (2015) Malignant EEG patterns in cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management who survive to hospital discharge. Resuscitation 90:127–132 PubMedCrossRef

156.

Samaniego EA, Mlynash M, Caulfield AF, Eyngorn I, Wijman CA (2011) Sedation confounds outcome prediction in cardiac arrest survivors treated with hypothermia. Neurocrit Care 15:113–119 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

157.

Daviaud F, Dumas F, Demars N et al (2014) Blood glucose level and outcome after cardiac arrest: insights from a large registry in the hypothermia era. Intensive Care Med 40:855–862 PubMedCrossRef

158.

Losert H, Sterz F, Roine RO et al (2007) Strict normoglycaemic blood glucose levels in the therapeutic management of patients within 12 h after cardiac arrest might not be necessary. Resuscitation 76(2):214–220 PubMedCrossRef

159.

Skrifvars MB, Saarinen K, Ikola K, Kuisma M (2005) Improved survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest outside critical care areas. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:1534–1539 PubMed

160.

Mullner M, Sterz F, Binder M, Schreiber W, Deimel A, Laggner AN (1997) Blood glucose concentration after cardiopulmonary resuscitation influences functional neurological recovery in human cardiac arrest survivors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:430–436 PubMedCrossRef

161.

Calle PA, Buylaert WA, Vanhaute OA (1989) Glycemia in the post-resuscitation period. The cerebral resuscitation study group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl):S181–S188. (discussion S99–S206) CrossRef

162.

Longstreth WT Jr, Diehr P, Inui TS (1983) Prediction of awakening after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 308:1378–1382 PubMedCrossRef

163.

Longstreth WT Jr, Inui TS (1984) High blood glucose level on hospital admission and poor neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 15:59–63 PubMedCrossRef

164.

van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367 PubMedCrossRef

165.

Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354:449–461 PubMedCrossRef

166.

Oksanen T, Skrifvars MB, Varpula T et al (2007) Strict versus moderate glucose control after resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation. Intensive Care Med 33:2093–2100 PubMedCrossRef

167.

Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY et al (2009) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360:1283–1297 PubMedCrossRef

168.

Investigators N-SS, Finfer S, Liu B et al (2012) Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 367:1108–1118 CrossRef

169.

Krinsley JS, Grover A (2007) Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med 35:2262–2267 PubMedCrossRef

170.

Meyfroidt G, Keenan DM, Wang X, Wouters PJ, Veldhuis JD, Van den Berghe G (2010) Dynamic characteristics of blood glucose time series during the course of critical illness: effects of intensive insulin therapy and relative association with mortality. Crit Care Med 38:1021–1029 PubMedCrossRef

171.

Cueni-Villoz N, Devigili A, Delodder F et al (2011) Increased blood glucose variability during therapeutic hypothermia and outcome after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 39:2225–2231 PubMedCrossRef

172.

Padkin A (2009) Glucose control after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:611–612 PubMedCrossRef

173.

Takino M, Okada Y (1991) Hyperthermia following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 17:419–420 PubMedCrossRef

174.

Hickey RW, Kochanek PM, Ferimer H, Alexander HL, Garman RH, Graham SH (2003) Induced hyperthermia exacerbates neurologic neuronal histologic damage after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats. Crit Care Med 31:531–535 PubMedCrossRef

175.

Takasu A, Saitoh D, Kaneko N, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2001) Hyperthermia: is it an ominous sign after cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 49:273–277 PubMedCrossRef

176.

Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161:2007–2012 PubMedCrossRef

177.

Hickey RW, Kochanek PM, Ferimer H, Graham SH, Safar P (2000) Hypothermia and hyperthermia in children after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Pediatrics 106(pt 1):118–122 PubMedCrossRef

178.

Diringer MN, Reaven NL, Funk SE, Uman GC (2004) Elevated body temperature independently contributes to increased length of stay in neurologic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 32:1489–1495 PubMedCrossRef

179.

Winters SA, Wolf KH, Kettinger SA, Seif EK, Jones JS, Bacon-Baguley T (2013) Assessment of risk factors for post-rewarming „rebound hyperthermia“ in cardiac arrest patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 84:1245–1249 PubMedCrossRef

180.

Bro-Jeppesen J, Hassager C, Wanscher M et al (2013) Post-hypothermia fever is associated with increased mortality after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1734–1740 PubMedCrossRef

181.

Leary M, Grossestreuer AV, Iannacone S et al (2013) Pyrexia and neurologic outcomes after therapeutic hypothermia for cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1056–1061 PubMedCrossRef

182.

Bro-Jeppesen J, Kjaergaard J, Horsted TI et al (2009) The impact of therapeutic hypothermia on neurological function and quality of life after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:171–176 PubMedCrossRef

183.

Gunn AJ, Thoresen M (2006) Hypothermic neuroprotection. NeuroRx 3:154–169 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

184.

Froehler MT, Geocadin RG (2007) Hypothermia for neuroprotection after cardiac arrest: mechanisms, clinical trials and patient care. J Neurol Sci 261:118–126 PubMedCrossRef

185.

McCullough JN, Zhang N, Reich DL et al (1999) Cerebral metabolic suppression during hypothermic circulatory arrest in humans. Ann Thorac Surg 67:1895–1899. (discussion 919–921) PubMedCrossRef

186.

Bro-Jeppesen J, Kjaergaard J, Wanscher M et al (2014) The inflammatory response after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is not modified by targeted temperature management at 33 degrees C or 36 degrees C. Resuscitation 85:1480–1487 PubMedCrossRef

187.

Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group (2002) Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346:549–556 CrossRef

188.

Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD et al (2002) Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 346:557–563 PubMedCrossRef

189.

Dumas F, Grimaldi D, Zuber B et al (2011) Is hypothermia after cardiac arrest effective in both shockable and nonshockable patients?: insights from a large registry. Circulation 123:877–886 PubMedCrossRef

190.

Testori C, Sterz F, Behringer W et al (2011) Mild therapeutic hypothermia is associated with favourable outcome in patients after cardiac arrest with non-shockable rhythms. Resuscitation 82:1162–1167 PubMedCrossRef

191.

Vaahersalo J, Hiltunen P, Tiainen M et al (2013) Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Finnish intensive care units: the FINNRESUSCI study. Intensive Care Med 39:826–837 PubMedCrossRef

192.

Mader TJ, Nathanson BH, Soares WE 3rd, Coute RA, McNally BF (2014) Comparative effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insight from a large data registry. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 4:21–31 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

193.

Nichol G, Huszti E, Kim F et al (2013) Does induction of hypothermia improve outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 84:620–625 PubMedCrossRef

194.

Annborn M, Bro-Jeppesen J, Nielsen N et al (2014) The association of targeted temperature management at 33 and 36 degrees C with outcome in patients with moderate shock on admission after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a post hoc analysis of the target temperature management trial. Intensive Care Med 40:1210–1219 PubMedCrossRef

195.

Yokoyama H, Nagao K, Hase M et al (2011) Impact of therapeutic hypothermia in the treatment of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from the J-PULSE-HYPO study registry. Circ J 75:1063–1070 PubMedCrossRef

196.

Lee BK, Lee SJ, Jeung KW, Lee HY, Heo T, Min YI (2014) Outcome and adverse events with 72-hour cooling at 32 degrees C as compared to 24-hour cooling at 33 degrees C in comatose asphyxial arrest survivors. Am J Emerg Med 32:297–301 PubMedCrossRef

197.

Nielsen N, Friberg H (2015) Temperature management after cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 21:202–208 PubMed

198.

Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, Hickey RW (2003) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. An advisory statement by the advancement life support task force of the international liaison committee on resuscitation. Resuscitation 57:231–235 PubMedCrossRef

199.

Kuboyama K, Safar P, Radovsky A et al (1993) Delay in cooling negates the beneficial effect of mild resuscitative cerebral hypothermia after cardia arrest in dogs: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 21:1348–1358 PubMedCrossRef

200.

Colbourne F, Corbett D (1995) Delayed postischemic hypothermia: a six month survival study using behavioral and histological assessments of neuroprotection. J Neurosci 15:7250–7260 PubMed

201.

Haugk M, Testori C, Sterz F et al (2011) Relationship between time to target temperature and outcome in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R101 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

202.

Benz-Woerner J, Delodder F, Benz R et al (2012) Body temperature regulation and outcome after cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 83:338–342 PubMedCrossRef

203.

Perman SM, Ellenberg JH, Grossestreuer AV et al (2015) Shorter time to target temperature is associated with poor neurologic outcome in post-arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management. Resuscitation 88:114–119 PubMedCrossRef

204.

Kim F, Olsufka M, Longstreth WT Jr et al (2007) Pilot randomized clinical trial of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with a rapid infusion of 4 degrees C normal saline. Circulation 115:3064–3070 PubMedCrossRef

205.

Kamarainen A, Virkkunen I, Tenhunen J, Yli-Hankala A, Silfvast T (2009) Prehospital therapeutic hypothermia for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 53:900–907 PubMedCrossRef

206.

Bernard SA, Smith K, Cameron P et al (2010) Induction of therapeutic hypothermia by paramedics after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 122:737–742 PubMedCrossRef

207.

Kim F, Nichol G, Maynard C et al (2014) Effect of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia on survival and neurological status among adults with cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311:45–52 PubMedCrossRef

208.

Debaty G, Maignan M, Savary D et al (2014) Impact of intra-arrest therapeutic hypothermia in outcomes of prehospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 40:1832–1842 PubMedCrossRef

209.

Castren M, Nordberg P, Svensson L et al (2010) Intra-arrest transnasal evaporative cooling: a randomized, prehospital, multicenter study (PRINCE: Pre-ROSC IntraNasal Cooling Effectiveness). Circulation 122:729–736 PubMedCrossRef

210.

Polderman KH, Herold I (2009) Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods. Crit Care Med 37:1101–1120 PubMedCrossRef

211.

Bernard SA, Smith K, Cameron P et al (2012) Induction of prehospital therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation from nonventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest*. Crit Care Med 40:747–753 PubMedCrossRef

212.

Bernard SA, Jones BM, Horne MK (1997) Clinical trial of induced hypothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 30:146–153 PubMedCrossRef

213.

Busch M, Soreide E, Lossius HM, Lexow K, Dickstein K (2006) Rapid implementation of therapeutic hypothermia in comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 50:1277–1283 PubMedCrossRef

214.

Belliard G, Catez E, Charron C et al (2007) Efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 75:252–259 PubMedCrossRef

215.

Aberle J, Kluge S, Prohl J et al (2006) Hypothermia after CPR through conduction and convection – Initial experience on an ICU. Intensivmed Notfmed 43:37–43 CrossRef

216.

Feuchtl A et al (2007) Endovascular cooling improves neurological short-term outcome after prehospital cardiac arrest. Intensivmed 44:37–42 CrossRef

217.

Fries M, Stoppe C, Brucken D, Rossaint R, Kuhlen R (2009) Influence of mild therapeutic hypothermia on the inflammatory response after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest. J Crit Care 24:453–457 PubMedCrossRef

218.

Larsson IM, Wallin E, Rubertsson S (2010) Cold saline infusion and ice packs alone are effective in inducing and maintaining therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 81:15–19 PubMedCrossRef

219.

Skulec R, Kovarnik T, Dostalova G, Kolar J, Linhart A (2008) Induction of mild hypothermia in cardiac arrest survivors presenting with cardiogenic shock syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:188–194 PubMedCrossRef

220.

Kliegel A, Janata A, Wandaller C et al (2007) Cold infusions alone are effective for induction of therapeutic hypothermia but do not keep patients cool after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 73:46–53 PubMedCrossRef

221.

Benson DW, Williams GR Jr, Spencer FC, Yates AJ (1959) The use of hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 38:423–428 PubMedCrossRef

222.

Yanagawa Y, Ishihara S, Norio H et al (1998) Preliminary clinical outcome study of mild resuscitative hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation 39:61–66 PubMedCrossRef

223.

Damian MS, Ellenberg D, Gildemeister R et al (2004) Coenzyme Q10 combined with mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a preliminary study. Circulation 110:3011–3016 PubMedCrossRef

224.

Hay AW, Swann DG, Bell K, Walsh TS, Cook B (2008) Therapeutic hypothermia in comatose patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Anaesthesia 63:15–19 PubMedCrossRef

225.

Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al (2000) Mild resuscitative hypothermia to improve neurological outcome after cardiac arrest. A clinical feasibility trial. Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest (HACA) study group. Stroke 31:86–94 PubMedCrossRef

226.

Hoedemaekers CW, Ezzahti M, Gerritsen A, van der Hoeven JG (2007) Comparison of cooling methods to induce and maintain normo- and hypothermia in intensive care unit patients: a prospective intervention study. Crit Care 11:R91 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

227.

Uray T, Malzer R (2008) Out-of-hospital surface cooling to induce mild hypothermia in human cardiac arrest: a feasibility trial. Resuscitation 77:331–338 PubMedCrossRef

228.

Arrich J (2007) Clinical application of mild therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 35:1041–1047 PubMedCrossRef

229.

Castrejon S, Cortes M, Salto ML et al (2009) Improved prognosis after using mild hypothermia to treat cardiorespiratory arrest due to a cardiac cause: comparison with a control group. Rev Esp Cardiol 62:733–741 PubMedCrossRef

230.

Don CW, Longstreth WT Jr, Maynard C et al (2009) Active surface cooling protocol to induce mild therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective before-and-after comparison in a single hospital. Crit Care Med 37:3062–3069 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

231.

Felberg RA, Krieger DW, Chuang R et al (2001) Hypothermia after cardiac arrest: feasibility and safety of an external cooling protocol. Circulation 104:1799–1804 PubMedCrossRef

232.

Flint AC, Hemphill JC, Bonovich DC (2007) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: performance characteristics and safety of surface cooling with or without endovascular cooling. Neurocrit Care 7:109–118 PubMedCrossRef

233.

Heard KJ, Peberdy MA, Sayre MR et al (2010) A randomized controlled trial comparing the Arctic Sun to standard cooling for induction of hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 81:9–14 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

234.

Merchant RM, Abella BS, Peberdy MA et al (2006) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: unintentional overcooling is common using ice packs and conventional cooling blankets. Crit Care Med 34:S490–S494 CrossRef

235.

Haugk M, Sterz F, Grassberger M et al (2007) Feasibility and efficacy of a new non-invasive surface cooling device in post-resuscitation intensive care medicine. Resuscitation 75:76–81 PubMedCrossRef

236.

Kilgannon JH, Roberts BW, Stauss M et al (2008) Use of a standardized order set for achieving target temperature in the implementation of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a feasibility study. Acad Emerg Med 15:499–505 PubMedCrossRef

237.

Scott BD, Hogue T, Fixley MS, Adamson PB (2006) Induced hypothermia following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; initial experience in a community hospital. Clin Cardiol 29:525–529 PubMedCrossRef

238.

Storm C, Steffen I, Schefold JC et al (2008) Mild therapeutic hypothermia shortens intensive care unit stay of survivors after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest compared to historical controls. Crit Care 12:R78 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

239.

Nordberg P, Taccone FS, Castren M et al (2013) Design of the PRINCESS trial: pre-hospital resuscitation intra-nasal cooling effectiveness survival study (PRINCESS). BMC Emerg Med 13:21 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

240.

Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC et al (2004) A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the coolgard system and icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 62:143–150 PubMedCrossRef

241.

Holzer M, Mullner M, Sterz F et al (2006) Efficacy and safety of endovascular cooling after cardiac arrest: cohort study and Bayesian approach. Stroke 37:1792–1797 PubMedCrossRef

242.

Kliegel A, Losert H, Sterz F et al (2005) Cold simple intravenous infusions preceding special endovascular cooling for faster induction of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest–a feasibility study. Resuscitation 64:347–351 PubMedCrossRef

243.

Pichon N, Amiel JB, Francois B, Dugard A, Etchecopar C, Vignon P (2007) Efficacy of and tolerance to mild induced hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using an endovascular cooling system. Crit Care 11:R71 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

244.

Spiel AO, Kliegel A, Janata A et al (2009) Hemostasis in cardiac arrest patients treated with mild hypothermia initiated by cold fluids. Resuscitation 80:762–765 PubMedCrossRef

245.

Wolff B, Machill K, Schumacher D, Schulzki I, Werner D (2009) Early achievement of mild therapeutic hypothermia and the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. Int J Cardiol 133:223–228 PubMedCrossRef

246.

Nagao K, Kikushima K, Watanabe K et al (2010) Early induction of hypothermia during cardiac arrest improves neurological outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who undergo emergency cardiopulmonary bypass and percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ J 74:77–85 PubMedCrossRef

247.

Stub D, Bernard S, Pellegrino V et al (2015) Refractory cardiac arrest treated with mechanical CPR, hypothermia, ECMO and early reperfusion (the CHEER trial). Resuscitation 86:88–94 PubMedCrossRef

248.

Mahmood MA, Zweifler RM (2007) Progress in shivering control. J Neurol Sci 261:47–54 PubMedCrossRef

249.

Wadhwa A, Sengupta P, Durrani J et al (2005) Magnesium sulphate only slightly reduces the shivering threshold in humans. Br J Anaesth 94:756–762 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

250.

Gillies MA, Pratt R, Whiteley C, Borg J, Beale RJ, Tibby SM (2010) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a retrospective comparison of surface and endovascular cooling techniques. Resuscitation 81:1117–1122 PubMedCrossRef

251.

Knapik P, Rychlik W, Duda D, Golyszny R, Borowik D, Ciesla D (2012) Relationship between blood, nasopharyngeal and urinary bladder temperature during intravascular cooling for therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:208–212 PubMedCrossRef

252.

Shin J, Kim J, Song K, Kwak Y (2013) Core temperature measurement in therapeutic hypothermia according to different phases: comparison of bladder, rectal, and tympanic versus pulmonary artery methods. Resuscitation 84:810–817 PubMedCrossRef

253.

Tomte O, Draegni T, Mangschau A, Jacobsen D, Auestad B, Sunde K (2011) A comparison of intravascular and surface cooling techniques in comatose cardiac arrest survivors. Crit Care Med 39:443–449 PubMedCrossRef

254.

Nair SU, Lundbye JB (2013) The occurrence of shivering in cardiac arrest survivors undergoing therapeutic hypothermia is associated with a good neurologic outcome. Resuscitation 84:626–629 PubMedCrossRef

255.

Polderman KH, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR (2001) Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 94:697–705 PubMedCrossRef

256.

Brinkman AC, Ten Tusscher BL, de Waard MC, de Man FR, Girbes AR, Beishuizen A (2014) Minimal effects on ex vivo coagulation during mild therapeutic hypothermia in post cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 85:1359–1363 PubMedCrossRef

257.

Perbet S, Mongardon N, Dumas F et al (2011) Early-onset pneumonia after cardiac arrest: characteristics, risk factors and influence on prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184:1048–1054 PubMedCrossRef

258.

Mongardon N, Perbet S, Lemiale V et al (2011) Infectious complications in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in the therapeutic hypothermia era. Crit Care Med 39:1359–1364 PubMedCrossRef

259.

Gagnon DJ, Nielsen N, Fraser GL et al (2015) Prophylactic antibiotics are associated with a lower incidence of pneumonia in cardiac arrest survivors treated with targeted temperature management. Resuscitation 92:154–159 PubMedCrossRef

260.

Davies KJ, Walters JH, Kerslake IM, Greenwood R, Thomas MJ (2013) Early antibiotics improve survival following out-of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:616–619 PubMedCrossRef

261.

Tortorici MA, Kochanek PM, Poloyac SM (2007) Effects of hypothermia on drug disposition, metabolism, and response: a focus of hypothermia-mediated alterations on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Crit Care Med 35:2196–2204 PubMedCrossRef

262.

Schmidt-Schweda S, Ohler A, Post H, Pieske B (2013) Moderate hypothermia for severe cardiogenic shock (COOL Shock Study I & II). Resuscitation 84:319–325 PubMedCrossRef

263.

Zobel C, Adler C, Kranz A et al (2012) Mild therapeutic hypothermia in cardiogenic shock syndrome. Crit Care Med 40:1715–1723 PubMedCrossRef

264.

Jacobshagen C, Pelster T, Pax A et al (2010) Effects of mild hypothermia on hemodynamics in cardiac arrest survivors and isolated failing human myocardium. Clin Res Cardiol 99:267–276 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

265.

Grafton ST, Longstreth WT Jr (1988) Steroids after cardiac arrest: a retrospective study with concurrent, nonrandomized controls. Neurology 38:1315–1316 PubMedCrossRef

266.

Gueugniaud PY, Gaussorgues P, Garcia-Darennes F et al (1990) Early effects of nimodipine on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures in cerebral anoxia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 20:203–212 PubMedCrossRef

267.

Roine RO, Kaste M, Kinnunen A, Nikki P, Sarna S, Kajaste S (1990) Nimodipine after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. JAMA 264:3171–3177 PubMedCrossRef

268.

o A (1991) A randomized clinical study of a calcium-entry blocker (lidoflazine) in the treatment of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Brain resuscitation clinical trial ii study group. N Engl J Med 324:1225–1231 CrossRef

269.

Arola OJ, Laitio RM, Roine RO et al (2013) Feasibility and cardiac safety of inhaled xenon in combination with therapeutic hypothermia following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 41:2116–2124 PubMedCrossRef

270.

Sandroni C, Cariou A, Cavallaro F et al (2014) Prognostication in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: an advisory statement from the European resuscitation council and the European society of intensive care medicine. Resuscitation 85:1779–1789 PubMedCrossRef

271.

Stiell IG, Nichol G, Leroux BG et al (2011) Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 365:787–797 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

272.

Sandroni C, Cavallaro F, Callaway CW et al (2013) Predictors of poor neurological outcome in adult comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 2: patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 84:1324–1338 PubMedCrossRef

273.

Sandroni C, Cavallaro F, Callaway CW et al (2013) Predictors of poor neurological outcome in adult comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 1: patients not treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 84:1310–1323 PubMedCrossRef

274.

Geocadin RG, Peberdy MA, Lazar RM (2012) Poor survival after cardiac arrest resuscitation: a self-fulfilling prophecy or biologic destiny? Crit Care Med 40:979–980 PubMedCrossRef

275.

Bertini G, Margheri M, Giglioli C et al (1989) Prognostic significance of early clinical manifestations in postanoxic coma: a retrospective study of 58 patients resuscitated after prehospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 17:627–633 PubMedCrossRef

276.

Zandbergen EG, Hijdra A, Koelman JH et al (2006) Prediction of poor outcome within the first 3 days of postanoxic coma. Neurology 66:62–68 PubMedCrossRef

277.

Bisschops LL, van Alfen N, Bons S, van der Hoeven JG, Hoedemaekers CW (2011) Predictors of poor neurologic outcome in patients after cardiac arrest treated with hypothermia: a retrospective study. Resuscitation 82:696–701 PubMedCrossRef

278.

Bouwes A, Binnekade JM, Zandstra DF et al (2009) Somatosensory evoked potentials during mild hypothermia after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Neurology 73:1457–1461 PubMedCrossRef

279.

Bouwes A, Binnekade JM, Kuiper MA et al (2012) Prognosis of coma after therapeutic hypothermia: a prospective cohort study. Ann Neurol 71:206–212 PubMedCrossRef

280.

Fugate JE, Wijdicks EF, Mandrekar J et al (2010) Predictors of neurologic outcome in hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 68:907–914 PubMedCrossRef

281.

Choi SP, Youn CS, Park KN et al (2012) Therapeutic hypothermia in adult cardiac arrest because of drowning. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 56:116–123 PubMedCrossRef

282.

Wu O, Batista LM, Lima FO; Vangel MG, Furie KL, Greer DM (2011) Predicting clinical outcome in comatose cardiac arrest patients using early noncontrast computed tomography. Stroke 42:985–992 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

283.

Greer DM, Yang J, Scripko PD et al (2013) Clinical examination for prognostication in comatose cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 84:1546–1551 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

284.

Dragancea I, Horn J, Kuiper M et al (2015) Neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest and targeted temperature management 33 degrees C versus 36 degrees C: results from a randomised controlled clinical trial. Resuscitation 93:164–170 PubMedCrossRef

285.

Topcuoglu MA, Oguz KK, Buyukserbetci G, Bulut E (2009) Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in post-resuscitation encephalopathy. Intern Med 48:1635–1645 PubMedCrossRef

286.

Rossetti AO, Oddo M, Logroscino G, Kaplan PW (2010) Prognostication after cardiac arrest and hypothermia: a prospective study. Ann Neurol 67:301–307 PubMed

287.

Rossetti AO, Urbano LA, Delodder F, Kaplan PW, Oddo M (2010) Prognostic value of continuous EEG monitoring during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Crit Care 14:R173 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

288.

Rossetti AO, Carrera E, Oddo M (2012) Early EEG correlates of neuronal injury after brain anoxia. Neurology 78:796–802 PubMedCrossRef

289.

Krumholz A, Stern BJ, Weiss HD (1988) Outcome from coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: relation to seizures and myoclonus. Neurology 38:401–405 PubMedCrossRef

290.

Wijdicks EF, Young GB (1994) Myoclonus status in comatose patients after cardiac arrest. Lancet 343:1642–1643 PubMedCrossRef

291.

Rittenberger JC, Popescu A, Brenner RP, Guyette FX, Callaway CW (2012) Frequency and timing of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose post-cardiac arrest subjects treated with hypothermia. Neurocrit Care 16:114–122 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

292.

Accardo J, De Lisi D, Lazzerini P, Primavera A (2013) Good functional outcome after prolonged postanoxic comatose myoclonic status epilepticus in a patient who had undergone bone marrow transplantation. Case Rep Neurol Med 2013:872127 PubMedPubMedCentral

293.

Arnoldus EP, Lammers GJ (1995) Postanoxic coma: good recovery despite myoclonus status. Ann Neurol 38:697–698 PubMedCrossRef

294.

Datta S, Hart GK, Opdam H, Gutteridge G, Archer J (2009) Post-hypoxic myoclonic status: the prognosis is not always hopeless. Crit Care Resusc 11:39–41 PubMed

295.

English WA, Giffin NJ, Nolan JP (2009) Myoclonus after cardiac arrest: pitfalls in diagnosis and prognosis. Anaesthesia 64:908–911 PubMedCrossRef

296.

Goh WC, Heath PD, Ellis SJ, Oakley PA (2002) Neurological outcome prediction in a cardiorespiratory arrest survivor. Br J Anaesth 88:719–722 PubMedCrossRef

297.

Morris HR, Howard RS, Brown P (1998) Early myoclonic status and outcome after cardiorespiratory arrest. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:267–268 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

298.

Greer DM (2013) Unexpected good recovery in a comatose post-cardiac arrest patient with poor prognostic features. Resuscitation 84:e81–e82 CrossRef

299.

Lucas JM, Cocchi MN, Salciccioli J et al (2012) Neurologic recovery after therapeutic hypothermia in patients with post-cardiac arrest myoclonus. Resuscitation 83:265–269 PubMedCrossRef

300.

Stelzl T, von Bose MJ, Hogl B, Fuchs HH, Flugel KA (1995) A comparison of the prognostic value of neuron-specific enolase serum levels and somatosensory evoked potentials in 13 reanimated patients. Eur J Emerg Med 2:24–27 PubMedCrossRef

301.

Tiainen M, Kovala TT, Takkunen OS, Roine RO (2005) Somatosensory and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia. Crit Care Med 33:1736–1740 PubMedCrossRef

302.

Zingler VC, Krumm B, Bertsch T, Fassbender K, Pohlmann-Eden B (2003) Early prediction of neurological outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a multimodal approach combining neurobiochemical and electrophysiological investigations may provide high prognostic certainty in patients after cardiac arrest. Eur Neurol 49:79–84 PubMedCrossRef

303.

Rothstein TL (2000) The role of evoked potentials in anoxic-ischemic coma and severe brain trauma. J Clin Neurophysiol 17:486–497 PubMedCrossRef

304.

Zanatta P, Messerotti Benvenuti S, Baldanzi F, Bosco E (2012) Pain-related middle-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in the prognosis of post anoxic coma: a preliminary report. Minerva Anestesiol 78:749–756 PubMed

305.

Young GB, Doig G, Ragazzoni A (2005) Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: clinical and electrophysiological associations with outcome. Neurocrit Care 2:159–164 PubMedCrossRef

306.

Cloostermans MC, van Meulen FB, Eertman CJ, Hom HW, van Putten MJ (2012) Continuous electroencephalography monitoring for early prediction of neurological outcome in postanoxic patients after cardiac arrest: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med 40:2867–2875 PubMedCrossRef

307.

Zandbergen EG, Hijdra A, de Haan RJ et al (2006) Interobserver variation in the interpretation of SSEPs in anoxic-ischaemic coma. Clin Neurophysiol 117:1529–1535 PubMedCrossRef

308.

Pfeifer R, Weitzel S, Gunther A et al (2013) Investigation of the inter-observer variability effect on the prognostic value of somatosensory evoked potentials of the median nerve (SSEP) in cardiac arrest survivors using an SSEP classification. Resuscitation 84:1375–1381 PubMedCrossRef

309.

Geocadin RG, Buitrago MM, Torbey MT, Chandra-Strobos N, Williams MA, Kaplan PW (2006) Neurologic prognosis and withdrawal of life support after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Neurology 67:105–108 PubMedCrossRef

310.

Crepeau AZ, Rabinstein AA, Fugate JE et al (2013) Continuous EEG in therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: prognostic and clinical value. Neurology 80:339–344 PubMedCrossRef

311.

Oddo M, Rossetti AO (2014) Early multimodal outcome prediction after cardiac arrest in patients treated with hypothermia. Crit Care Med 42:1340–1347 PubMedCrossRef

312.

Westhall E, Rosen I, Rossetti AO et al (2015) Interrater variability of EEG interpretation in comatose cardiac arrest patients. Clin Neurophysiol. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.03.017. (pii: S1388-2457(15)00235-7)

313.

Wennervirta JE, Ermes MJ, Tiainen SM et al (2009) Hypothermia-treated cardiac arrest patients with good neurological outcome differ early in quantitative variables of EEG suppression and epileptiform activity. Crit Care Med 37:2427–2435 PubMedCrossRef

314.

Rossetti AO, Oddo M, Liaudet L, Kaplan PW (2009) Predictors of awakening from postanoxic status epilepticus after therapeutic hypothermia. Neurology 72:744–749 PubMedCrossRef

315.

Kawai M, Thapalia U, Verma A (2011) Outcome from therapeutic hypothermia and EEG. J Clin Neurophysiol 28:483–488 PubMed

316.

Oh SH, Park KN, Kim YM et al (2012) The prognostic value of continuous amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram applied immediately after return of spontaneous circulation in therapeutic hypothermia-treated cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 84:200–205 PubMedCrossRef

317.

Hofmeijer J, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, van Putten MJ (2014) Burst-suppression with identical bursts: a distinct EEG pattern with poor outcome in postanoxic coma. Clin Neurophysiol 125:947–954 PubMedCrossRef

318.

Claassen J, Taccone FS, Horn P, Holtkamp M, Stocchetti N, Oddo M (2013) Recommendations on the use of EEG monitoring in critically ill patients: consensus statement from the neurointensive care section of the ESICM. Intensive Care Med 39:1337–1351 PubMedCrossRef

319.

Bottiger BW, Mobes S, Glatzer R et al (2001) Astroglial protein S-100 is an early and sensitive marker of hypoxic brain damage and outcome after cardiac arrest in humans. Circulation 103:2694–2698 PubMedCrossRef

320.

Rosen H, Sunnerhagen KS, Herlitz J, Blomstrand C, Rosengren L (2001) Serum levels of the brain-derived proteins S-100 and NSE predict long-term outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 49:183–191 PubMedCrossRef

321.

Steffen IG, Hasper D, Ploner CJ et al (2010) Mild therapeutic hypothermia alters neuron specific enolase as an outcome predictor after resuscitation: 97 prospective hypothermia patients compared to 133 historical non-hypothermia patients. Crit Care 14:R69 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

322.

Kim J, Choi BS, Kim K et al (2012) Prognostic performance of diffusion-weighted MRI combined with NSE in comatose cardiac arrest survivors treated with mild hypothermia. Neurocrit Care 17:412–420 PubMedCrossRef

323.

Oksanen T, Tiainen M, Skrifvars MB et al (2009) Predictive power of serum NSE and OHCA score regarding 6-month neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation and therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 80:165–170 PubMedCrossRef

324.

Rundgren M, Karlsson T, Nielsen N, Cronberg T, Johnsson P, Friberg H (2009) Neuron specific enolase and S-100B as predictors of outcome after cardiac arrest and induced hypothermia. Resuscitation 80:784–789 PubMedCrossRef

325.

Lee BK, Jeung KW, Lee HY, Jung YH, Lee DH (2013) Combining brain computed tomography and serum neuron specific enolase improves the prognostic performance compared to either alone in comatose cardiac arrest survivors treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 84:1387–1392 PubMedCrossRef

326.

Zellner T, Gartner R, Schopohl J, Angstwurm M (2013) NSE and S-100B are not sufficiently predictive of neurologic outcome after therapeutic hypothermia for cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1382–1386 PubMedCrossRef

327.

Storm C, Nee J, Jorres A, Leithner C, Hasper D, Ploner CJ (2012) Serial measurement of neuron specific enolase improves prognostication in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia: a prospective study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20:6 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

328.

Tiainen M, Roine RO, Pettila V, Takkunen O (2003) Serum neuron-specific enolase and S-100B protein in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia. Stroke 34:2881–2886 PubMedCrossRef

329.

Cronberg T, Rundgren M, Westhall E et al (2011) Neuron-specific enolase correlates with other prognostic markers after cardiac arrest. Neurology 77:623–630 PubMedCrossRef

330.

Bloomfield SM, McKinney J, Smith L, Brisman J (2007) Reliability of S100B in predicting severity of central nervous system injury. Neurocrit Care 6:121–138 PubMedCrossRef

331.

Stern P, Bartos V, Uhrova J et al (2007) Performance characteristics of seven neuron-specific enolase assays. Tumour Biol 28:84–92 PubMedCrossRef

332.

Rundgren M, Cronberg T, Friberg H, Isaksson A (2014) Serum neuron specific enolase – impact of storage and measuring method. BMC Res Notes 7:726 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

333.

Johnsson P, Blomquist S, Luhrs C et al (2000) Neuron-specific enolase increases in plasma during and immediately after extracorporeal circulation. Ann Thorac Surg 69:750–754 PubMedCrossRef

334.

Huntgeburth M, Adler C, Rosenkranz S et al (2014) Changes in neuron-specific enolase are more suitable than its absolute serum levels for the prediction of neurologic outcome in hypothermia-treated patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurocrit Care 20:358–366 PubMedCrossRef

335.

Stammet P, Collignon O, Hassager C et al (2015) Neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of death or poor neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and targeted temperature management at 33 degrees c and 36 degrees C. J Am Coll Cardiol 65:2104–2114 PubMedCrossRef

336.

Kim SH, Choi SP, Park KN, Youn CS, Oh SH, Choi SM (2013) Early brain computed tomography findings are associated with outcome in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:57 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

337.

Els T, Kassubek J, Kubalek R, Klisch J (2004) Diffusion-weighted MRI during early global cerebral hypoxia: a predictor for clinical outcome? Acta Neurol Scand 110:361–367 PubMedCrossRef

338.

Mlynash M, Campbell DM, Leproust EM et al (2010) Temporal and spatial profile of brain diffusion-weighted MRI after cardiac arrest. Stroke 41:1665–1672 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

339.

Wijdicks EF, Campeau NG, Miller GM (2001) MR imaging in comatose survivors of cardiac resuscitation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:1561–1565 PubMed

340.

Wu O, Sorensen AG, Benner T, Singhal AB, Furie KL, Greer DM (2009) Comatose patients with cardiac arrest: predicting clinical outcome with diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 252:173–181 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

341.

Wijman CA, Mlynash M, Caulfield AF et al (2009) Prognostic value of brain diffusion-weighted imaging after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 65:394–402 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

342.

Choi SP, Park KN, Park HK et al (2010) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for predicting the clinical outcome of comatose survivors after cardiac arrest: a cohort study. Crit Care 14:R17 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

343.

Kim J, Kim K, Hong S et al (2013) Low apparent diffusion coefficient cluster-based analysis of diffusion-weighted MRI for prognostication of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors. Resuscitation 84:1393–1399 PubMedCrossRef

344.

Sharshar T, Citerio G, Andrews PJ et al (2014) Neurological examination of critically ill patients: a pragmatic approach. Report of an ESICM expert panel. Intensive Care Med 40:484–495 PubMedCrossRef

345.

Jorgensen EO, Holm S (1998) The natural course of neurological recovery following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 36:111–122 PubMedCrossRef

346.

Cronberg T, Brizzi M, Liedholm LJ et al (2013) Neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest–recommendations from the Swedish resuscitation council. Resuscitation 84:867–872 PubMedCrossRef

347.

Taccone FS, Cronberg T, Friberg H et al (2014) How to assess prognosis after cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia. Crit Care 18:202 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

348.

Stammet P, Wagner DR, Gilson G, Devaux Y (2013) Modeling serum level of s100beta and bispectral index to predict outcome after cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 62:851–858 PubMedCrossRef

349.

Al Thenayan E, Savard M, Sharpe M, Norton L, Young B (2008) Predictors of poor neurologic outcome after induced mild hypothermia following cardiac arrest. Neurology 71:1535–1537 PubMedCrossRef

350.

Grossestreuer AV, Abella BS, Leary M et al (2013) Time to awakening and neurologic outcome in therapeutic hypothermia-treated cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 84:1741–1746 PubMedCrossRef

351.

Gold B, Puertas L, Davis SP et al (2014) Awakening after cardiac arrest and post resuscitation hypothermia: are we pulling the plug too early? Resuscitation 85:211–214 PubMedCrossRef

352.

Krumnikl JJ, Bottiger BW, Strittmatter HJ, Motsch J (2002) Complete recovery after 2 h of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following high-dose prostaglandin treatment for atonic uterine haemorrhage. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:1168–1170 PubMedCrossRef

353.

Smith K, Andrew E, Lijovic M, Nehme Z, Bernard S (2015) Quality of life and functional outcomes 12 months after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 131:174–181 PubMedCrossRef

354.

Phelps R, Dumas F, Maynard C, Silver J, Rea T (2013) Cerebral performance category and long-term prognosis following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 41:1252–1257 PubMedCrossRef

355.

Wilder Schaaf KP, Artman LK, Peberdy MA et al (2013) Anxiety, depression, and PTSD following cardiac arrest: a systematic review of the literature. Resuscitation 84:873–877 PubMedCrossRef

356.

Wachelder EM, Moulaert VR, van Heugten C, Verbunt JA, Bekkers SC, Wade DT (2009) Life after survival: long-term daily functioning and quality of life after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:517–522 PubMedCrossRef

357.

Cronberg T, Lilja G, Rundgren M, Friberg H, Widner H (2009) Long-term neurological outcome after cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 80:1119–1123 PubMedCrossRef

358.

Torgersen J, Strand K, Bjelland TW et al (2010) Cognitive dysfunction and health-related quality of life after a cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 54:721–728 PubMedCrossRef

359.

Mateen FJ, Josephs KA, Trenerry MR et al (2011) Long-term cognitive outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a population-based study. Neurology 77:1438–1445 PubMedCrossRef

360.

Kragholm K, Wissenberg M, Mortensen RN et al (2015) Return to work in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors: a nationwide register-based follow-up study. Circulation 131:1682–1690 PubMedCrossRef

361.

Cobbe SM, Dalziel K, Ford I, Marsden AK (1996) Survival of 1476 patients initially resuscitated from out of hospital cardiac arrest. BMJ 312:1633–1637 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

362.

Kamphuis HC, De Leeuw JR, Derksen R, Hauer R, Winnubst JA (2002) A 12-month quality of life assessment of cardiac arrest survivors treated with or without an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Europace 4:417–425 PubMedCrossRef

363.

Gamper G, Willeit M, Sterz F et al (2004) Life after death: posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of cardiac arrest–prevalence, associated factors, and the influence of sedation and analgesia. Crit Care Med 32:378–383 PubMedCrossRef

364.

Pusswald G, Fertl E, Faltl M, Auff E (2000) Neurological rehabilitation of severely disabled cardiac arrest survivors. Part II. Life situation of patients and families after treatment. Resuscitation 47:241–248 PubMedCrossRef

365.

Dougherty CM, Benoliel JQ, Bellin C (2000) Domains of nursing intervention after sudden cardiac arrest and automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator implantation. Heart Lung 29:79–86 PubMedCrossRef

366.

Brown JP, Clark AM, Dalal H, Welch K, Taylor RS (2011) Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12):CD008895

367.

Lundgren-Nilsson A, Rosen H, Hofgren C, Sunnerhagen KS (2005) The first year after successful cardiac resuscitation: function, activity, participation and quality of life. Resuscitation 66:285–289 PubMedCrossRef

368.

Moulaert VR, Wachelder EM, Verbunt JA, Wade DT, van Heugten CM (2010) Determinants of quality of life in survivors of cardiac arrest. J Rehabil Med 42:553–558 PubMedCrossRef

369.

Cowan MJ, Pike KC, Budzynski HK (2001) Psychosocial nursing therapy following sudden cardiac arrest: impact on two-year survival. Nurs Res 50:68–76 PubMedCrossRef

370.

Dougherty CM, Lewis FM, Thompson EA, Baer JD, Kim W (2004) Short-term efficacy of a telephone intervention by expert nurses after an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 27:1594–1602 PubMedCrossRef

371.

Dougherty CM, Thompson EA, Lewis FM (2005) Long-term outcomes of a telephone intervention after an ICD. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 28:1157–1167 PubMedCrossRef

372.

Dougherty CM, Pyper GP, Frasz HA (2004) Description of a nursing intervention program after an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Heart Lung 33:183–190 PubMedCrossRef

373.

Moulaert VR, van Heugten CM, Winkens B et al (2015) Early neurologically-focused follow-up after cardiac arrest improves quality of life at one year: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Cardiol 193:8–16 PubMedCrossRef

374.

Moulaert VR, Verbunt JA, Bakx WG et al (2011) ‚Stand still…, and move on‘, a new early intervention service for cardiac arrest survivors and their caregivers: rationale and description of the intervention. Clin Rehabil 25:867–879 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

375.

Moulaert VR, van Haastregt JC, Wade DT, van Heugten CM, Verbunt JA (2014) ‚Stand still…, and move on‘, an early neurologically-focused follow-up for cardiac arrest survivors and their caregivers: a process evaluation. BMC Health Serv Res 14:34 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

376.

van Heugten C, Rasquin S, Winkens I, Beusmans G, Verhey F (2007) Checklist for cognitive and emotional consequences following stroke (CLCE-24): development, usability and quality of the self-report version. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109:257–262 PubMedCrossRef

377.

Cicerone KD, Langenbahn DM, Braden C et al (2011) Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92:519–530 PubMedCrossRef

378.

Spinhoven P, Ormel J, Sloekers PP, Kempen GI, Speckens AE, Van Hemert AM (1997) A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in different groups of Dutch subjects. Psychol Med 27:363–370 PubMedCrossRef

379.

van der Ploeg E, Mooren TT, Kleber RJ, van der Velden PG, Brom D (2004) Construct validation of the Dutch version of the impact of event scale. Psychol Assess 16:16–26 PubMedCrossRef

380.

Sandroni C, Adrie C, Cavallaro F et al (2010) Are patients brain-dead after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest suitable as organ donors? A systematic review. Resuscitation 81:1609–1614 PubMedCrossRef

381.

Adrie C, Haouache H, Saleh M et al (2008) An underrecognized source of organ donors: patients with brain death after successfully resuscitated cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 34:132–137 PubMedCrossRef

382.

Ali AA, Lim E, Thanikachalam M et al (2007) Cardiac arrest in the organ donor does not negatively influence recipient survival after heart transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 31:929–933 PubMedCrossRef

383.

Orioles A, Morrison WE, Rossano JW et al (2013) An under-recognized benefit of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: organ transplantation. Crit Care Med 41:2794–2799 PubMedCrossRef

384.

Quader MA, Wolfe LG, Kasirajan V (2013) Heart transplantation outcomes from cardiac arrest–resuscitated donors. J Heart Lung Transplant 32:1090–1095 PubMedCrossRef

385.

Pilarczyk K, Osswald BR, Pizanis N et al (2011) Use of donors who have suffered cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation in lung transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 39:342–347 PubMedCrossRef

386.

Sánchez-Lázaro I, Almenar-Bonet L, Martínez-Dolz L et al (2010) Can we accept donors who have suffered a resuscitated cardiac arrest? Transplant Proc 42:3091–3092 (Elsevier) PubMedCrossRef

387.

Southerland KW, Castleberry AW, Williams JB, Daneshmand MA, Ali AA, Milano CA (2013) Impact of donor cardiac arrest on heart transplantation. Surgery 154:312–319 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

388.

Castleberry AW, Worni M, Osho AA et al (2013) Use of lung allografts from brain-dead donors after cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188:466–473 PubMedCrossRef

389.

Alonso A, Fernandez-Rivera C, Villaverde P et al (2005) Renal transplantation from non-heart-beating donors: a single-center 10-year experience. Transplant Proc 37:3658–3660 PubMedCrossRef

390.

Casavilla A, Ramirez C, Shapiro R et al (1995) Experience with liver and kidney allografts from non-heart-beating donors. Transplantation 59:197–203 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

391.

Nicholson ML, Metcalfe MS, White SA et al (2000) A comparison of the results of renal transplantation from non-heart-beating, conventional cadaveric, and living donors. Kidney Int 58:2585–2591 PubMedCrossRef

392.

Fondevila C, Hessheimer AJ, Flores E et al (2012) Applicability and results of Maastricht type 2 donation after cardiac death liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 12:162–170 PubMedCrossRef

393.

Otero A, Gomez-Gutierrez M, Suarez F et al (2004) Liver transplantation from maastricht category 2 non-heart-beating donors: a source to increase the donor pool? Transplant Proc 36:747–750 PubMedCrossRef

394.

Kootstra G (1995) Statement on non-heart-beating donor programs. Transplant Proc 27:2965 PubMed

395.

Manara AR, Murphy PG, OʼCallaghan G (2012) Donation after circulatory death. Br J Anaesth 108(Suppl 1):i108–i121 CrossRef

396.

Manara AR, Thomas I (2010) The use of circulatory criteria to diagnose death after unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 81:781–783 PubMedCrossRef

397.

Ranthe MF, Winkel BG, Andersen EW et al (2013) Risk of cardiovascular disease in family members of young sudden cardiac death victims. Eur Heart J 34:503–511 PubMedCrossRef

398.

Skinner JR (2013) Investigation following resuscitated cardiac arrest. Arch Dis Child 98:66–71 PubMedCrossRef

399.

Skinner JR (2012) Investigating sudden unexpected death in the young: a chance to prevent further deaths. Resuscitation 83:1185–1186 PubMedCrossRef

400.

Behr ER, Dalageorgou C, Christiansen M et al (2008) Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: familial evaluation identifies inheritable heart disease in the majority of families. Eur Heart J 29:1670–1680 PubMedCrossRef

401.

Engdahl J, Abrahamsson P, Bang A, Lindqvist J, Karlsson T, Herlitz J (2000) Is hospital care of major importance for outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest? Experience acquired from patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitated by the same emergency medical service and admitted to one of two hospitals over a 16-year period in the municipality of Goteborg. Resuscitation 43:201–211 PubMedCrossRef

402.

Liu JM, Yang Q, Pirrallo RG, Klein JP, Aufderheide TP (2008) Hospital variability of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival. Prehosp Emerg Care 12:339–346 PubMedCrossRef

403.

Herlitz J, Engdahl J, Svensson L, Angquist KA, Silfverstolpe J, Holmberg S (2006) Major differences in 1-month survival between hospitals in Sweden among initial survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 70:404–409 PubMedCrossRef

404.

Callaway CW, Schmicker R, Kampmeyer M et al (2010) Receiving hospital characteristics associated with survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 81:524–529 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

405.

Cudnik MT, Sasson C, Rea TD et al (2012) Increasing hospital volume is not associated with improved survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac etiology. Resuscitation 83:862–868 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

406.

Davis DP, Fisher R, Aguilar S et al (2007) The feasibility of a regional cardiac arrest receiving system. Resuscitation 74:44–51 PubMedCrossRef

407.

Fothergill RT, Watson LR, Virdi GK, Moore FP, Whitbread M (2014) Survival of resuscitated cardiac arrest patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) conveyed directly to a heart attack centre by ambulance clinicians. Resuscitation 85:96–98 PubMedCrossRef

408.

Hansen M, Fleischman R, Meckler G, Newgard CD (2013) The association between hospital type and mortality among critically ill children in US EDs. Resuscitation 84:488–491 PubMedCrossRef

409.

Heffner AC, Pearson DA, Nussbaum ML, Jones AE (2012) Regionalization of post-cardiac arrest care: implementation of a cardiac resuscitation center. Am Heart J 164:493–501e2 PubMedCrossRef

410.

Lund-Kordahl I, Olasveengen TM, Lorem T, Samdal M, Wik L, Sunde K (2010) Improving outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by strengthening weak links of the local chain of survival; quality of advanced life support and post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation 81:422–426 PubMedCrossRef

411.

Mooney MR, Unger BT, Boland LL et al (2011) Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: evaluation of a regional system to increase access to cooling. Circulation 124:206–214 PubMedCrossRef

412.

Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Vadeboncoeur TF et al (2008) The impact of prehospital transport interval on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: implications for regionalization of post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation 79:61–66 PubMedCrossRef

413.

Spaite DW, Stiell IG, Bobrow BJ et al (2009) Effect of transport interval on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival in the opals study: implications for triaging patients to specialized cardiac arrest centers. Ann Emerg Med 54(2):248–255 PubMedCrossRef

414.

Stub D, Smith K, Bray JE, Bernard S, Duffy SJ, Kaye DM (2011) Hospital characteristics are associated with patient outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart 97:1489–1494 PubMedCrossRef

415.

Tagami T, Hirata K, Takeshige T et al (2012) Implementation of the fifth link of the chain of survival concept for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 126:589–597 PubMedCrossRef

416.

Bosson N, Kaji AH, Niemann JT et al (2014) Survival and neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results one year after regionalization of post-cardiac arrest care in a large metropolitan area. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:217–223 PubMedCrossRef

417.

Wnent J, Seewald S, Heringlake M et al (2012) Choice of hospital after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest–a decision with far-reaching consequences: a study in a large German city. Crit Care 16:R164 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

418.

Thomas JL, Bosson N, Kaji AH et al (2014) Treatment and outcomes of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a regionalized system of care based on presence or absence of initial shockable cardiac arrest rhythm. Am J Cardiol 114:968–971 PubMedCrossRef

419.

Vermeer F, Oude Ophuis AJ, vd Berg EJ et al (1999) Prospective randomised comparison between thrombolysis, rescue PTCA, and primary PTCA in patients with extensive myocardial infarction admitted to a hospital without PTCA facilities: a safety and feasibility study. Heart 82:426–431 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

420.

Widimsky P, Groch L, Zelizko M, Aschermann M, Bednar F, Suryapranata H (2000) Multicentre randomized trial comparing transport to primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis vs combined strategy for patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to a community hospital without a catheterization laboratory. The PRAGUE study. Eur Heart J 21:823–831 PubMedCrossRef

421.

Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D et al (2003) Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Final results of the randomized national multicentre trial–PRAGUE-2. Eur Heart J 24:94–104 PubMedCrossRef

422.

Le May MR, So DY, Dionne R et al (2008) A citywide protocol for primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 358:231–240 PubMedCrossRef

423.

Abernathy JH 3rd, McGwin G Jr, Acker JE 3rd, Rue LW 3rd (2002) Impact of a voluntary trauma system on mortality, length of stay, and cost at a level I trauma center. Am Surg 68:182–192 PubMed

424.

Clemmer TP, Orme JF Jr, Thomas FO, Brooks KA (1985) Outcome of critically injured patients treated at Level I trauma centers versus full-service community hospitals. Crit Care Med 13:861–863 PubMedCrossRef

425.

Culica D, Aday LA, Rohrer JE (2007) Regionalized trauma care system in Texas: implications for redesigning trauma systems. Med Sci Monit 13:SR9–SR18

426.

Hannan EL, Farrell LS, Cooper A, Henry M, Simon B, Simon R (2005) Physiologic trauma triage criteria in adult trauma patients: are they effective in saving lives by transporting patients to trauma centers? J Am Coll Surg 200:584–592 PubMedCrossRef

427.

Harrington DT, Connolly M, Biffl WL, Majercik SD, Cioffi WG (2005) Transfer times to definitive care facilities are too long: a consequence of an immature trauma system. Ann Surg 241:961–966. (discussion 6–8) PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

428.

Liberman M, Mulder DS, Lavoie A, Sampalis JS (2004) Implementation of a trauma care system: evolution through evaluation. J Trauma 56:1330–1335 PubMedCrossRef

429.

MacKenzie EJ, Rivara FP, Jurkovich GJ et al (2006) A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. N Engl J Med 354:366–378 PubMedCrossRef

430.

Mann NC, Cahn RM, Mullins RJ, Brand DM, Jurkovich GJ (2001) Survival among injured geriatric patients during construction of a statewide trauma system. J Trauma 50:1111–1116 PubMedCrossRef

431.

Mullins RJ, Veum-Stone J, Hedges JR et al (1996) Influence of a statewide trauma system on location of hospitalization and outcome of injured patients. J Trauma 40:536–545. (discussion 45–46) PubMedCrossRef

432.

Mullins RJ, Mann NC, Hedges JR, Worrall W, Jurkovich GJ (1998) Preferential benefit of implementation of a statewide trauma system in one of two adjacent states. J Trauma 44:609–616. (discussion 17) PubMedCrossRef

433.

Mullins RJ, Veum-Stone J, Helfand M et al (1994) Outcome of hospitalized injured patients after institution of a trauma system in an urban area. JAMA 271:1919–1924 PubMedCrossRef

434.

Mullner R, Goldberg J (1978) An evaluation of the Illinois trauma system. Med Care 16:140–151 PubMedCrossRef

435.

Mullner R, Goldberg J (1978) Toward an outcome-oriented medical geography: an evaluation of the Illinois trauma/emergency medical services system. Soc Sci Med 12:103–110 PubMedCrossRef

436.

Nathens AB, Jurkovich GJ, Rivara FP, Maier RV (2000) Effectiveness of state trauma systems in reducing injury-related mortality: a national evaluation. J Trauma 48:25–30. (discussion -1) PubMedCrossRef

437.

Nathens AB, Maier RV, Brundage SI, Jurkovich GJ, Grossman DC (2003) The effect of interfacility transfer on outcome in an urban trauma system. J Trauma 55:444–449 PubMedCrossRef

438.

Nicholl J, Turner J (1997) Effectiveness of a regional trauma system in reducing mortality from major trauma: before and after study. BMJ 315:1349–1354 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

439.

Potoka DA, Schall LC, Gardner MJ, Stafford PW, Peitzman AB, Ford HR (2000) Impact of pediatric trauma centers on mortality in a statewide system. J Trauma 49:237–245 PubMedCrossRef

440.

Sampalis JS, Lavoie A, Boukas S et al (1995) Trauma center designation: initial impact on trauma-related mortality. J Trauma 39:232–237. (discussion 7–9) PubMedCrossRef

441.

Sampalis JS, Denis R, Frechette P, Brown R, Fleiszer D, Mulder D (1997) Direct transport to tertiary trauma centers versus transfer from lower level facilities: impact on mortality and morbidity among patients with major trauma. J Trauma 43:288–295. (discussion 95–96) PubMedCrossRef

442.

Donnino MW, Rittenberger JC, Gaieski D et al (2011) The development and implementation of cardiac arrest centers. Resuscitation 82:974–978 PubMedCrossRef

443.

Nichol G, Aufderheide TP, Eigel B et al (2010) Regional systems of care for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a policy statement from the American heart association. Circulation 121:709–729 PubMedCrossRef

444.

Nichol G, Soar J (2010) Regional cardiac resuscitation systems of care. Curr Opin Crit Care 16:223–230 PubMedCrossRef

445.

Soar J, Packham S (2010) Cardiac arrest centres make sense. Resuscitation 81:507–508 PubMedCrossRef

Springerpflege

Tipp

Weitere Artikel dieser Ausgabe durch Wischen aufrufen

Postreanimationsbehandlung

Kapitel 5 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council

Ohne Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Springerpflege

Tipp

Weitere Artikel dieser Ausgabe durch Wischen aufrufen

Ohne Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2015

2015 Resuscitation Guidelines

A tragedy we want to change

Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („adult advanced life support“)

Ausbildung und Implementierung der Reanimation

Das initiale Management des akuten Koronarsyndroms

Erste Hilfe