Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Notfall +  Rettungsmedizin 8/2015

01.12.2015 | ERC Leitlinien

Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („adult advanced life support“)

Kapitel 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council

verfasst von: J. Soar, J.P. Nolan, B.W. Böttiger, G.D. Perkins, C. Lott, P. Carli, T. Pellis, C. Sandroni, M.B. Skrifvars, G.B. Smith, K. Sunde, C.D. Deakin

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin | Ausgabe 8/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Erweiterte lebensrettende Maßnahmen für Erwachsene („advanced life support“, ALS) kommen zum Einsatz, nachdem Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung („basic life support“, BLS) begonnen und, wenn sinnvoll, ein automatisierter externer Defibrillator (AED) verwendet wurde. Die Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung eines Erwachsenen und der Einsatz von AEDs wird in Kap. 2 ausgeführt. Basis- und erweiterte Maßnahmen sollen nahtlos ineinander übergehen, da erstere fortgeführt werden und sich mit den erweiterten überschneiden. Dieses Kapitel über die erweiterten Maßnahmen beinhaltet die Vermeidung des Kreislaufstillstands, spezielle Aspekte des außerklinischen ALS, den Start der innerklinischen Reanimation, den ALS-Algorithmus, die manuelle Defibrillation, das Atemwegsmanagement während der Reanimaton, Medikamente und ihre Anwendung während der Reanimation sowie die Behandlung von Periarrest-Arrhythmien. Es gibt zwei Änderungen in der äußeren Form dieser Leitlinien des Europäischen Rats für Wiederbelebung seit den Leitlinien von 2010: [1] Das Kapitel „Elektrotherapie“ [2] ist nicht mehr eigenständig, sondern Teil dieses Kapitels; und die Leitlinien zur Behandlung nach Reanimation sind in ein neues Kapitel ausgegliedert, welches die Bedeutung dieses letzten Glieds der Überlebenskette unterstreicht [3]. …
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Soar J et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 81:1305–1352 Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Soar J et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 81:1305–1352
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Sunde K, Koster RW (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 3. Electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion and pacing. Resuscitation 81:1293–1304 Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Sunde K, Koster RW (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 3. Electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion and pacing. Resuscitation 81:1293–1304
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan J, Soar J, Eikeland H (2006) The chain of survival. Resuscitation 71:270–271 Nolan J, Soar J, Eikeland H (2006) The chain of survival. Resuscitation 71:270–271
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Callaway CW, Aibiki M et al (2015) Part 4: Advanced life support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 95:71–120 Soar J, Callaway CW, Aibiki M et al (2015) Part 4: Advanced life support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 95:71–120
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Soreide E, Morrison L, Hillman K et al (2013) The formula for survival in resuscitation. Resuscitation 84:1487–1493 Soreide E, Morrison L, Hillman K et al (2013) The formula for survival in resuscitation. Resuscitation 84:1487–1493
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandroni C, Nolan J, Cavallaro F, Antonelli M (2007) In-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, prognosis and possible measures to improve survival. Intensive Care Med 33:237–245 Sandroni C, Nolan J, Cavallaro F, Antonelli M (2007) In-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, prognosis and possible measures to improve survival. Intensive Care Med 33:237–245
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Soar J, Smith GB et al (2014) Incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom National Cardiac Arrest Audit. Resuscitation 85:987–992 Nolan JP, Soar J, Smith GB et al (2014) Incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom National Cardiac Arrest Audit. Resuscitation 85:987–992
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GB (2010) In-hospital cardiac arrest: is it time for an in-hospital ‚chain of prevention‘? Resuscitation 81(9):1209–1211 Smith GB (2010) In-hospital cardiac arrest: is it time for an in-hospital ‚chain of prevention‘? Resuscitation 81(9):1209–1211
9.
Zurück zum Zitat National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (2005) An acute problem? NCEPOD, London National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (2005) An acute problem? NCEPOD, London
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlackonikolis I et al (2002) Incidence, location and reasons for avoidable in-hospital cardiac arrest in a district general hospital. Resuscitation 54:115–123 Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlackonikolis I et al (2002) Incidence, location and reasons for avoidable in-hospital cardiac arrest in a district general hospital. Resuscitation 54:115–123
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Kause J, Smith G, Prytherch D, Parr M, Flabouris A, Hillman K (2004) A comparison of antecedents to cardiac arrests, deaths and emergency intensive care admissions in Australia and New Zealand, and the United Kingdom – the ACADEMIA study. Resuscitation 62:275–282 Kause J, Smith G, Prytherch D, Parr M, Flabouris A, Hillman K (2004) A comparison of antecedents to cardiac arrests, deaths and emergency intensive care admissions in Australia and New Zealand, and the United Kingdom – the ACADEMIA study. Resuscitation 62:275–282
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Castagna J, Weil MH, Shubin H (1974) Factors determining survival in patients with cardiac arrest. Chest 65:527–529 Castagna J, Weil MH, Shubin H (1974) Factors determining survival in patients with cardiac arrest. Chest 65:527–529
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Skrifvars MB, Nurmi J, Ikola K, Saarinen K, Castren M (2006) Reduced survival following resuscitation in patients with documented clinically abnormal observations prior to in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 70:215–222 Skrifvars MB, Nurmi J, Ikola K, Saarinen K, Castren M (2006) Reduced survival following resuscitation in patients with documented clinically abnormal observations prior to in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 70:215–222
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Cashman JN (2002) In-hospital cardiac arrest: what happens to the false arrests? Resuscitation 53:271–276 Cashman JN (2002) In-hospital cardiac arrest: what happens to the false arrests? Resuscitation 53:271–276
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Hein A, Thoren AB, Herlitz J (2006) Characteristics and outcome of false cardiac arrests in hospital. Resuscitation 69:191–197 Hein A, Thoren AB, Herlitz J (2006) Characteristics and outcome of false cardiac arrests in hospital. Resuscitation 69:191–197
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kenward G, Robinson A, Bradburn S, Steeds R (2007) False cardiac arrests: the right time to turn away? Postgrad Med J 83:344–347 Kenward G, Robinson A, Bradburn S, Steeds R (2007) False cardiac arrests: the right time to turn away? Postgrad Med J 83:344–347
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen LM, Nallamothu BK, Spertus JA, Li Y, Chan PS (2013) Association between a hospital’s rate of cardiac arrest incidence and cardiac arrest survival. JAMA Intern Med 173:1186–1195 Chen LM, Nallamothu BK, Spertus JA, Li Y, Chan PS (2013) Association between a hospital’s rate of cardiac arrest incidence and cardiac arrest survival. JAMA Intern Med 173:1186–1195
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuhrmann L, Lippert A, Perner A, Ostergaard D (2008) Incidence, staff awareness and mortality of patients at risk on general wards. Resuscitation 77:325–330 Fuhrmann L, Lippert A, Perner A, Ostergaard D (2008) Incidence, staff awareness and mortality of patients at risk on general wards. Resuscitation 77:325–330
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Chatterjee MT, Moon JC, Murphy R, McCrea D (2005) The „OBS“ chart: an evidence based approach to re-design of the patient observation chart in a district general hospital setting. Postgrad Med J 81:663–666 Chatterjee MT, Moon JC, Murphy R, McCrea D (2005) The „OBS“ chart: an evidence based approach to re-design of the patient observation chart in a district general hospital setting. Postgrad Med J 81:663–666
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2008) Review and performance evaluation of aggregate weighted ‚track and trigger‘ systems. Resuscitation 77:170–179 Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2008) Review and performance evaluation of aggregate weighted ‚track and trigger‘ systems. Resuscitation 77:170–179
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI, Higgins B (2008) A review, and performance evaluation, of single-parameter „track and trigger“ systems. Resuscitation 79:11–21 Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI, Higgins B (2008) A review, and performance evaluation, of single-parameter „track and trigger“ systems. Resuscitation 79:11–21
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Hillman K, Chen J, Cretikos M et al (2005) Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365:2091–2097 Hillman K, Chen J, Cretikos M et al (2005) Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365:2091–2097
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Mattke S, Stewart M, Zelevinsky K (2002) Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. N Engl J Med 346:1715–1722 Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Mattke S, Stewart M, Zelevinsky K (2002) Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. N Engl J Med 346:1715–1722
24.
Zurück zum Zitat DeVita MA, Smith GB, Adam SK et al (2010) „Identifying the hospitalised patient in crisis“ – a consensus conference on the afferent limb of rapid response systems. Resuscitation 81:375–382 DeVita MA, Smith GB, Adam SK et al (2010) „Identifying the hospitalised patient in crisis“ – a consensus conference on the afferent limb of rapid response systems. Resuscitation 81:375–382
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hogan J (2006) Why don’t nurses monitor the respiratory rates of patients? Br J Nurs 15:489–492 Hogan J (2006) Why don’t nurses monitor the respiratory rates of patients? Br J Nurs 15:489–492
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Buist M (2008) The rapid response team paradox: why doesn’t anyone call for help? Crit Care Med 36:634–636 Buist M (2008) The rapid response team paradox: why doesn’t anyone call for help? Crit Care Med 36:634–636
27.
Zurück zum Zitat McQuillan P, Pilkington S, Allan A et al (1998) Confidential inquiry into quality of care before admission to intensive care. BMJ 316:1853–1858 McQuillan P, Pilkington S, Allan A et al (1998) Confidential inquiry into quality of care before admission to intensive care. BMJ 316:1853–1858
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrews T, Waterman H (2005) Packaging: a grounded theory of how to report physiological deterioration effectively. J Adv Nurs 52:473–481 Andrews T, Waterman H (2005) Packaging: a grounded theory of how to report physiological deterioration effectively. J Adv Nurs 52:473–481
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Derham C (2007) Achieving comprehensive critical care. Nurs Crit Care 12:124–131 Derham C (2007) Achieving comprehensive critical care. Nurs Crit Care 12:124–131
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GB, Poplett N (2002) Knowledge of aspects of acute care in trainee doctors. Postgrad Med J 78:335–338 Smith GB, Poplett N (2002) Knowledge of aspects of acute care in trainee doctors. Postgrad Med J 78:335–338
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Meek T (2000) New house officers’ knowledge of resuscitation, fluid balance and analgesia. Anaesthesia 55:1128–1129 Meek T (2000) New house officers’ knowledge of resuscitation, fluid balance and analgesia. Anaesthesia 55:1128–1129
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Gould TH, Upton PM, Collins P (1994) A survey of the intended management of acute postoperative pain by newly qualified doctors in the south west region of England in August 1992. Anaesthesia 49:807–810 Gould TH, Upton PM, Collins P (1994) A survey of the intended management of acute postoperative pain by newly qualified doctors in the south west region of England in August 1992. Anaesthesia 49:807–810
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Jackson E, Warner J (2002) How much do doctors know about consent and capacity? J R Soc Med 95:601–603 Jackson E, Warner J (2002) How much do doctors know about consent and capacity? J R Soc Med 95:601–603
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Kruger PS, Longden PJ (1997) A study of a hospital staff’s knowledge of pulse oximetry. Anaesth Intensive Care 25:38–41 Kruger PS, Longden PJ (1997) A study of a hospital staff’s knowledge of pulse oximetry. Anaesth Intensive Care 25:38–41
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Howell M (2002) Pulse oximetry: an audit of nursing and medical staff understanding. Br J Nurs 11:191–197 Howell M (2002) Pulse oximetry: an audit of nursing and medical staff understanding. Br J Nurs 11:191–197
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Wheeler DW, Remoundos DD, Whittlestone KD et al (2004) Doctors’ confusion over ratios and percentages in drug solutions: the case for standard labelling. J R Soc Med 97:380–383 Wheeler DW, Remoundos DD, Whittlestone KD et al (2004) Doctors’ confusion over ratios and percentages in drug solutions: the case for standard labelling. J R Soc Med 97:380–383
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Campello G, Granja C, Carvalho F, Dias C, Azevedo LF, Costa-Pereira A (2009) Immediate and long-term impact of medical emergency teams on cardiac arrest prevalence and mortality: a plea for periodic basic life-support training programs. Crit Care Med 37:3054–3061 Campello G, Granja C, Carvalho F, Dias C, Azevedo LF, Costa-Pereira A (2009) Immediate and long-term impact of medical emergency teams on cardiac arrest prevalence and mortality: a plea for periodic basic life-support training programs. Crit Care Med 37:3054–3061
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al (2003) A prospective before-and-after trial of a medical emergency team. Med J Aust 179:283–287 Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al (2003) A prospective before-and-after trial of a medical emergency team. Med J Aust 179:283–287
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al (2004) Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care Med 32:916–921 Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al (2004) Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care Med 32:916–921
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Butcher BW, Quist CE, Harrison JD, Ranji SR (2015) The effect of a rapid response team on resident perceptions of education and autonomy. J Hosp Med 10:8–12 Butcher BW, Quist CE, Harrison JD, Ranji SR (2015) The effect of a rapid response team on resident perceptions of education and autonomy. J Hosp Med 10:8–12
41.
Zurück zum Zitat DeVita MA, Braithwaite RS, Mahidhara R, Stuart S, Foraida M, Simmons RL (2004) Use of medical emergency team responses to reduce hospital cardiopulmonary arrests. Qual Saf Health Care 13:251–254 DeVita MA, Braithwaite RS, Mahidhara R, Stuart S, Foraida M, Simmons RL (2004) Use of medical emergency team responses to reduce hospital cardiopulmonary arrests. Qual Saf Health Care 13:251–254
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Green AL, Williams A (2006) An evaluation of an early warning clinical marker referral tool. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 22:274–282 Green AL, Williams A (2006) An evaluation of an early warning clinical marker referral tool. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 22:274–282
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Foraida MI, DeVita MA, Braithwaite RS, Stuart SA, Brooks MM, Simmons RL (2003) Improving the utilization of medical crisis teams (Condition C) at an urban tertiary care hospital. J Crit Care 18:87–94 Foraida MI, DeVita MA, Braithwaite RS, Stuart SA, Brooks MM, Simmons RL (2003) Improving the utilization of medical crisis teams (Condition C) at an urban tertiary care hospital. J Crit Care 18:87–94
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Perkins GD, Harris S et al (2003) The immediate life support course. Resuscitation 57:21–6 Soar J, Perkins GD, Harris S et al (2003) The immediate life support course. Resuscitation 57:21–6
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Spearpoint KG, Gruber PC, Brett SJ (2009) Impact of the Immediate Life Support course on the incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest calls: an observational study over 6 years. Resuscitation 80:638–643 Spearpoint KG, Gruber PC, Brett SJ (2009) Impact of the Immediate Life Support course on the incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest calls: an observational study over 6 years. Resuscitation 80:638–643
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuhrmann L, Perner A, Klausen TW, Ostergaard D, Lippert A (2009) The effect of multi-professional education on the recognition and outcome of patients at risk on general wards. Resuscitation 80:1357–1360 Fuhrmann L, Perner A, Klausen TW, Ostergaard D, Lippert A (2009) The effect of multi-professional education on the recognition and outcome of patients at risk on general wards. Resuscitation 80:1357–1360
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacques T, Harrison GA, McLaws ML, Kilborn G (2006) Signs of critical conditions and emergency responses (SOCCER): a model for predicting adverse events in the inpatient setting. Resuscitation 69:175–183 Jacques T, Harrison GA, McLaws ML, Kilborn G (2006) Signs of critical conditions and emergency responses (SOCCER): a model for predicting adverse events in the inpatient setting. Resuscitation 69:175–183
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Cretikos M, Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Finfer S, Flabouris A (2007) The objective medical emergency team activation criteria: a case-control study. Resuscitation 73:62–72 Cretikos M, Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Finfer S, Flabouris A (2007) The objective medical emergency team activation criteria: a case-control study. Resuscitation 73:62–72
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlachonikolis IG, Payne S, Castle N (2002) The identification of risk factors for cardiac arrest and formulation of activation criteria to alert a medical emergency team. Resuscitation 54:125–131 Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlachonikolis IG, Payne S, Castle N (2002) The identification of risk factors for cardiac arrest and formulation of activation criteria to alert a medical emergency team. Resuscitation 54:125–131
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Fieselmann J, Hendryx M, Helms C, Wakefield D (1993) Respiratory rate predicts cardiopulmonary arrest for internal medicine patients. J Gen Intern Med 8:354–360 Fieselmann J, Hendryx M, Helms C, Wakefield D (1993) Respiratory rate predicts cardiopulmonary arrest for internal medicine patients. J Gen Intern Med 8:354–360
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Henry OF, Blacher J, Verdavaine J, Duviquet M, Safar ME (2003) Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein is an independent predictor of in-hospital death in the elderly. Age Ageing 32:37–42 Henry OF, Blacher J, Verdavaine J, Duviquet M, Safar ME (2003) Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein is an independent predictor of in-hospital death in the elderly. Age Ageing 32:37–42
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Barlow G, Nathwani D, Davey P (2007) The CURB65 pneumonia severity score outperforms generic sepsis and early warning scores in predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 62:253–259 Barlow G, Nathwani D, Davey P (2007) The CURB65 pneumonia severity score outperforms generic sepsis and early warning scores in predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 62:253–259
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Sleiman I, Morandi A, Sabatini T et al (2008) Hyperglycemia as a predictor of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients without diabetes mellitus admitted to a sub-intensive care unit. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:1106–1110 Sleiman I, Morandi A, Sabatini T et al (2008) Hyperglycemia as a predictor of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients without diabetes mellitus admitted to a sub-intensive care unit. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:1106–1110
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Alarcon T, Barcena A, Gonzalez-Montalvo JI, Penalosa C, Salgado A (1999) Factors predictive of outcome on admission to an acute geriatric ward. Age Ageing 28:429–432 Alarcon T, Barcena A, Gonzalez-Montalvo JI, Penalosa C, Salgado A (1999) Factors predictive of outcome on admission to an acute geriatric ward. Age Ageing 28:429–432
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Goel A, Pinckney RG, Littenberg B (2003) APACHE II predicts long-term survival in COPD patients admitted to a general medical ward. J Gen Intern Med 18:824–830 Goel A, Pinckney RG, Littenberg B (2003) APACHE II predicts long-term survival in COPD patients admitted to a general medical ward. J Gen Intern Med 18:824–830
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowat AM, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM (2006) Central periodic breathing observed on hospital admission is associated with an adverse prognosis in conscious acute stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 21:340–347 Rowat AM, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM (2006) Central periodic breathing observed on hospital admission is associated with an adverse prognosis in conscious acute stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 21:340–347
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Neary WD, Prytherch D, Foy C, Heather BP, Earnshaw JJ (2007) Comparison of different methods of risk stratification in urgent and emergency surgery. Br J Surg 94:1300–1305 Neary WD, Prytherch D, Foy C, Heather BP, Earnshaw JJ (2007) Comparison of different methods of risk stratification in urgent and emergency surgery. Br J Surg 94:1300–1305
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Asadollahi K, Hastings IM, Beeching NJ, Gill GV (2007) Laboratory risk factors for hospital mortality in acutely admitted patients. QJM 100:501–507 Asadollahi K, Hastings IM, Beeching NJ, Gill GV (2007) Laboratory risk factors for hospital mortality in acutely admitted patients. QJM 100:501–507
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones AE, Aborn LS, Kline JA (2004) Severity of emergency department hypotension predicts adverse hospital outcome. Shock 22:410–414 Jones AE, Aborn LS, Kline JA (2004) Severity of emergency department hypotension predicts adverse hospital outcome. Shock 22:410–414
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Duckitt RW, Buxton-Thomas R, Walker J et al (2007) Worthing physiological scoring system: derivation and validation of a physiological early-warning system for medical admissions. An observational, population-based single-centre study. Br J Anaesth 98:769–774 Duckitt RW, Buxton-Thomas R, Walker J et al (2007) Worthing physiological scoring system: derivation and validation of a physiological early-warning system for medical admissions. An observational, population-based single-centre study. Br J Anaesth 98:769–774
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Kellett J, Deane B (2006) The Simple Clinical Score predicts mortality for 30 days after admission to an acute medical unit. QJM 99:771–781 Kellett J, Deane B (2006) The Simple Clinical Score predicts mortality for 30 days after admission to an acute medical unit. QJM 99:771–781
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Prytherch DR, Sirl JS, Schmidt P, Featherstone PI, Weaver PC, Smith GB (2005) The use of routine laboratory data to predict in-hospital death in medical admissions. Resuscitation 66:203–207 Prytherch DR, Sirl JS, Schmidt P, Featherstone PI, Weaver PC, Smith GB (2005) The use of routine laboratory data to predict in-hospital death in medical admissions. Resuscitation 66:203–207
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE et al (2008) Should age be included as a component of track and trigger systems used to identify sick adult patients? Resuscitation 78:109–115 Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE et al (2008) Should age be included as a component of track and trigger systems used to identify sick adult patients? Resuscitation 78:109–115
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Olsson T, Terent A, Lind L (2004) Rapid Emergency Medicine score: a new prognostic tool for in-hospital mortality in nonsurgical emergency department patients. J Intern Med 255:579–587 Olsson T, Terent A, Lind L (2004) Rapid Emergency Medicine score: a new prognostic tool for in-hospital mortality in nonsurgical emergency department patients. J Intern Med 255:579–587
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Prytherch DR, Sirl JS, Weaver PC, Schmidt P, Higgins B, Sutton GL (2003) Towards a national clinical minimum data set for general surgery. Br J Surg 90:1300–1305 Prytherch DR, Sirl JS, Weaver PC, Schmidt P, Higgins B, Sutton GL (2003) Towards a national clinical minimum data set for general surgery. Br J Surg 90:1300–1305
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Subbe CP, Kruger M, Rutherford P, Gemmel L (2001) Validation of a modified Early Warning Score in medical admissions. QJM 94:521–526 Subbe CP, Kruger M, Rutherford P, Gemmel L (2001) Validation of a modified Early Warning Score in medical admissions. QJM 94:521–526
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodacre S, Turner J, Nicholl J (2006) Prediction of mortality among emergency medical admissions. Emerg Med J 23:372–375 Goodacre S, Turner J, Nicholl J (2006) Prediction of mortality among emergency medical admissions. Emerg Med J 23:372–375
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Paterson R, MacLeod DC, Thetford D et al (2006) Prediction of in-hospital mortality and length of stay using an early warning scoring system: clinical audit. Clin Med 6:281–284 Paterson R, MacLeod DC, Thetford D et al (2006) Prediction of in-hospital mortality and length of stay using an early warning scoring system: clinical audit. Clin Med 6:281–284
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuthbertson BH, Boroujerdi M, McKie L, Aucott L, Prescott G (2007) Can physiological variables and early warning scoring systems allow early recognition of the deteriorating surgical patient? Crit Care Med 35:402–409 Cuthbertson BH, Boroujerdi M, McKie L, Aucott L, Prescott G (2007) Can physiological variables and early warning scoring systems allow early recognition of the deteriorating surgical patient? Crit Care Med 35:402–409
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Prytherch DR, Smith GB, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2010) ViEWS-Towards a national early warning score for detecting adult inpatient deterioration. Resuscitation 81:932–937 Prytherch DR, Smith GB, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2010) ViEWS-Towards a national early warning score for detecting adult inpatient deterioration. Resuscitation 81:932–937
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Buist M, Bernard S, Nguyen TV, Moore G, Anderson J (2004) Association between clinically abnormal observations and subsequent in-hospital mortality: a prospective study. Resuscitation 62:137–141 Buist M, Bernard S, Nguyen TV, Moore G, Anderson J (2004) Association between clinically abnormal observations and subsequent in-hospital mortality: a prospective study. Resuscitation 62:137–141
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldhill DR, McNarry AF (2004) Physiological abnormalities in early warning scores are related to mortality in adult inpatients. Br J Anaesth 92:882–884 Goldhill DR, McNarry AF (2004) Physiological abnormalities in early warning scores are related to mortality in adult inpatients. Br J Anaesth 92:882–884
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison GA, Jacques T, McLaws ML, Kilborn G (2006) Combinations of early signs of critical illness predict in-hospital death-the SOCCER study (signs of critical conditions and emergency responses). Resuscitation 71:327–334 Harrison GA, Jacques T, McLaws ML, Kilborn G (2006) Combinations of early signs of critical illness predict in-hospital death-the SOCCER study (signs of critical conditions and emergency responses). Resuscitation 71:327–334
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Bell MB, Konrad D, Granath F, Ekbom A, Martling CR (2006) Prevalence and sensitivity of MET-criteria in a Scandinavian University Hospital. Resuscitation 70:66–73 Bell MB, Konrad D, Granath F, Ekbom A, Martling CR (2006) Prevalence and sensitivity of MET-criteria in a Scandinavian University Hospital. Resuscitation 70:66–73
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Gardner-Thorpe J, Love N, Wrightson J, Walsh S, Keeling N (2006) The value of Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) in surgical in-patients: a prospective observational study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 88:571–575 Gardner-Thorpe J, Love N, Wrightson J, Walsh S, Keeling N (2006) The value of Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) in surgical in-patients: a prospective observational study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 88:571–575
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Quarterman CP, Thomas AN, McKenna M, McNamee R (2005) Use of a patient information system to audit the introduction of modified early warning scoring. J Eval Clin Pract 11:133–138 Quarterman CP, Thomas AN, McKenna M, McNamee R (2005) Use of a patient information system to audit the introduction of modified early warning scoring. J Eval Clin Pract 11:133–138
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldhill DR, McNarry AF, Hadjianastassiou VG, Tekkis PP (2004) The longer patients are in hospital before Intensive Care admission the higher their mortality. Intensive Care Med 30:1908–1913 Goldhill DR, McNarry AF, Hadjianastassiou VG, Tekkis PP (2004) The longer patients are in hospital before Intensive Care admission the higher their mortality. Intensive Care Med 30:1908–1913
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldhill DR, McNarry AF, Mandersloot G, McGinley A (2005) A physiologically-based early warning score for ward patients: the association between score and outcome. Anaesthesia 60:547–553 Goldhill DR, McNarry AF, Mandersloot G, McGinley A (2005) A physiologically-based early warning score for ward patients: the association between score and outcome. Anaesthesia 60:547–553
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Boniatti MM, Azzolini N, da Fonseca DL et al (2010) Prognostic value of the calling criteria in patients receiving a medical emergency team review. Resuscitation 81:667–670 Boniatti MM, Azzolini N, da Fonseca DL et al (2010) Prognostic value of the calling criteria in patients receiving a medical emergency team review. Resuscitation 81:667–670
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison GA, Jacques TC, Kilborn G, McLaws ML (2005) The prevalence of recordings of the signs of critical conditions and emergency responses in hospital wards–the SOCCER study. Resuscitation 65:149–157 Harrison GA, Jacques TC, Kilborn G, McLaws ML (2005) The prevalence of recordings of the signs of critical conditions and emergency responses in hospital wards–the SOCCER study. Resuscitation 65:149–157
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall S, Williams E, Richards S, Subbe C, Gemmell L (2003) Waiting to exhale: critical Care Outreach and recording of ventilatory frequency. Br J Anaesth 90:570–571 Hall S, Williams E, Richards S, Subbe C, Gemmell L (2003) Waiting to exhale: critical Care Outreach and recording of ventilatory frequency. Br J Anaesth 90:570–571
82.
Zurück zum Zitat McBride J, Knight D, Piper J, Smith G (2005) Long-term effect of introducing an early warning score on respiratory rate charting on general wards. Resuscitation 65:41–44 McBride J, Knight D, Piper J, Smith G (2005) Long-term effect of introducing an early warning score on respiratory rate charting on general wards. Resuscitation 65:41–44
83.
Zurück zum Zitat McGain F, Cretikos MA, Jones D et al (2008) Documentation of clinical review and vital signs after major surgery. Med J Aust 189:380–383 McGain F, Cretikos MA, Jones D et al (2008) Documentation of clinical review and vital signs after major surgery. Med J Aust 189:380–383
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Excellence NIfHaC (2007) NICE clinical guideline 50 Acutely ill patients in hospital: recognition of and response to acute illness in adults in hospital. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London Excellence NIfHaC (2007) NICE clinical guideline 50 Acutely ill patients in hospital: recognition of and response to acute illness in adults in hospital. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldhill DR, Worthington L, Mulcahy A, Tarling M, Sumner A (1999) The patient-at-risk team: identifying and managing seriously ill ward patients. Anaesthesia 54:853–860 Goldhill DR, Worthington L, Mulcahy A, Tarling M, Sumner A (1999) The patient-at-risk team: identifying and managing seriously ill ward patients. Anaesthesia 54:853–860
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Subbe CP, Davies RG, Williams E, Rutherford P, Gemmell L (2003) Effect of introducing the Modified Early Warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio-pulmonary arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions. Anaesthesia 58:797–802 Subbe CP, Davies RG, Williams E, Rutherford P, Gemmell L (2003) Effect of introducing the Modified Early Warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio-pulmonary arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions. Anaesthesia 58:797–802
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Armitage M, Eddleston J, Stokes T (2007) Recognising and responding to acute illness in adults in hospital: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 335:258–259 Armitage M, Eddleston J, Stokes T (2007) Recognising and responding to acute illness in adults in hospital: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 335:258–259
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Flabouris A, Finfer S, Cretikos M (2009) The impact of introducing medical emergency team system on the documentations of vital signs. Resuscitation 80:35–43 Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Flabouris A, Finfer S, Cretikos M (2009) The impact of introducing medical emergency team system on the documentations of vital signs. Resuscitation 80:35–43
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Odell M, Rechner IJ, Kapila A et al (2007) The effect of a critical care outreach service and an early warning scoring system on respiratory rate recording on the general wards. Resuscitation 74:470–475 Odell M, Rechner IJ, Kapila A et al (2007) The effect of a critical care outreach service and an early warning scoring system on respiratory rate recording on the general wards. Resuscitation 74:470–475
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Critical care outreach 2003: progress in developing services. The National Outreach Report. London, UK: Department of Health and National Health Service 3780 Modernisation Agency; 2003 Critical care outreach 2003: progress in developing services. The National Outreach Report. London, UK: Department of Health and National Health Service 3780 Modernisation Agency; 2003
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Subbe CP, Gao H, Harrison DA (2007) Reproducibility of physiological track-and-trigger warning systems for identifying at-risk patients on the ward. Intensive Care Med 33:619–624 Subbe CP, Gao H, Harrison DA (2007) Reproducibility of physiological track-and-trigger warning systems for identifying at-risk patients on the ward. Intensive Care Med 33:619–624
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Jarvis S, Kovacs C, Briggs J et al (2015) Can binary early warning scores perform as well as standard early warning scores for discriminating a patient’s risk of cardiac arrest, death or unanticipated intensive care unit admission? Resuscitation 93:46–52 Jarvis S, Kovacs C, Briggs J et al (2015) Can binary early warning scores perform as well as standard early warning scores for discriminating a patient’s risk of cardiac arrest, death or unanticipated intensive care unit admission? Resuscitation 93:46–52
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Douw G, Schoonhoven L, Holwerda T et al (2015) Nurses’ worry or concern and early recognition of deteriorating patients on general wards in acute care hospitals: a systematic review. Crit Care 19:230 Douw G, Schoonhoven L, Holwerda T et al (2015) Nurses’ worry or concern and early recognition of deteriorating patients on general wards in acute care hospitals: a systematic review. Crit Care 19:230
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Santiano N, Young L, Hillman K et al (2009) Analysis of medical emergency team calls comparing subjective to „objective“ call criteria. Resuscitation 80:44–49 Santiano N, Young L, Hillman K et al (2009) Analysis of medical emergency team calls comparing subjective to „objective“ call criteria. Resuscitation 80:44–49
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Herod R, Frost SA, Parr M, Hillman K, Aneman A (2014) Long term trends in medical emergency team activations and outcomes. Resuscitation 85:1083–1087 Herod R, Frost SA, Parr M, Hillman K, Aneman A (2014) Long term trends in medical emergency team activations and outcomes. Resuscitation 85:1083–1087
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Tirkkonen J, Olkkola KT, Huhtala H, Tenhunen J, Hoppu S (2014) Medical emergency team activation: performance of conventional dichotomised criteria versus national early warning score. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:411–419 Tirkkonen J, Olkkola KT, Huhtala H, Tenhunen J, Hoppu S (2014) Medical emergency team activation: performance of conventional dichotomised criteria versus national early warning score. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:411–419
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Jarvis S, Kovacs C, Briggs J et al (2015) Aggregate National Early Warning Score (NEWS) values are more important than high scores for a single vital signs parameter for discriminating the risk of adverse outcomes. Resuscitation 87:75–80 Jarvis S, Kovacs C, Briggs J et al (2015) Aggregate National Early Warning Score (NEWS) values are more important than high scores for a single vital signs parameter for discriminating the risk of adverse outcomes. Resuscitation 87:75–80
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2013) The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death. Resuscitation 84:465–470 Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2013) The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death. Resuscitation 84:465–470
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA et al (2006) First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA 295:50–57 Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA et al (2006) First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA 295:50–57
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Churpek MM, Yuen TC, Winslow C, Hall J, Edelson DP (2015) Differences in vital signs between elderly and nonelderly patients prior to ward cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 43:816–822 Churpek MM, Yuen TC, Winslow C, Hall J, Edelson DP (2015) Differences in vital signs between elderly and nonelderly patients prior to ward cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 43:816–822
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Preece MH, Hill A, Horswill MS, Watson MO (2012) Supporting the detection of patient deterioration: observation chart design affects the recognition of abnormal vital signs. Resuscitation 83:1111–1118 Preece MH, Hill A, Horswill MS, Watson MO (2012) Supporting the detection of patient deterioration: observation chart design affects the recognition of abnormal vital signs. Resuscitation 83:1111–1118
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt P et al (2006) Hospital-wide physiological surveillance-a new approach to the early identification and management of the sick patient. Resuscitation 71:19–28 Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt P et al (2006) Hospital-wide physiological surveillance-a new approach to the early identification and management of the sick patient. Resuscitation 71:19–28
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellomo R, Ackerman M, Bailey M et al (2012) A controlled trial of electronic automated advisory vital signs monitoring in general hospital wards. Crit Care Med 40:2349–2361 Bellomo R, Ackerman M, Bailey M et al (2012) A controlled trial of electronic automated advisory vital signs monitoring in general hospital wards. Crit Care Med 40:2349–2361
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans RS, Kuttler KG, Simpson KJ et al (2015) Automated detection of physiologic deterioration in hospitalized patients. J Am Med Inform Assoc 22:350–360 Evans RS, Kuttler KG, Simpson KJ et al (2015) Automated detection of physiologic deterioration in hospitalized patients. J Am Med Inform Assoc 22:350–360
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell IA, McKay H, Van Leuvan C et al (2010) A prospective controlled trial of the effect of a multi-faceted intervention on early recognition and intervention in deteriorating hospital patients. Resuscitation 81(6):658–666 Mitchell IA, McKay H, Van Leuvan C et al (2010) A prospective controlled trial of the effect of a multi-faceted intervention on early recognition and intervention in deteriorating hospital patients. Resuscitation 81(6):658–666
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt PE, Meredith P, Prytherch DR et al (2015) Impact of introducing an electronic physiological surveillance system on hospital mortality. BMJ Qual Saf 24:10–20 Schmidt PE, Meredith P, Prytherch DR et al (2015) Impact of introducing an electronic physiological surveillance system on hospital mortality. BMJ Qual Saf 24:10–20
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Azzopardi P, Kinney S, Moulden A, Tibballs J (2011) Attitudes and barriers to a Medical Emergency Team system at a tertiary paediatric hospital. Resuscitation 82:167–174 Azzopardi P, Kinney S, Moulden A, Tibballs J (2011) Attitudes and barriers to a Medical Emergency Team system at a tertiary paediatric hospital. Resuscitation 82:167–174
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Radeschi G, Urso F, Campagna S et al (2015) Factors affecting attitudes and barriers to a medical emergency team among nurses and medical doctors: a multi-centre survey. Resuscitation 88:92–98 Radeschi G, Urso F, Campagna S et al (2015) Factors affecting attitudes and barriers to a medical emergency team among nurses and medical doctors: a multi-centre survey. Resuscitation 88:92–98
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Bagshaw SM, Mondor EE, Scouten C et al (2010) A survey of nurses’ beliefs about the medical emergency team system in a canadian tertiary hospital. Am J Crit Care 19:74–83 Bagshaw SM, Mondor EE, Scouten C et al (2010) A survey of nurses’ beliefs about the medical emergency team system in a canadian tertiary hospital. Am J Crit Care 19:74–83
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Shearer B, Marshall S, Buist MD et al (2012) What stops hospital clinical staff from following protocols? An analysis of the incidence and factors behind the failure of bedside clinical staff to activate the rapid response system in a multi-campus Australian metropolitan healthcare service. BMJ Qual Saf 21:569–575 Shearer B, Marshall S, Buist MD et al (2012) What stops hospital clinical staff from following protocols? An analysis of the incidence and factors behind the failure of bedside clinical staff to activate the rapid response system in a multi-campus Australian metropolitan healthcare service. BMJ Qual Saf 21:569–575
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Featherstone P, Chalmers T, Smith GB (2008) RSVP: a system for communication of deterioration in hospital patients. Br J Nurs 17:860–864 Featherstone P, Chalmers T, Smith GB (2008) RSVP: a system for communication of deterioration in hospital patients. Br J Nurs 17:860–864
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall S, Harrison J, Flanagan B (2009) The teaching of a structured tool improves the clarity and content of interprofessional clinical communication. Qual Saf Health Care 18:137–140 Marshall S, Harrison J, Flanagan B (2009) The teaching of a structured tool improves the clarity and content of interprofessional clinical communication. Qual Saf Health Care 18:137–140
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Ludikhuize J, de Jonge E, Goossens A (2011) Measuring adherence among nurses one year after training in applying the Modified Early Warning Score and Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation instruments. Resuscitation 82:1428–1433 Ludikhuize J, de Jonge E, Goossens A (2011) Measuring adherence among nurses one year after training in applying the Modified Early Warning Score and Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation instruments. Resuscitation 82:1428–1433
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee A, Bishop G, Hillman KM, Daffurn K (1995) The medical emergency team. Anaesth Intensive Care 23:183–186 Lee A, Bishop G, Hillman KM, Daffurn K (1995) The medical emergency team. Anaesth Intensive Care 23:183–186
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Devita MA, Bellomo R, Hillman K et al (2006) Findings of the first consensus conference on medical emergency teams. Crit Care Med 34:2463–2478 Devita MA, Bellomo R, Hillman K et al (2006) Findings of the first consensus conference on medical emergency teams. Crit Care Med 34:2463–2478
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Ball C, Kirkby M, Williams S (2003) Effect of the critical care outreach team on patient survival to discharge from hospital and readmission to critical care: non-randomised population based study. BMJ 327:1014 Ball C, Kirkby M, Williams S (2003) Effect of the critical care outreach team on patient survival to discharge from hospital and readmission to critical care: non-randomised population based study. BMJ 327:1014
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones DA, DeVita MA, Bellomo R (2011) Rapid-response teams. N Engl J Med 365:139–146 Jones DA, DeVita MA, Bellomo R (2011) Rapid-response teams. N Engl J Med 365:139–146
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Zenker P, Schlesinger A, Hauck M et al (2007) Implementation and impact of a rapid response team in a children’s hospital. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 33:418–425 Zenker P, Schlesinger A, Hauck M et al (2007) Implementation and impact of a rapid response team in a children’s hospital. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 33:418–425
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Dean BS, Decker MJ, Hupp D, Urbach AH, Lewis E, Benes-Stickle J (2008) Condition HELP: a pediatric rapid response team triggered by patients and parents. J Healthc Qual 30:28–31 Dean BS, Decker MJ, Hupp D, Urbach AH, Lewis E, Benes-Stickle J (2008) Condition HELP: a pediatric rapid response team triggered by patients and parents. J Healthc Qual 30:28–31
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Ray EM, Smith R, Massie S et al (2009) Family alert: implementing direct family activation of a pediatric rapid response team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 35:575–580 Ray EM, Smith R, Massie S et al (2009) Family alert: implementing direct family activation of a pediatric rapid response team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 35:575–580
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Kenward G, Castle N, Hodgetts T, Shaikh L (2004) Evaluation of a medical emergency team one year after implementation. Resuscitation 61:257–263 Kenward G, Castle N, Hodgetts T, Shaikh L (2004) Evaluation of a medical emergency team one year after implementation. Resuscitation 61:257–263
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan PS, Khalid A, Longmore LS, Berg RA, Kosiborod M, Spertus JA (2008) Hospital-wide code rates and mortality before and after implementation of a rapid response team. JAMA 300:2506–2513 Chan PS, Khalid A, Longmore LS, Berg RA, Kosiborod M, Spertus JA (2008) Hospital-wide code rates and mortality before and after implementation of a rapid response team. JAMA 300:2506–2513
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Dacey MJ, Mirza ER, Wilcox V et al (2007) The effect of a rapid response team on major clinical outcome measures in a community hospital. Crit Care Med 35:2076–2082 Dacey MJ, Mirza ER, Wilcox V et al (2007) The effect of a rapid response team on major clinical outcome measures in a community hospital. Crit Care Med 35:2076–2082
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJ, Colin-Thome NJ, McNicol PL (2004) The effect of critical care outreach on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 59:762–766 Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJ, Colin-Thome NJ, McNicol PL (2004) The effect of critical care outreach on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 59:762–766
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJ, Colin-Thome NJ, McIntyre RE, McNicol PL (2006) Effect of an anaesthesia department led critical care outreach and acute pain service on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 61:24–28 Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJ, Colin-Thome NJ, McIntyre RE, McNicol PL (2006) Effect of an anaesthesia department led critical care outreach and acute pain service on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 61:24–28
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Flabouris A, Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Finfer S (2010) Timing and interventions of emergency teams during the MERIT study. Resuscitation 81:25–30 Flabouris A, Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Finfer S (2010) Timing and interventions of emergency teams during the MERIT study. Resuscitation 81:25–30
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones DA, Bagshaw SM, Barrett J et al (2012) The role of the medical emergency team in end-of-life care: a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Crit Care Med 40:98–103 Jones DA, Bagshaw SM, Barrett J et al (2012) The role of the medical emergency team in end-of-life care: a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Crit Care Med 40:98–103
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Downar J, Barua R, Rodin D et al (2013) Changes in end of life care 5 years after the introduction of a rapid response team: a multicentre retrospective study. Resuscitation 84:1339–1344 Downar J, Barua R, Rodin D et al (2013) Changes in end of life care 5 years after the introduction of a rapid response team: a multicentre retrospective study. Resuscitation 84:1339–1344
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Coventry C, Flabouris A, Sundararajan K, Cramey T (2013) Rapid response team calls to patients with a pre-existing not for resuscitation order. Resuscitation 84:1035–1039 Coventry C, Flabouris A, Sundararajan K, Cramey T (2013) Rapid response team calls to patients with a pre-existing not for resuscitation order. Resuscitation 84:1035–1039
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Sulistio M, Franco M, Vo A, Poon P, William L (2015) Hospital rapid response team and patients with life-limiting illness: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Palliat Med 29:302–309 Sulistio M, Franco M, Vo A, Poon P, William L (2015) Hospital rapid response team and patients with life-limiting illness: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Palliat Med 29:302–309
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan LH, Delaney A (2014) Medical emergency teams and end-of-life care: a systematic review. Crit Care Resusc 16:62–68 Tan LH, Delaney A (2014) Medical emergency teams and end-of-life care: a systematic review. Crit Care Resusc 16:62–68
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith RL, Hayashi VN, Lee YI, Navarro-Mariazeta L, Felner K (2014) The medical emergency team call: a sentinel event that triggers goals of care discussion. Crit Care Med 42:322–327 Smith RL, Hayashi VN, Lee YI, Navarro-Mariazeta L, Felner K (2014) The medical emergency team call: a sentinel event that triggers goals of care discussion. Crit Care Med 42:322–327
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Downar J, Rodin D, Barua R et al (2013) Rapid response teams, do not resuscitate orders, and potential opportunities to improve end-of-life care: a multicentre retrospective study. J Crit Care 28:498–503 Downar J, Rodin D, Barua R et al (2013) Rapid response teams, do not resuscitate orders, and potential opportunities to improve end-of-life care: a multicentre retrospective study. J Crit Care 28:498–503
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardona-Morrell M, Hillman K (2015) Development of a tool for defining and identifying the dying patient in hospital: Criteria for Screening and Triaging to Appropriate aLternative care (CriSTAL). BMJ Support Palliat Care 5:78–90 Cardona-Morrell M, Hillman K (2015) Development of a tool for defining and identifying the dying patient in hospital: Criteria for Screening and Triaging to Appropriate aLternative care (CriSTAL). BMJ Support Palliat Care 5:78–90
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandroni C, D’Arrigo S, Antonelli M (2015) Rapid response systems: are they really effective? Crit Care 19:104 Sandroni C, D’Arrigo S, Antonelli M (2015) Rapid response systems: are they really effective? Crit Care 19:104
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J, Bellomo R, Flabouris A, Hillman K, Finfer S (2009) The relationship between early emergency team calls and serious adverse events. Crit Care Med 37:148–153 Chen J, Bellomo R, Flabouris A, Hillman K, Finfer S (2009) The relationship between early emergency team calls and serious adverse events. Crit Care Med 37:148–153
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Baxter AD, Cardinal P, Hooper J, Patel R (2008) Medical emergency teams at The Ottawa Hospital: the first two years. Can J Anaesth 55:223–231 Baxter AD, Cardinal P, Hooper J, Patel R (2008) Medical emergency teams at The Ottawa Hospital: the first two years. Can J Anaesth 55:223–231
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Benson L, Mitchell C, Link M, Carlson G, Fisher J (2008) Using an advanced practice nursing model for a rapid response team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 34:743–747 Benson L, Mitchell C, Link M, Carlson G, Fisher J (2008) Using an advanced practice nursing model for a rapid response team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 34:743–747
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertaut Y, Campbell A, Goodlett D (2008) Implementing a rapid-response team using a nurse-to-nurse consult approach. J Vasc Nurs 26:37–42 Bertaut Y, Campbell A, Goodlett D (2008) Implementing a rapid-response team using a nurse-to-nurse consult approach. J Vasc Nurs 26:37–42
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Buist MD, Moore GE, Bernard SA, Waxman BP, Anderson JN, Nguyen TV (2002) Effects of a medical emergency team on reduction of incidence of and mortality from unexpected cardiac arrests in hospital: preliminary study. BMJ 324:387–390 Buist MD, Moore GE, Bernard SA, Waxman BP, Anderson JN, Nguyen TV (2002) Effects of a medical emergency team on reduction of incidence of and mortality from unexpected cardiac arrests in hospital: preliminary study. BMJ 324:387–390
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Buist M, Harrison J, Abaloz E, Van Dyke S (2007) Six year audit of cardiac arrests and medical emergency team calls in an Australian outer metropolitan teaching hospital. BMJ 335:1210–1212 Buist M, Harrison J, Abaloz E, Van Dyke S (2007) Six year audit of cardiac arrests and medical emergency team calls in an Australian outer metropolitan teaching hospital. BMJ 335:1210–1212
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamberlain B, Donley K, Maddison J (2009) Patient outcomes using a rapid response team. Clin Nurse Spec 23:11–12 Chamberlain B, Donley K, Maddison J (2009) Patient outcomes using a rapid response team. Clin Nurse Spec 23:11–12
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Hatler C, Mast D, Bedker D et al (2009) Implementing a rapid response team to decrease emergencies outside the ICU: one hospital’s experience. Medsurg Nurs 18:84–90, 126 Hatler C, Mast D, Bedker D et al (2009) Implementing a rapid response team to decrease emergencies outside the ICU: one hospital’s experience. Medsurg Nurs 18:84–90, 126
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones D, Bellomo R, Bates S et al (2005) Long term effect of a medical emergency team on cardiac arrests in a teaching hospital. Crit Care 9:R808–R815 Jones D, Bellomo R, Bates S et al (2005) Long term effect of a medical emergency team on cardiac arrests in a teaching hospital. Crit Care 9:R808–R815
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones D, Bellomo R, Bates S et al (2006) Patient monitoring and the timing of cardiac arrests and medical emergency team calls in a teaching hospital. Intensive Care Med 32:1352–1356 Jones D, Bellomo R, Bates S et al (2006) Patient monitoring and the timing of cardiac arrests and medical emergency team calls in a teaching hospital. Intensive Care Med 32:1352–1356
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Moldenhauer K, Sabel A, Chu ES, Mehler PS (2009) Clinical triggers: an alternative to a rapid response team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 35:164–174 Moldenhauer K, Sabel A, Chu ES, Mehler PS (2009) Clinical triggers: an alternative to a rapid response team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 35:164–174
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Offner PJ, Heit J, Roberts R (2007) Implementation of a rapid response team decreases cardiac arrest outside of the intensive care unit. J Trauma 62:1223–1227. (discussion 7–8) Offner PJ, Heit J, Roberts R (2007) Implementation of a rapid response team decreases cardiac arrest outside of the intensive care unit. J Trauma 62:1223–1227. (discussion 7–8)
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Gould D (2007) Promoting patient safety: the rapid medical response team. Perm J 11:26–34 Gould D (2007) Promoting patient safety: the rapid medical response team. Perm J 11:26–34
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Jolley J, Bendyk H, Holaday B, Lombardozzi KA, Harmon C (2007) Rapid response teams: do they make a difference? Dimens Crit Care Nurs 26:253–260. (quiz 61–62) Jolley J, Bendyk H, Holaday B, Lombardozzi KA, Harmon C (2007) Rapid response teams: do they make a difference? Dimens Crit Care Nurs 26:253–260. (quiz 61–62)
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Konrad D, Jaderling G, Bell M, Granath F, Ekbom A, Martling CR (2010) Reducing in-hospital cardiac arrests and hospital mortality by introducing a medical emergency team. Intensive Care Med 36:100–106 Konrad D, Jaderling G, Bell M, Granath F, Ekbom A, Martling CR (2010) Reducing in-hospital cardiac arrests and hospital mortality by introducing a medical emergency team. Intensive Care Med 36:100–106
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Simmes FM, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes J, Fikkers BG, van der Hoeven JG (2012) Incidence of cardiac arrests and unexpected deaths in surgical patients before and after implementation of a rapid response system. Ann Intensive Care 2:20 Simmes FM, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes J, Fikkers BG, van der Hoeven JG (2012) Incidence of cardiac arrests and unexpected deaths in surgical patients before and after implementation of a rapid response system. Ann Intensive Care 2:20
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Howell MD, Ngo L, Folcarelli P et al (2012) Sustained effectiveness of a primary-team-based rapid response system. Crit Care Med 40:2562–2568 Howell MD, Ngo L, Folcarelli P et al (2012) Sustained effectiveness of a primary-team-based rapid response system. Crit Care Med 40:2562–2568
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Beitler JR, Link N, Bails DB, Hurdle K, Chong DH (2011) Reduction in hospital-wide mortality after implementation of a rapid response team: a long-term cohort study. Crit Care 15:R269 Beitler JR, Link N, Bails DB, Hurdle K, Chong DH (2011) Reduction in hospital-wide mortality after implementation of a rapid response team: a long-term cohort study. Crit Care 15:R269
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Santamaria J, Tobin A, Holmes J (2010) Changing cardiac arrest and hospital mortality rates through a medical emergency team takes time and constant review. Crit Care Med 38:445–450 Santamaria J, Tobin A, Holmes J (2010) Changing cardiac arrest and hospital mortality rates through a medical emergency team takes time and constant review. Crit Care Med 38:445–450
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Rothberg MB, Belforti R, Fitzgerald J, Friderici J, Keyes M (2012) Four years’ experience with a hospitalist-led medical emergency team: an interrupted time series. J Hosp Med 7:98–103 Rothberg MB, Belforti R, Fitzgerald J, Friderici J, Keyes M (2012) Four years’ experience with a hospitalist-led medical emergency team: an interrupted time series. J Hosp Med 7:98–103
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Lighthall GK, Parast LM, Rapoport L, Wagner TH (2010) Introduction of a rapid response system at a United States veterans affairs hospital reduced cardiac arrests. Anesth Analg 111:679–986 Lighthall GK, Parast LM, Rapoport L, Wagner TH (2010) Introduction of a rapid response system at a United States veterans affairs hospital reduced cardiac arrests. Anesth Analg 111:679–986
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J, Ou L, Hillman K et al (2014) The impact of implementing a rapid response system: a comparison of cardiopulmonary arrests and mortality among four teaching hospitals in Australia. Resuscitation 85:1275–1281 Chen J, Ou L, Hillman K et al (2014) The impact of implementing a rapid response system: a comparison of cardiopulmonary arrests and mortality among four teaching hospitals in Australia. Resuscitation 85:1275–1281
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones D, George C, Hart GK, Bellomo R, Martin J (2008) Introduction of medical emergency teams in Australia and New Zealand: a multi-centre study. Crit Care 12:R46 Jones D, George C, Hart GK, Bellomo R, Martin J (2008) Introduction of medical emergency teams in Australia and New Zealand: a multi-centre study. Crit Care 12:R46
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Qahtani S, Al-Dorzi HM, Tamim HM et al (2013) Impact of an intensivist-led multidisciplinary extended rapid response team on hospital-wide cardiopulmonary arrests and mortality. Crit Care Med 41:506–517 Al-Qahtani S, Al-Dorzi HM, Tamim HM et al (2013) Impact of an intensivist-led multidisciplinary extended rapid response team on hospital-wide cardiopulmonary arrests and mortality. Crit Care Med 41:506–517
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Bristow PJ, Hillman KM, Chey T et al (2000) Rates of in-hospital arrests, deaths and intensive care admissions: the effect of a medical emergency team. Med J Aust 173:236–240 Bristow PJ, Hillman KM, Chey T et al (2000) Rates of in-hospital arrests, deaths and intensive care admissions: the effect of a medical emergency team. Med J Aust 173:236–240
161.
Zurück zum Zitat King E, Horvath R, Shulkin DJ (2006) Establishing a rapid response team (RRT) in an academic hospital: one year’s experience. J Hosp Med 1:296–305 King E, Horvath R, Shulkin DJ (2006) Establishing a rapid response team (RRT) in an academic hospital: one year’s experience. J Hosp Med 1:296–305
162.
Zurück zum Zitat McFarlan SJ, Hensley S (2007) Implementation and outcomes of a rapid response team. J Nurs Care Qual 22:307–313. (quiz 14–15) McFarlan SJ, Hensley S (2007) Implementation and outcomes of a rapid response team. J Nurs Care Qual 22:307–313. (quiz 14–15)
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Rothschild JM, Woolf S, Finn KM et al (2008) A controlled trial of a rapid response system in an academic medical center. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 34:417–425, 365 Rothschild JM, Woolf S, Finn KM et al (2008) A controlled trial of a rapid response system in an academic medical center. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 34:417–425, 365
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan PS, Jain R, Nallmothu BK, Berg RA, Sasson C (2010) Rapid response teams: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 170:18–26 Chan PS, Jain R, Nallmothu BK, Berg RA, Sasson C (2010) Rapid response teams: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 170:18–26
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Winters BD, Weaver SJ, Pfoh ER, Yang T, Pham JC, Dy SM (2013) Rapid-response systems as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 158:417–425 Winters BD, Weaver SJ, Pfoh ER, Yang T, Pham JC, Dy SM (2013) Rapid-response systems as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 158:417–425
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J, Ou L, Hillman KM et al (2014) Cardiopulmonary arrest and mortality trends, and their association with rapid response system expansion. Med J Aust 201:167–170 Chen J, Ou L, Hillman KM et al (2014) Cardiopulmonary arrest and mortality trends, and their association with rapid response system expansion. Med J Aust 201:167–170
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Concord Medical Emergency Team Incidents Study I, Cheung W, Sahai V et al (2014) Incidents resulting from staff leaving normal duties to attend medical emergency team calls. Med J Aust 201:528–531 Concord Medical Emergency Team Incidents Study I, Cheung W, Sahai V et al (2014) Incidents resulting from staff leaving normal duties to attend medical emergency team calls. Med J Aust 201:528–531
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Guidelines for the utilisation of intensive care units (1994) European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 20:163–164 Guidelines for the utilisation of intensive care units (1994) European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 20:163–164
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Haupt MT, Bekes CE, Brilli RJ et al (2003) Guidelines on critical care services and personnel: recommendations based on a system of categorization of three levels of care. Crit Care Med 31:2677–2683 Haupt MT, Bekes CE, Brilli RJ et al (2003) Guidelines on critical care services and personnel: recommendations based on a system of categorization of three levels of care. Crit Care Med 31:2677–2683
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Peberdy MA, Ornato JP, Larkin GL et al (2008) Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends. JAMA 299:785–792 Peberdy MA, Ornato JP, Larkin GL et al (2008) Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends. JAMA 299:785–792
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Hillson SD, Rich EC, Dowd B, Luxenberg MG (1992) Call nights and patients care: effects on inpatients at one teaching hospital. J Gen Intern Med 7:405–410 Hillson SD, Rich EC, Dowd B, Luxenberg MG (1992) Call nights and patients care: effects on inpatients at one teaching hospital. J Gen Intern Med 7:405–410
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Bell CM, Redelmeier DA (2001) Mortality among patients admitted to hospitals on weekends as compared with weekdays. N Engl J Med 345:663–668 Bell CM, Redelmeier DA (2001) Mortality among patients admitted to hospitals on weekends as compared with weekdays. N Engl J Med 345:663–668
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck DH, McQuillan P, Smith GB (2002) Waiting for the break of dawn? The effects of discharge time, discharge TISS scores and discharge facility on hospital mortality after intensive care. Intensive Care Med 28:1287–1293 Beck DH, McQuillan P, Smith GB (2002) Waiting for the break of dawn? The effects of discharge time, discharge TISS scores and discharge facility on hospital mortality after intensive care. Intensive Care Med 28:1287–1293
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldfrad C, Rowan K (2000) Consequences of discharges from intensive care at night. Lancet 355:1138–1142 Goldfrad C, Rowan K (2000) Consequences of discharges from intensive care at night. Lancet 355:1138–1142
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Tourangeau AE, Cranley LA, Jeffs L (2006) Impact of nursing on hospital patient mortality: a focused review and related policy implications. Qual Saf Health Care 15:4–8 Tourangeau AE, Cranley LA, Jeffs L (2006) Impact of nursing on hospital patient mortality: a focused review and related policy implications. Qual Saf Health Care 15:4–8
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Silber JH (2002) Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. JAMA 288:1987–1993 Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Silber JH (2002) Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. JAMA 288:1987–1993
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Bruyneel L et al (2014) Nurse staffing and education and hospital mortality in nine European countries: a retrospective observational study. Lancet 383:1824–1830 Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Bruyneel L et al (2014) Nurse staffing and education and hospital mortality in nine European countries: a retrospective observational study. Lancet 383:1824–1830
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Baskett PJ, Lim A (2004) The varying ethical attitudes towards resuscitation in Europe. Resuscitation 62:267–273 Baskett PJ, Lim A (2004) The varying ethical attitudes towards resuscitation in Europe. Resuscitation 62:267–273
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Baskett PJ, Steen PA, Bossaert L (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 8. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 67(Suppl 1):S171–S180 Baskett PJ, Steen PA, Bossaert L (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 8. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 67(Suppl 1):S171–S180
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Clements M, Fuld J, Fritz Z (2014) Documentation of resuscitation decision-making: a survey of practice in the United Kingdom. Resuscitation 85:606–611 Clements M, Fuld J, Fritz Z (2014) Documentation of resuscitation decision-making: a survey of practice in the United Kingdom. Resuscitation 85:606–611
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Mockford C, Fritz Z, George R et al (2015) Do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) orders: a systematic review of the barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation. Resuscitation 88:99–113 Mockford C, Fritz Z, George R et al (2015) Do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) orders: a systematic review of the barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation. Resuscitation 88:99–113
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Lippert FK, Raffay V, Georgiou M, Steen PA, Bossaert L (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 10. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 81:1445–1451 Lippert FK, Raffay V, Georgiou M, Steen PA, Bossaert L (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 10. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 81:1445–1451
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Field RA, Fritz Z, Baker A, Grove A, Perkins GD (2014) Systematic review of interventions to improve appropriate use and outcomes associated with do-not-attempt-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation decisions. Resuscitation 85:1418–1431 Field RA, Fritz Z, Baker A, Grove A, Perkins GD (2014) Systematic review of interventions to improve appropriate use and outcomes associated with do-not-attempt-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation decisions. Resuscitation 85:1418–1431
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Bossaert L, Perkins GD, Askitopoulou H et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 11 The Ethics of Resuscitation and End-of-Life Decisions. Resuscitation 95:302–311 Bossaert L, Perkins GD, Askitopoulou H et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 11 The Ethics of Resuscitation and End-of-Life Decisions. Resuscitation 95:302–311
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Muller D, Agrawal R, Arntz HR (2006) How sudden is sudden cardiac death? Circulation 114:1146–1150 Muller D, Agrawal R, Arntz HR (2006) How sudden is sudden cardiac death? Circulation 114:1146–1150
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Nava A, Bauce B, Basso C et al (2000) Clinical profile and long-term follow-up of 37 families with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:2226–2233 Nava A, Bauce B, Basso C et al (2000) Clinical profile and long-term follow-up of 37 families with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:2226–2233
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P (2003) Determinants of sudden cardiac death in individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of Brugada syndrome and no previous cardiac arrest. Circulation 108:3092–3096 Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P (2003) Determinants of sudden cardiac death in individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of Brugada syndrome and no previous cardiac arrest. Circulation 108:3092–3096
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M et al (2002) Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management. Circulation 105:1342–1347 Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M et al (2002) Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management. Circulation 105:1342–1347
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Spirito P, Autore C, Rapezzi C et al (2009) Syncope and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 119:1703–1710 Spirito P, Autore C, Rapezzi C et al (2009) Syncope and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 119:1703–1710
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Authors/Task Force m, Elliott PM, Anastasakis A et al (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 35:2733–2779 Authors/Task Force m, Elliott PM, Anastasakis A et al (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 35:2733–2779
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Schinkel AF (2013) Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: patient outcomes, incidence of appropriate and inappropriate interventions, and complications. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 6:562–568 Schinkel AF (2013) Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: patient outcomes, incidence of appropriate and inappropriate interventions, and complications. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 6:562–568
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz PJ, Spazzolini C, Priori SG et al (2010) Who are the long-QT syndrome patients who receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and what happens to them?: data from the European Long-QT Syndrome Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (LQTS ICD) Registry. Circulation 122:1272–1282 Schwartz PJ, Spazzolini C, Priori SG et al (2010) Who are the long-QT syndrome patients who receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and what happens to them?: data from the European Long-QT Syndrome Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (LQTS ICD) Registry. Circulation 122:1272–1282
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Jons C, Moss AJ, Goldenberg I et al (2010) Risk of fatal arrhythmic events in long QT syndrome patients after syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:783–788 Jons C, Moss AJ, Goldenberg I et al (2010) Risk of fatal arrhythmic events in long QT syndrome patients after syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:783–788
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D et al (2010) Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the Task Force Criteria. Eur Heart J 31:806–814 Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D et al (2010) Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the Task Force Criteria. Eur Heart J 31:806–814
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Marjamaa A, Hiippala A, Arrhenius B et al (2012) Intravenous epinephrine infusion test in diagnosis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 23:194–199 Marjamaa A, Hiippala A, Arrhenius B et al (2012) Intravenous epinephrine infusion test in diagnosis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 23:194–199
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Krahn AD, Healey JS, Simpson CS et al (2012) Sentinel symptoms in patients with unexplained cardiac arrest: from the cardiac arrest survivors with preserved ejection fraction registry (CASPER). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 23:60–66 Krahn AD, Healey JS, Simpson CS et al (2012) Sentinel symptoms in patients with unexplained cardiac arrest: from the cardiac arrest survivors with preserved ejection fraction registry (CASPER). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 23:60–66
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer MR, Drori Y, Lev B (1988) Sudden death in young soldiers. High incidence of syncope prior to death. Chest 93:345–347 Kramer MR, Drori Y, Lev B (1988) Sudden death in young soldiers. High incidence of syncope prior to death. Chest 93:345–347
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Quigley F, Greene M, O’Connor D, Kelly F (2005) A survey of the causes of sudden cardiac death in the under 35-year-age group. Ir Med J 98:232–235 Quigley F, Greene M, O’Connor D, Kelly F (2005) A survey of the causes of sudden cardiac death in the under 35-year-age group. Ir Med J 98:232–235
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T (2002) Sudden cardiac death in 15–35-year olds in Sweden during 1992–99. J Intern Med 252:529–536 Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T (2002) Sudden cardiac death in 15–35-year olds in Sweden during 1992–99. J Intern Med 252:529–536
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Wisten A, Messner T (2005) Young Swedish patients with sudden cardiac death have a lifestyle very similar to a control population. Scand Cardiovasc J 39:137–142 Wisten A, Messner T (2005) Young Swedish patients with sudden cardiac death have a lifestyle very similar to a control population. Scand Cardiovasc J 39:137–142
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Wisten A, Messner T (2005) Symptoms preceding sudden cardiac death in the young are common but often misinterpreted. Scand Cardiovasc J 39:143–149 Wisten A, Messner T (2005) Symptoms preceding sudden cardiac death in the young are common but often misinterpreted. Scand Cardiovasc J 39:143–149
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunso S, Tfelt-Hansen J (2014) Sudden cardiac death in children (1–18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting. Eur Heart J 35:868–875 Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunso S, Tfelt-Hansen J (2014) Sudden cardiac death in children (1–18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting. Eur Heart J 35:868–875
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Wilson MG, Sharma S (2014) Incidence of sudden cardiac death in athletes: a state-of-the-art review. Heart 100:1227–1234 Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Wilson MG, Sharma S (2014) Incidence of sudden cardiac death in athletes: a state-of-the-art review. Heart 100:1227–1234
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Basso C, Carturan E, Pilichou K, Rizzo S, Corrado D, Thiene G (2010) Sudden cardiac death with normal heart: molecular autopsy. Cardiovasc Pathol 19:321–325 Basso C, Carturan E, Pilichou K, Rizzo S, Corrado D, Thiene G (2010) Sudden cardiac death with normal heart: molecular autopsy. Cardiovasc Pathol 19:321–325
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Mazzanti A, O’Rourke S, Ng K et al (2014) The usual suspects in sudden cardiac death of the young: a focus on inherited arrhythmogenic diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 12:499–519 Mazzanti A, O’Rourke S, Ng K et al (2014) The usual suspects in sudden cardiac death of the young: a focus on inherited arrhythmogenic diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 12:499–519
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldberger JJ, Basu A, Boineau R et al (2014) Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: a plan for the future. Circulation 129:516–526 Goldberger JJ, Basu A, Boineau R et al (2014) Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: a plan for the future. Circulation 129:516–526
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Behr ER, Dalageorgou C, Christiansen M et al (2008) Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: familial evaluation identifies inheritable heart disease in the majority of families. Eur Heart J 29:1670–1680 Behr ER, Dalageorgou C, Christiansen M et al (2008) Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: familial evaluation identifies inheritable heart disease in the majority of families. Eur Heart J 29:1670–1680
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Brothers JA, Stephens P, Gaynor JW, Lorber R, Vricella LA, Paridon SM (2008) Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery with an interarterial course: should family screening be routine? J Am Coll Cardiol 51:2062–2064 Brothers JA, Stephens P, Gaynor JW, Lorber R, Vricella LA, Paridon SM (2008) Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery with an interarterial course: should family screening be routine? J Am Coll Cardiol 51:2062–2064
209.
Zurück zum Zitat Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F et al (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 30:2631–2671 Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F et al (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 30:2631–2671
210.
Zurück zum Zitat McGorrian C, Constant O, Harper N et al (2013) Family-based cardiac screening in relatives of victims of sudden arrhythmic death syndrome. Europace 15:1050–1058 McGorrian C, Constant O, Harper N et al (2013) Family-based cardiac screening in relatives of victims of sudden arrhythmic death syndrome. Europace 15:1050–1058
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Ingles J, Yeates L, Hunt L et al (2013) Health status of cardiac genetic disease patients and their at-risk relatives. Int J Cardiol 165:448–453 Ingles J, Yeates L, Hunt L et al (2013) Health status of cardiac genetic disease patients and their at-risk relatives. Int J Cardiol 165:448–453
212.
Zurück zum Zitat Colman N, Bakker A, Linzer M, Reitsma JB, Wieling W, Wilde AA (2009) Value of history-taking in syncope patients: in whom to suspect long QT syndrome? Europace 11:937–943 Colman N, Bakker A, Linzer M, Reitsma JB, Wieling W, Wilde AA (2009) Value of history-taking in syncope patients: in whom to suspect long QT syndrome? Europace 11:937–943
213.
Zurück zum Zitat Oh JH, Hanusa BH, Kapoor WN (1999) Do symptoms predict cardiac arrhythmias and mortality in patients with syncope? Arch Intern Med 159:375–380 Oh JH, Hanusa BH, Kapoor WN (1999) Do symptoms predict cardiac arrhythmias and mortality in patients with syncope? Arch Intern Med 159:375–380
214.
Zurück zum Zitat Calkins H, Shyr Y, Frumin H, Schork A, Morady F (1995) The value of the clinical history in the differentiation of syncope due to ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular block, and neurocardiogenic syncope. Am J Med 98:365–373 Calkins H, Shyr Y, Frumin H, Schork A, Morady F (1995) The value of the clinical history in the differentiation of syncope due to ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular block, and neurocardiogenic syncope. Am J Med 98:365–373
215.
Zurück zum Zitat Tester DJ, Kopplin LJ, Creighton W, Burke AP, Ackerman MJ (2005) Pathogenesis of unexplained drowning: new insights from a molecular autopsy. Mayo Clin Proc 80:596–600 Tester DJ, Kopplin LJ, Creighton W, Burke AP, Ackerman MJ (2005) Pathogenesis of unexplained drowning: new insights from a molecular autopsy. Mayo Clin Proc 80:596–600
216.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson JN, Hofman N, Haglund CM, Cascino GD, Wilde AA, Ackerman MJ (2009) Identification of a possible pathogenic link between congenital long QT syndrome and epilepsy. Neurology 72:224–231 Johnson JN, Hofman N, Haglund CM, Cascino GD, Wilde AA, Ackerman MJ (2009) Identification of a possible pathogenic link between congenital long QT syndrome and epilepsy. Neurology 72:224–231
217.
Zurück zum Zitat MacCormick JM, McAlister H, Crawford J et al (2009) Misdiagnosis of long QT syndrome as epilepsy at first presentation. Ann Emerg Med 54:26–32 MacCormick JM, McAlister H, Crawford J et al (2009) Misdiagnosis of long QT syndrome as epilepsy at first presentation. Ann Emerg Med 54:26–32
218.
Zurück zum Zitat Corrado D, Drezner J, Basso C, Pelliccia A, Thiene G (2011) Strategies for the prevention of sudden cardiac death during sports. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 18:197–208 Corrado D, Drezner J, Basso C, Pelliccia A, Thiene G (2011) Strategies for the prevention of sudden cardiac death during sports. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 18:197–208
219.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahmood S, Lim L, Akram Y, Alford-Morales S, Sherin K, Committee APP (2013) Screening for sudden cardiac death before participation in high school and collegiate sports: American College of Preventive Medicine position statement on preventive practice. Am J Prev Med 45:130–133 Mahmood S, Lim L, Akram Y, Alford-Morales S, Sherin K, Committee APP (2013) Screening for sudden cardiac death before participation in high school and collegiate sports: American College of Preventive Medicine position statement on preventive practice. Am J Prev Med 45:130–133
220.
Zurück zum Zitat Skinner JR (2012) Investigating sudden unexpected death in the young: a chance to prevent further deaths. Resuscitation 83:1185–1186 Skinner JR (2012) Investigating sudden unexpected death in the young: a chance to prevent further deaths. Resuscitation 83:1185–1186
221.
Zurück zum Zitat Skinner JR (2013) Investigation following resuscitated cardiac arrest. Arch Dis Child 98:66–71 Skinner JR (2013) Investigation following resuscitated cardiac arrest. Arch Dis Child 98:66–71
222.
Zurück zum Zitat Vriesendorp PA, Schinkel AF, Liebregts M et al (2015) Validation of the 2014 ESC Guidelines Risk Prediction Model for the Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 8(4):829–835 Vriesendorp PA, Schinkel AF, Liebregts M et al (2015) Validation of the 2014 ESC Guidelines Risk Prediction Model for the Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 8(4):829–835
223.
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins GD, Handley AJ, Koster KW et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 2 Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation 95:81–99 Perkins GD, Handley AJ, Koster KW et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 2 Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation 95:81–99
224.
Zurück zum Zitat Truhlar A, Deakin CD, Soar J et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 4 Cardiac Arrest in Special Circumstances. Resuscitation 95:148–201 Truhlar A, Deakin CD, Soar J et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 4 Cardiac Arrest in Special Circumstances. Resuscitation 95:148–201
225.
Zurück zum Zitat Fischer M, Krep H, Wierich D et al (2003) [Comparison of the emergency medical services systems of Birmingham and Bonn: process efficacy and cost effectiveness]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 38:630–642 Fischer M, Krep H, Wierich D et al (2003) [Comparison of the emergency medical services systems of Birmingham and Bonn: process efficacy and cost effectiveness]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 38:630–642
226.
Zurück zum Zitat Bottiger BW, Grabner C, Bauer H et al (1999) Long term outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with physician staffed emergency medical services: the Utstein style applied to a midsized urban/suburban area. Heart 82:674–679 Bottiger BW, Grabner C, Bauer H et al (1999) Long term outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with physician staffed emergency medical services: the Utstein style applied to a midsized urban/suburban area. Heart 82:674–679
227.
Zurück zum Zitat Arntz HR, Wenzel V, Dissmann R, Marschalk A, Breckwoldt J, Muller D (2008) Out-of-hospital thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with high likelihood of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Resuscitation 76:180–184 Arntz HR, Wenzel V, Dissmann R, Marschalk A, Breckwoldt J, Muller D (2008) Out-of-hospital thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with high likelihood of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Resuscitation 76:180–184
228.
Zurück zum Zitat Bjornsson HM, Marelsson S, Magnusson V, Sigurdsson G, Thornorgeirsson G (2006) [Prehospital cardiac life support in the Reykjavik area 1999–2002]. Laeknabladid 92:591–597 Bjornsson HM, Marelsson S, Magnusson V, Sigurdsson G, Thornorgeirsson G (2006) [Prehospital cardiac life support in the Reykjavik area 1999–2002]. Laeknabladid 92:591–597
229.
Zurück zum Zitat Lossius HM, Soreide E, Hotvedt R et al (2002) Prehospital advanced life support provided by specially trained physicians: is there a benefit in terms of life years gained? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:771–778 Lossius HM, Soreide E, Hotvedt R et al (2002) Prehospital advanced life support provided by specially trained physicians: is there a benefit in terms of life years gained? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:771–778
230.
Zurück zum Zitat Fischer M, Kamp J, Garcia-Castrillo Riesgo L et al (2011) Comparing emergency medical service systems – a project of the European Emergency Data (EED) Project. Resuscitation 82:285–293 Fischer M, Kamp J, Garcia-Castrillo Riesgo L et al (2011) Comparing emergency medical service systems – a project of the European Emergency Data (EED) Project. Resuscitation 82:285–293
231.
Zurück zum Zitat Mikkelsen S, Kruger AJ, Zwisler ST, Brochner AC (2015) Outcome following physician supervised prehospital resuscitation: a retrospective study. BMJ Open 5:e006167 Mikkelsen S, Kruger AJ, Zwisler ST, Brochner AC (2015) Outcome following physician supervised prehospital resuscitation: a retrospective study. BMJ Open 5:e006167
232.
Zurück zum Zitat Hagihara A, Hasegawa M, Abe T, Nagata T, Nabeshima Y (2014) Physician presence in an ambulance car is associated with increased survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective cohort analysis. PLoS one 9:e84424 Hagihara A, Hasegawa M, Abe T, Nagata T, Nabeshima Y (2014) Physician presence in an ambulance car is associated with increased survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective cohort analysis. PLoS one 9:e84424
233.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell RG, Brady W, Guly UM, Pirrallo RG, Robertson CE (1997) Comparison of two emergency response systems and their effect on survival from out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 35:225–229 Mitchell RG, Brady W, Guly UM, Pirrallo RG, Robertson CE (1997) Comparison of two emergency response systems and their effect on survival from out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 35:225–229
234.
Zurück zum Zitat Lafuente-Lafuente C, Melero-Bascones M (2013) Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD002751 Lafuente-Lafuente C, Melero-Bascones M (2013) Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD002751
235.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis RP, Stang JM, Fulkerson PK, Sampson KL, Scoles A, Warren JV (1979) Effectiveness of advanced paramedics in a mobile coronary care system. JAMA 241:1902–1904 Lewis RP, Stang JM, Fulkerson PK, Sampson KL, Scoles A, Warren JV (1979) Effectiveness of advanced paramedics in a mobile coronary care system. JAMA 241:1902–1904
236.
Zurück zum Zitat Silfvast T, Ekstrand A (1996) The effect of experience of on-site physicians on survival from prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 31:101–105 Silfvast T, Ekstrand A (1996) The effect of experience of on-site physicians on survival from prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 31:101–105
237.
Zurück zum Zitat Olasveengen TM, Lund-Kordahl I, Steen PA, Sunde K (2009) Out-of hospital advanced life support with or without a physician: effects on quality of CPR and outcome. Resuscitation 80:1248–1252 Olasveengen TM, Lund-Kordahl I, Steen PA, Sunde K (2009) Out-of hospital advanced life support with or without a physician: effects on quality of CPR and outcome. Resuscitation 80:1248–1252
238.
Zurück zum Zitat Nichol G, Thomas E, Callaway CW et al (2008) Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome. JAMA 300:1423–1431 Nichol G, Thomas E, Callaway CW et al (2008) Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome. JAMA 300:1423–1431
239.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakalos G, Mamali M, Komninos C et al (2011) Advanced life support versus basic life support in the pre-hospital setting: a meta-analysis. Resuscitation 82:1130–1137 Bakalos G, Mamali M, Komninos C et al (2011) Advanced life support versus basic life support in the pre-hospital setting: a meta-analysis. Resuscitation 82:1130–1137
240.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanghavi P, Jena AB, Newhouse JP, Zaslavsky AM (2015) Outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated by basic vs advanced life support. JAMA Intern Med 175:196–204 Sanghavi P, Jena AB, Newhouse JP, Zaslavsky AM (2015) Outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated by basic vs advanced life support. JAMA Intern Med 175:196–204
241.
Zurück zum Zitat Christenson J, Andrusiek D, Everson-Stewart S et al (2009) Chest compression fraction determines survival in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 120:1241–1247 Christenson J, Andrusiek D, Everson-Stewart S et al (2009) Chest compression fraction determines survival in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 120:1241–1247
242.
Zurück zum Zitat Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F et al (2003) Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1389–1395 Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F et al (2003) Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1389–1395
243.
Zurück zum Zitat Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR et al (1999) Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 281:1182–1188 Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR et al (1999) Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 281:1182–1188
244.
Zurück zum Zitat Baker PW, Conway J, Cotton C et al (2008) Defibrillation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation first for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests found by paramedics to be in ventricular fibrillation? A randomised control trial. Resuscitation 79:424–431 Baker PW, Conway J, Cotton C et al (2008) Defibrillation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation first for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests found by paramedics to be in ventricular fibrillation? A randomised control trial. Resuscitation 79:424–431
245.
Zurück zum Zitat Stiell IG, Nichol G, Leroux BG et al (2011) Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 365:787–797 Stiell IG, Nichol G, Leroux BG et al (2011) Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 365:787–797
246.
Zurück zum Zitat Ma MH, Chiang WC, Ko PC et al (2012) A randomized trial of compression first or analyze first strategies in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results from an Asian community. Resuscitation 83:806–812 Ma MH, Chiang WC, Ko PC et al (2012) A randomized trial of compression first or analyze first strategies in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results from an Asian community. Resuscitation 83:806–812
247.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA (2005) CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas 17:39–45 Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA (2005) CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas 17:39–45
248.
Zurück zum Zitat Koike S, Tanabe S, Ogawa T et al (2011) Immediate defibrillation or defibrillation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Prehosp Emerg Care 15:393–400 Koike S, Tanabe S, Ogawa T et al (2011) Immediate defibrillation or defibrillation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Prehosp Emerg Care 15:393–400
249.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrison LJ, Visentin LM, Kiss A et al (2006) Validation of a rule for termination of resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 355:478–487 Morrison LJ, Visentin LM, Kiss A et al (2006) Validation of a rule for termination of resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 355:478–487
250.
Zurück zum Zitat Richman PB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Chikani V, Clark L, Bobrow BJ (2008) Independent evaluation of an out-of-hospital termination of resuscitation (TOR) clinical decision rule. Acad Emerg Med 15:517–521 Richman PB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Chikani V, Clark L, Bobrow BJ (2008) Independent evaluation of an out-of-hospital termination of resuscitation (TOR) clinical decision rule. Acad Emerg Med 15:517–521
251.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, Zhan C, Kiss A, Allan KS (2009) Validation of a universal prehospital termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for advanced and basic life support providers. Resuscitation 80:324–328 Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, Zhan C, Kiss A, Allan KS (2009) Validation of a universal prehospital termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for advanced and basic life support providers. Resuscitation 80:324–328
252.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasson C, Hegg AJ, Macy M, Park A, Kellermann A, McNally B (2008) Prehospital termination of resuscitation in cases of refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 300:1432–1438 Sasson C, Hegg AJ, Macy M, Park A, Kellermann A, McNally B (2008) Prehospital termination of resuscitation in cases of refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 300:1432–1438
253.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrison LJ, Eby D, Veigas PV et al (2014) Implementation trial of the basic life support termination of resuscitation rule: reducing the transport of futile out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 85:486–491 Morrison LJ, Eby D, Veigas PV et al (2014) Implementation trial of the basic life support termination of resuscitation rule: reducing the transport of futile out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 85:486–491
254.
Zurück zum Zitat Skrifvars MB, Vayrynen T, Kuisma M et al (2010) Comparison of Helsinki and European Resuscitation Council „do not attempt to resuscitate“ guidelines, and a termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients found in asystole or pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 81:679–684 Skrifvars MB, Vayrynen T, Kuisma M et al (2010) Comparison of Helsinki and European Resuscitation Council „do not attempt to resuscitate“ guidelines, and a termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients found in asystole or pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 81:679–684
255.
Zurück zum Zitat Fukuda T, Ohashi N, Matsubara T et al (2014) Applicability of the prehospital termination of resuscitation rule in an area dense with hospitals in Tokyo: a single-center, retrospective, observational study: is the pre hospital TOR rule applicable in Tokyo? Am J Emerg Med 32:144–149 Fukuda T, Ohashi N, Matsubara T et al (2014) Applicability of the prehospital termination of resuscitation rule in an area dense with hospitals in Tokyo: a single-center, retrospective, observational study: is the pre hospital TOR rule applicable in Tokyo? Am J Emerg Med 32:144–149
256.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiang WC, Ko PC, Chang AM et al (2015) Predictive performance of universal termination of resuscitation rules in an Asian community: are they accurate enough? Emerg Med J 32:318–323 Chiang WC, Ko PC, Chang AM et al (2015) Predictive performance of universal termination of resuscitation rules in an Asian community: are they accurate enough? Emerg Med J 32:318–323
257.
Zurück zum Zitat Diskin FJ, Camp-Rogers T, Peberdy MA, Ornato JP, Kurz MC (2014) External validation of termination of resuscitation guidelines in the setting of intra-arrest cold saline, mechanical CPR, and comprehensive post resuscitation care. Resuscitation 85:910–914 Diskin FJ, Camp-Rogers T, Peberdy MA, Ornato JP, Kurz MC (2014) External validation of termination of resuscitation guidelines in the setting of intra-arrest cold saline, mechanical CPR, and comprehensive post resuscitation care. Resuscitation 85:910–914
258.
Zurück zum Zitat Drennan IR, Lin S, Sidalak DE, Morrison LJ (2014) Survival rates in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients transported without prehospital return of spontaneous circulation: an observational cohort study. Resuscitation 85:1488–1493 Drennan IR, Lin S, Sidalak DE, Morrison LJ (2014) Survival rates in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients transported without prehospital return of spontaneous circulation: an observational cohort study. Resuscitation 85:1488–1493
259.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong ME, Jaffey J, Stiell I, Nesbitt L (2006) Comparison of termination-of-resuscitation guidelines for basic life support: defibrillator providers in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 47:337–343 Ong ME, Jaffey J, Stiell I, Nesbitt L (2006) Comparison of termination-of-resuscitation guidelines for basic life support: defibrillator providers in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 47:337–343
260.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, Vermeulen MJ et al (2007) Derivation and evaluation of a termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for advanced life support providers. Resuscitation 74:266–275 Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, Vermeulen MJ et al (2007) Derivation and evaluation of a termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for advanced life support providers. Resuscitation 74:266–275
261.
Zurück zum Zitat Bailey ED, Wydro GC, Cone DC (2000) Termination of resuscitation in the prehospital setting for adult patients suffering nontraumatic cardiac arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:190–195 Bailey ED, Wydro GC, Cone DC (2000) Termination of resuscitation in the prehospital setting for adult patients suffering nontraumatic cardiac arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:190–195
262.
Zurück zum Zitat Verbeek PR, Vermeulen MJ, Ali FH, Messenger DW, Summers J, Morrison LJ (2002) Derivation of a termination-of-resuscitation guideline for emergency medical technicians using automated external defibrillators. Acad Emerg Med 9:671–678 Verbeek PR, Vermeulen MJ, Ali FH, Messenger DW, Summers J, Morrison LJ (2002) Derivation of a termination-of-resuscitation guideline for emergency medical technicians using automated external defibrillators. Acad Emerg Med 9:671–678
263.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong ME, Tan EH, Ng FS et al (2007) Comparison of termination-of-resuscitation guidelines for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Singapore EMS. Resuscitation 75:244–251 Ong ME, Tan EH, Ng FS et al (2007) Comparison of termination-of-resuscitation guidelines for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Singapore EMS. Resuscitation 75:244–251
264.
Zurück zum Zitat Pircher IR, Stadlbauer KH, Severing AC (2009) et al A prediction model for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesth Analg 109:1196–1201 Pircher IR, Stadlbauer KH, Severing AC (2009) et al A prediction model for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesth Analg 109:1196–1201
265.
Zurück zum Zitat Wampler DA, Collett L, Manifold CA, Velasquez C, McMullan JT (2012) Cardiac arrest survival is rare without prehospital return of spontaneous circulation. Prehosp Emerg Care 16:451–455 Wampler DA, Collett L, Manifold CA, Velasquez C, McMullan JT (2012) Cardiac arrest survival is rare without prehospital return of spontaneous circulation. Prehosp Emerg Care 16:451–455
266.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosson N, Kaji AH, Koenig W et al (2014) Re-examining outcomes after unsuccessful out-of-hospital resuscitation in the era of field termination of resuscitation guidelines and regionalized post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation 85:915–919 Bosson N, Kaji AH, Koenig W et al (2014) Re-examining outcomes after unsuccessful out-of-hospital resuscitation in the era of field termination of resuscitation guidelines and regionalized post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation 85:915–919
267.
Zurück zum Zitat Stub D, Nehme Z, Bernard S, Lijovic M, Kaye DM, Smith K (2014) Exploring which patients without return of spontaneous circulation following ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest should be transported to hospital? Resuscitation 85:326–331 Stub D, Nehme Z, Bernard S, Lijovic M, Kaye DM, Smith K (2014) Exploring which patients without return of spontaneous circulation following ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest should be transported to hospital? Resuscitation 85:326–331
268.
Zurück zum Zitat van Walraven C, Forster AJ, Parish DC et al (2001) Validation of a clinical decision aid to discontinue in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations. JAMA 285:1602–1606 van Walraven C, Forster AJ, Parish DC et al (2001) Validation of a clinical decision aid to discontinue in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations. JAMA 285:1602–1606
269.
Zurück zum Zitat van Walraven C, Forster AJ, Stiell IG (1999) Derivation of a clinical decision rule for the discontinuation of in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations. Arch Intern Med 159:129–134 van Walraven C, Forster AJ, Stiell IG (1999) Derivation of a clinical decision rule for the discontinuation of in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations. Arch Intern Med 159:129–134
270.
Zurück zum Zitat McCullough PA, Thompson RJ, Tobin KJ, Kahn JK, O’Neill WW (1998) Validation of a decision support tool for the evaluation of cardiac arrest victims. Clin Cardiol 21:195–200 McCullough PA, Thompson RJ, Tobin KJ, Kahn JK, O’Neill WW (1998) Validation of a decision support tool for the evaluation of cardiac arrest victims. Clin Cardiol 21:195–200
271.
Zurück zum Zitat Goto Y, Maeda T, Goto YN (2013) Termination-of-resuscitation rule for emergency department physicians treating out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: an observational cohort study. Crit Care 17:R235 Goto Y, Maeda T, Goto YN (2013) Termination-of-resuscitation rule for emergency department physicians treating out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: an observational cohort study. Crit Care 17:R235
272.
Zurück zum Zitat Poppe M, Weiser C, Holzer M et al (2015) The incidence of „load & go“ out-of-hospital cardiac arrest candidates for emergency department utilization of emergency extracorporeal life support: a one-year review. Resuscitation 91:131–136 Poppe M, Weiser C, Holzer M et al (2015) The incidence of „load & go“ out-of-hospital cardiac arrest candidates for emergency department utilization of emergency extracorporeal life support: a one-year review. Resuscitation 91:131–136
273.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Soar J, Cariou A et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 5 Post Resuscitation Care. Resuscitation 95:202–222 Nolan JP, Soar J, Cariou A et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 5 Post Resuscitation Care. Resuscitation 95:202–222
274.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim TH, Shin SD, Kim YJ, Kim CH, Kim JE (2015) The scene time interval and basic life support termination of resuscitation rule in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Korean Med Sci 30:104–109 Kim TH, Shin SD, Kim YJ, Kim CH, Kim JE (2015) The scene time interval and basic life support termination of resuscitation rule in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Korean Med Sci 30:104–109
275.
Zurück zum Zitat Gabbott D, Smith G, Mitchell S et al (2005) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation standards for clinical practice and training in the UK. Resuscitation 64:13–19 Gabbott D, Smith G, Mitchell S et al (2005) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation standards for clinical practice and training in the UK. Resuscitation 64:13–19
276.
Zurück zum Zitat Dyson E, Smith GB (2002) Common faults in resuscitation equipment – guidelines for checking equipment and drugs used in adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 55:137–149 Dyson E, Smith GB (2002) Common faults in resuscitation equipment – guidelines for checking equipment and drugs used in adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 55:137–149
277.
Zurück zum Zitat Davies M, Couper K, Bradley J et al (2014) A simple solution for improving reliability of cardiac arrest equipment provision in hospital. Resuscitation 85:1523–1526 Davies M, Couper K, Bradley J et al (2014) A simple solution for improving reliability of cardiac arrest equipment provision in hospital. Resuscitation 85:1523–1526
278.
Zurück zum Zitat Brennan RT, Braslow A (1998) Skill mastery in public CPR classes. Am J Emerg Med 16:653–657 Brennan RT, Braslow A (1998) Skill mastery in public CPR classes. Am J Emerg Med 16:653–657
279.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamberlain D, Smith A, Woollard M et al (2002) Trials of teaching methods in basic life support (3): comparison of simulated CPR performance after first training and at 6 months, with a note on the value of re-training. Resuscitation 53:179–187 Chamberlain D, Smith A, Woollard M et al (2002) Trials of teaching methods in basic life support (3): comparison of simulated CPR performance after first training and at 6 months, with a note on the value of re-training. Resuscitation 53:179–187
280.
Zurück zum Zitat Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T, Wisser G, Doetsch S, Tzanova I (1996) Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation 33:107–116 Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T, Wisser G, Doetsch S, Tzanova I (1996) Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation 33:107–116
281.
Zurück zum Zitat Lapostolle F, Le Toumelin P, Agostinucci JM, Catineau J, Adnet F (2004) Basic cardiac life support providers checking the carotid pulse: performance, degree of conviction, and influencing factors. Acad Emerg Med 11:878–880 Lapostolle F, Le Toumelin P, Agostinucci JM, Catineau J, Adnet F (2004) Basic cardiac life support providers checking the carotid pulse: performance, degree of conviction, and influencing factors. Acad Emerg Med 11:878–880
282.
Zurück zum Zitat Liberman M, Lavoie A, Mulder D, Sampalis J (1999) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: errors made by pre-hospital emergency medical personnel. Resuscitation 42:47–55 Liberman M, Lavoie A, Mulder D, Sampalis J (1999) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: errors made by pre-hospital emergency medical personnel. Resuscitation 42:47–55
283.
Zurück zum Zitat Moule P (2000) Checking the carotid pulse: diagnostic accuracy in students of the healthcare professions. Resuscitation 44:195–201 Moule P (2000) Checking the carotid pulse: diagnostic accuracy in students of the healthcare professions. Resuscitation 44:195–201
284.
Zurück zum Zitat Nyman J, Sihvonen M (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in nurses and nursing students. Resuscitation 47:179–184 Nyman J, Sihvonen M (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in nurses and nursing students. Resuscitation 47:179–184
285.
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins GD, Stephenson B, Hulme J, Monsieurs KG (2005) Birmingham assessment of breathing study (BABS). Resuscitation 64:109–113 Perkins GD, Stephenson B, Hulme J, Monsieurs KG (2005) Birmingham assessment of breathing study (BABS). Resuscitation 64:109–113
286.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruppert M, Reith MW, Widmann JH et al (1999) Checking for breathing: evaluation of the diagnostic capability of emergency medical services personnel, physicians, medical students, and medical laypersons. Ann Emerg Med 34:720–729 Ruppert M, Reith MW, Widmann JH et al (1999) Checking for breathing: evaluation of the diagnostic capability of emergency medical services personnel, physicians, medical students, and medical laypersons. Ann Emerg Med 34:720–729
287.
Zurück zum Zitat Tibballs J, Russell P (2009) Reliability of pulse palpation by healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:61–64 Tibballs J, Russell P (2009) Reliability of pulse palpation by healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:61–64
288.
Zurück zum Zitat Bång A, Herlitz J, Martinell S (2003) Interaction between emergency medical dispatcher and caller in suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls with focus on agonal breathing. A review of 100 tape recordings of true cardiac arrest cases. Resuscitation 56:25–34 Bång A, Herlitz J, Martinell S (2003) Interaction between emergency medical dispatcher and caller in suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls with focus on agonal breathing. A review of 100 tape recordings of true cardiac arrest cases. Resuscitation 56:25–34
289.
Zurück zum Zitat Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg J, Biber B, Engerstrom L, Svensson L (2007) Dispatcher-assisted telephone-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an underused lifesaving system. Eur J Emerg Med 14:256–259 Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg J, Biber B, Engerstrom L, Svensson L (2007) Dispatcher-assisted telephone-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an underused lifesaving system. Eur J Emerg Med 14:256–259
290.
Zurück zum Zitat Bobrow BJ, Zuercher M, Ewy GA et al (2008) Gasping during cardiac arrest in humans is frequent and associated with improved survival. Circulation 118:2550–2554 Bobrow BJ, Zuercher M, Ewy GA et al (2008) Gasping during cardiac arrest in humans is frequent and associated with improved survival. Circulation 118:2550–2554
291.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaillancourt C, Verma A, Trickett J et al (2007) Evaluating the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions. Acad Emerg Med 14:877–883 Vaillancourt C, Verma A, Trickett J et al (2007) Evaluating the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions. Acad Emerg Med 14:877–883
292.
Zurück zum Zitat Breckwoldt J, Schloesser S, Arntz HR (2009) Perceptions of collapse and assessment of cardiac arrest by bystanders of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA). Resuscitation 80:1108–1113 Breckwoldt J, Schloesser S, Arntz HR (2009) Perceptions of collapse and assessment of cardiac arrest by bystanders of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA). Resuscitation 80:1108–1113
293.
Zurück zum Zitat Stecker EC, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A et al (2013) Relationship between seizure episode and sudden cardiac arrest in patients with epilepsy: a community-based study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 6:912–916 Stecker EC, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A et al (2013) Relationship between seizure episode and sudden cardiac arrest in patients with epilepsy: a community-based study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 6:912–916
294.
Zurück zum Zitat White L, Rogers J, Bloomingdale M et al (2010) Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: risks for patients not in cardiac arrest. Circulation 121:91–97 White L, Rogers J, Bloomingdale M et al (2010) Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: risks for patients not in cardiac arrest. Circulation 121:91–97
295.
Zurück zum Zitat Sheak KR, Wiebe DJ, Leary M et al (2015) Quantitative relationship between end-tidal carbon dioxide and CPR quality during both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 89:149–154 Sheak KR, Wiebe DJ, Leary M et al (2015) Quantitative relationship between end-tidal carbon dioxide and CPR quality during both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 89:149–154
296.
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins GD, Roberts C, Gao F (2002) Delays in defibrillation: influence of different monitoring techniques. Br J Anaesth 89:405–408 Perkins GD, Roberts C, Gao F (2002) Delays in defibrillation: influence of different monitoring techniques. Br J Anaesth 89:405–408
297.
Zurück zum Zitat Edelson DP, Robertson-Dick BJ, Yuen TC et al (2010) Safety and efficacy of defibrillator charging during ongoing chest compressions: a multi-center study. Resuscitation 81:1521–1526 Edelson DP, Robertson-Dick BJ, Yuen TC et al (2010) Safety and efficacy of defibrillator charging during ongoing chest compressions: a multi-center study. Resuscitation 81:1521–1526
298.
Zurück zum Zitat Hansen LK, Mohammed A, Pedersen M et al (2015) The Stop-Only-While-Shocking algorithm reduces hands-off time by 17 % during cardiopulmonary resuscitation – a simulation study. Eur J Emerg Med Hansen LK, Mohammed A, Pedersen M et al (2015) The Stop-Only-While-Shocking algorithm reduces hands-off time by 17 % during cardiopulmonary resuscitation – a simulation study. Eur J Emerg Med
299.
Zurück zum Zitat Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:305–310 Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:305–310
300.
Zurück zum Zitat Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P et al (2005) Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 111:428–434 Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P et al (2005) Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 111:428–434
301.
Zurück zum Zitat Pokorna M, Necas E, Kratochvil J, Skripsky R, Andrlik M, Franek O (2010) A sudden increase in partial pressure end-tidal carbon dioxide (P(ET)CO(2)) at the moment of return of spontaneous circulation. J Emerg Med 38:614–621 Pokorna M, Necas E, Kratochvil J, Skripsky R, Andrlik M, Franek O (2010) A sudden increase in partial pressure end-tidal carbon dioxide (P(ET)CO(2)) at the moment of return of spontaneous circulation. J Emerg Med 38:614–621
302.
Zurück zum Zitat Heradstveit BE, Sunde K, Sunde GA, Wentzel-Larsen T, Heltne JK (2012) Factors complicating interpretation of capnography during advanced life support in cardiac arrest-a clinical retrospective study in 575 patients. Resuscitation 83:813–818 Heradstveit BE, Sunde K, Sunde GA, Wentzel-Larsen T, Heltne JK (2012) Factors complicating interpretation of capnography during advanced life support in cardiac arrest-a clinical retrospective study in 575 patients. Resuscitation 83:813–818
303.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis DP, Sell RE, Wilkes N et al (2013) Electrical and mechanical recovery of cardiac function following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:25–30 Davis DP, Sell RE, Wilkes N et al (2013) Electrical and mechanical recovery of cardiac function following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:25–30
304.
Zurück zum Zitat Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field B et al (2004) Advanced cardiac life support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 351:647–656 Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field B et al (2004) Advanced cardiac life support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 351:647–656
305.
Zurück zum Zitat Olasveengen TM, Sunde K, Brunborg C, Thowsen J, Steen PA, Wik L (2009) Intravenous drug administration during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 302:2222–2229 Olasveengen TM, Sunde K, Brunborg C, Thowsen J, Steen PA, Wik L (2009) Intravenous drug administration during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 302:2222–2229
306.
Zurück zum Zitat Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Wennerblom B, Axelsson A, Bang A, Holmberg S (1995) Adrenaline in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Does it make any difference? Resuscitation 29:195–201 Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Wennerblom B, Axelsson A, Bang A, Holmberg S (1995) Adrenaline in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Does it make any difference? Resuscitation 29:195–201
307.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J (2002) Low chance of survival among patients requiring adrenaline (epinephrine) or intubation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Resuscitation 54:37–45 Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J (2002) Low chance of survival among patients requiring adrenaline (epinephrine) or intubation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Resuscitation 54:37–45
308.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Jelinek GA, Oxer HF, Thompson PL (2011) Effect of adrenaline on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Resuscitation 82:1138–1143 Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Jelinek GA, Oxer HF, Thompson PL (2011) Effect of adrenaline on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Resuscitation 82:1138–1143
309.
Zurück zum Zitat Benoit JL, Gerecht RB, Steuerwald MT, McMullan JT (2015) Endotracheal intubation versus supraglottic airway placement in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. Resuscitation 93:20–26 Benoit JL, Gerecht RB, Steuerwald MT, McMullan JT (2015) Endotracheal intubation versus supraglottic airway placement in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. Resuscitation 93:20–26
310.
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins GD, Nolan JP (2014) Early adrenaline for cardiac arrest. BMJ 348:g3245 Perkins GD, Nolan JP (2014) Early adrenaline for cardiac arrest. BMJ 348:g3245
311.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Nolan JP (2013) Airway management in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 19:181–187 Soar J, Nolan JP (2013) Airway management in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 19:181–187
312.
Zurück zum Zitat Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M et al (2014) Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-Amiodarone, Lidocaine or Placebo Study (ROC-ALPS): rationale and methodology behind an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest antiarrhythmic drug trial. Am Heart J 167:653–659e4 Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M et al (2014) Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-Amiodarone, Lidocaine or Placebo Study (ROC-ALPS): rationale and methodology behind an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest antiarrhythmic drug trial. Am Heart J 167:653–659e4
313.
Zurück zum Zitat Lexow K, Sunde K (2007) Why Norwegian 2005 guidelines differs slightly from the ERC guidelines. Resuscitation 72:490–492 Lexow K, Sunde K (2007) Why Norwegian 2005 guidelines differs slightly from the ERC guidelines. Resuscitation 72:490–492
314.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldberger ZD, Chan PS, Berg RA et al (2012) Duration of resuscitation efforts and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. Lancet 380:1473–1481 Goldberger ZD, Chan PS, Berg RA et al (2012) Duration of resuscitation efforts and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. Lancet 380:1473–1481
315.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Soar J (2012) Duration of in-hospital resuscitation: when to call time? Lancet 380:1451–1453 Nolan JP, Soar J (2012) Duration of in-hospital resuscitation: when to call time? Lancet 380:1451–1453
316.
Zurück zum Zitat Bülow H-H, Sprung C, Reinhart K et al (2008) The world’s major religions’ points of viewon end-of-life decisions in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 34:423–430 Bülow H-H, Sprung C, Reinhart K et al (2008) The world’s major religions’ points of viewon end-of-life decisions in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 34:423–430
317.
Zurück zum Zitat Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB, Indik JH, Halperin HR, Berg RA (2010) Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 38:101–108 Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB, Indik JH, Halperin HR, Berg RA (2010) Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 38:101–108
318.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Soar J, Smith GB et al (2014) Incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom National Cardiac Arrest Audit. Resuscitation 85:987–992 Nolan JP, Soar J, Smith GB et al (2014) Incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom National Cardiac Arrest Audit. Resuscitation 85:987–992
319.
Zurück zum Zitat De Regge M, Monsieurs KG, Vandewoude K, Calle PA (2012) Should we use automated external defibrillators in hospital wards? Acta Clin Belg 67:241–245 De Regge M, Monsieurs KG, Vandewoude K, Calle PA (2012) Should we use automated external defibrillators in hospital wards? Acta Clin Belg 67:241–245
320.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan PS, Krumholz HM, Spertus JA et al (2010) Automated external defibrillators and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 304:2129–2136 Chan PS, Krumholz HM, Spertus JA et al (2010) Automated external defibrillators and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 304:2129–2136
321.
Zurück zum Zitat McNally B, Robb R, Mehta M et al (2011) Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Surveillance – Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), United States, October 1, 2005-December 31, 2010. MMWR Surveill Summ 60:1–19 McNally B, Robb R, Mehta M et al (2011) Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Surveillance – Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), United States, October 1, 2005-December 31, 2010. MMWR Surveill Summ 60:1–19
322.
Zurück zum Zitat Bradley SM, Gabriel EE, Aufderheide TP et al (2010) Survival Increases with CPR by Emergency Medical Services before defibrillation of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: observations from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 81:155–162 Bradley SM, Gabriel EE, Aufderheide TP et al (2010) Survival Increases with CPR by Emergency Medical Services before defibrillation of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: observations from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 81:155–162
323.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollenberg J, Herlitz J, Lindqvist J et al (2008) Improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with an increase in proportion of emergency crew – witnessed cases and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 118:389–396 Hollenberg J, Herlitz J, Lindqvist J et al (2008) Improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with an increase in proportion of emergency crew – witnessed cases and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 118:389–396
324.
Zurück zum Zitat Iwami T, Nichol G, Hiraide A et al (2009) Continuous improvements in „chain of survival“ increased survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a large-scale population-based study. Circulation 119:728–734 Iwami T, Nichol G, Hiraide A et al (2009) Continuous improvements in „chain of survival“ increased survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a large-scale population-based study. Circulation 119:728–734
325.
Zurück zum Zitat Hulleman M, Berdowski J, de Groot JR et al (2012) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have reduced the incidence of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by lethal arrhythmias. Circulation 126:815–821 Hulleman M, Berdowski J, de Groot JR et al (2012) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have reduced the incidence of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by lethal arrhythmias. Circulation 126:815–821
326.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordseth T, Olasveengen TM, Kvaloy JT, Wik L, Steen PA, Skogvoll E (2012) Dynamic effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with initial pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Resuscitation 83:946–952 Nordseth T, Olasveengen TM, Kvaloy JT, Wik L, Steen PA, Skogvoll E (2012) Dynamic effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with initial pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Resuscitation 83:946–952
327.
Zurück zum Zitat Koster RW, Walker RG, Chapman FW (2008) Recurrent ventricular fibrillation during advanced life support care of patients with prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 78:252–257 Koster RW, Walker RG, Chapman FW (2008) Recurrent ventricular fibrillation during advanced life support care of patients with prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 78:252–257
328.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrison LJ, Henry RM, Ku V, Nolan JP, Morley P, Deakin CD (2013) Single-shock defibrillation success in adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 84:1480–1486 Morrison LJ, Henry RM, Ku V, Nolan JP, Morley P, Deakin CD (2013) Single-shock defibrillation success in adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 84:1480–1486
329.
Zurück zum Zitat Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J et al (2006) Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 71:137–145 Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J et al (2006) Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 71:137–145
330.
Zurück zum Zitat Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA (2002) Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 105:2270–2273 Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA (2002) Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 105:2270–2273
331.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Christenson J et al (2011) Perishock pause: an independent predictor of survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest. Circulation 124:58–66 Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Christenson J et al (2011) Perishock pause: an independent predictor of survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest. Circulation 124:58–66
332.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Verbeek PR,et al (2014) The impact of peri-shock pause on survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest during the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium PRIMED trial. Resuscitation 85:336–342 Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Verbeek PR,et al (2014) The impact of peri-shock pause on survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest during the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium PRIMED trial. Resuscitation 85:336–342
333.
Zurück zum Zitat Sunde K, Eftestol T, Askenberg C, Steen PA (1999) Quality assessment of defibrillation and advanced life support using data from the medical control module of the defibrillator. Resuscitation 41:237–247 Sunde K, Eftestol T, Askenberg C, Steen PA (1999) Quality assessment of defibrillation and advanced life support using data from the medical control module of the defibrillator. Resuscitation 41:237–247
334.
Zurück zum Zitat Rea TD, Shah S, Kudenchuk PJ, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2005) Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? Ann Emerg Med 46:132–141 Rea TD, Shah S, Kudenchuk PJ, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2005) Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? Ann Emerg Med 46:132–141
335.
Zurück zum Zitat Pierce AE, Roppolo LP, Owens PC, Pepe PE, Idris AH (2015) The need to resume chest compressions immediately after defibrillation attempts: an analysis of post-shock rhythms and duration of pulselessness following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 89:162–168 Pierce AE, Roppolo LP, Owens PC, Pepe PE, Idris AH (2015) The need to resume chest compressions immediately after defibrillation attempts: an analysis of post-shock rhythms and duration of pulselessness following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 89:162–168
336.
Zurück zum Zitat Conover Z, Kern KB, Silver AE, Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW, Indik JH (2014) Resumption of chest compressions after successful defibrillation and risk for recurrence of ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7:633–639 Conover Z, Kern KB, Silver AE, Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW, Indik JH (2014) Resumption of chest compressions after successful defibrillation and risk for recurrence of ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7:633–639
337.
Zurück zum Zitat van Alem AP, Sanou BT, Koster RW (2003) Interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the use of the automated external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 42:449–457 van Alem AP, Sanou BT, Koster RW (2003) Interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the use of the automated external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 42:449–457
338.
Zurück zum Zitat Karlis G, Iacovidou N, Lelovas P et al (2014) Effects of early amiodarone administration during and immediately after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a swine model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:114–122 Karlis G, Iacovidou N, Lelovas P et al (2014) Effects of early amiodarone administration during and immediately after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a swine model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:114–122
339.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhende MS, Thompson AE (1995) Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 95:395–399 Bhende MS, Thompson AE (1995) Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 95:395–399
340.
Zurück zum Zitat Sehra R, Underwood K, Checchia P (2003) End tidal CO2 is a quantitative measure of cardiac arrest. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 26:515–517 Sehra R, Underwood K, Checchia P (2003) End tidal CO2 is a quantitative measure of cardiac arrest. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 26:515–517
341.
Zurück zum Zitat Pytte M, Kramer-Johansen J, Eilevstjonn J et al (2006) Haemodynamic effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) depend on chest compression quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Resuscitation 71:369–378 Pytte M, Kramer-Johansen J, Eilevstjonn J et al (2006) Haemodynamic effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) depend on chest compression quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Resuscitation 71:369–378
342.
Zurück zum Zitat Giberson B, Uber A, Gaieski DF et al (2014) When to stop CPR and when to perform rhythm analysis: potential confusion among ACLS providers. J Intensive Care Med Giberson B, Uber A, Gaieski DF et al (2014) When to stop CPR and when to perform rhythm analysis: potential confusion among ACLS providers. J Intensive Care Med
343.
Zurück zum Zitat Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2004) Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 110:10–15 Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2004) Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 110:10–15
344.
Zurück zum Zitat Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO, Husoy JH, Steen PA (2000) Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 102:1523–1529 Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO, Husoy JH, Steen PA (2000) Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 102:1523–1529
345.
Zurück zum Zitat Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2002) Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves ventricular fibrillation median frequency and myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Ann Emerg Med 40:563–570 Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2002) Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves ventricular fibrillation median frequency and myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Ann Emerg Med 40:563–570
346.
Zurück zum Zitat Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO, Husoy JH, Steen PA (2001) „Probability of successful defibrillation“ as a monitor during CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrested patients. Resuscitation 48:245–254 Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO, Husoy JH, Steen PA (2001) „Probability of successful defibrillation“ as a monitor during CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrested patients. Resuscitation 48:245–254
347.
Zurück zum Zitat Kolarova J, Ayoub IM, Yi Z, Gazmuri RJ (2003) Optimal timing for electrical defibrillation after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Crit Care Med 31:2022–2028 Kolarova J, Ayoub IM, Yi Z, Gazmuri RJ (2003) Optimal timing for electrical defibrillation after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Crit Care Med 31:2022–2028
348.
Zurück zum Zitat Wagner H, Terkelsen CJ, Friberg H et al (2010) Cardiac arrest in the catheterisation laboratory: a 5-year experience of using mechanical chest compressions to facilitate PCI during prolonged resuscitation efforts. Resuscitation 81:383–387 Wagner H, Terkelsen CJ, Friberg H et al (2010) Cardiac arrest in the catheterisation laboratory: a 5-year experience of using mechanical chest compressions to facilitate PCI during prolonged resuscitation efforts. Resuscitation 81:383–387
349.
Zurück zum Zitat Amir O, Schliamser JE, Nemer S, Arie M (2007) Ineffectiveness of precordial thump for cardioversion of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 30:153–156 Amir O, Schliamser JE, Nemer S, Arie M (2007) Ineffectiveness of precordial thump for cardioversion of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 30:153–156
350.
Zurück zum Zitat Haman L, Parizek P, Vojacek J (2009) Precordial thump efficacy in termination of induced ventricular arrhythmias. Resuscitation 80:14–16 Haman L, Parizek P, Vojacek J (2009) Precordial thump efficacy in termination of induced ventricular arrhythmias. Resuscitation 80:14–16
351.
Zurück zum Zitat Pellis T, Kette F, Lovisa D et al (2009) Utility of pre-cordial thump for treatment of out of hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective study. Resuscitation 80:17–23 Pellis T, Kette F, Lovisa D et al (2009) Utility of pre-cordial thump for treatment of out of hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective study. Resuscitation 80:17–23
352.
Zurück zum Zitat Kohl P, King AM, Boulin C (2005) Antiarrhythmic effects of acute mechanical stiumulation. In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (Hrsg) Cardiac mechano-electric feedback and arrhythmias: form pipette to patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, S 304–314 Kohl P, King AM, Boulin C (2005) Antiarrhythmic effects of acute mechanical stiumulation. In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (Hrsg) Cardiac mechano-electric feedback and arrhythmias: form pipette to patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, S 304–314
353.
Zurück zum Zitat Nehme Z, Andrew E, Bernard SA, Smith K (2013) Treatment of monitored out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia utilising the precordial thump. Resuscitation 84:1691–1696 Nehme Z, Andrew E, Bernard SA, Smith K (2013) Treatment of monitored out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia utilising the precordial thump. Resuscitation 84:1691–1696
354.
Zurück zum Zitat Caldwell G, Millar G, Quinn E, Vincent R, Chamberlain DA (1985) Simple mechanical methods for cardioversion: defence of the precordial thump and cough version. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 291:627–630 Caldwell G, Millar G, Quinn E, Vincent R, Chamberlain DA (1985) Simple mechanical methods for cardioversion: defence of the precordial thump and cough version. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 291:627–630
355.
Zurück zum Zitat Krijne R (1984) Rate acceleration of ventricular tachycardia after a precordial chest thump. Am J Cardiol 53:964–965 Krijne R (1984) Rate acceleration of ventricular tachycardia after a precordial chest thump. Am J Cardiol 53:964–965
356.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeung J, Chilwan M, Field R, Davies R, Gao F, Perkins GD (2014) The impact of airway management on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an observational study in patients during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:898–904 Yeung J, Chilwan M, Field R, Davies R, Gao F, Perkins GD (2014) The impact of airway management on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an observational study in patients during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:898–904
357.
Zurück zum Zitat Emerman CL, Pinchak AC, Hancock D, Hagen JF (1988) Effect of injection site on circulation times during cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 16:1138–1141 Emerman CL, Pinchak AC, Hancock D, Hagen JF (1988) Effect of injection site on circulation times during cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 16:1138–1141
358.
Zurück zum Zitat Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D, Losek JD, Smith DS (1993) Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Ann Emerg Med 22:1119–1124 Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D, Losek JD, Smith DS (1993) Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Ann Emerg Med 22:1119–1124
359.
Zurück zum Zitat Santos D, Carron PN, Yersin B, Pasquier M (2013) EZ-IO(®) intraosseous device implementation in a pre-hospital emergency service: a prospective study and review of the literature. Resuscitation 84:440–445 Santos D, Carron PN, Yersin B, Pasquier M (2013) EZ-IO(®) intraosseous device implementation in a pre-hospital emergency service: a prospective study and review of the literature. Resuscitation 84:440–445
360.
Zurück zum Zitat Olaussen A, Williams B (2012) Intraosseous access in the prehospital setting: literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med 27:468–472 Olaussen A, Williams B (2012) Intraosseous access in the prehospital setting: literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med 27:468–472
361.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiser G, Hoffmann Y, Galbraith R, Shavit I (2012) Current advances in intraosseous infusion – a systematic review. Resuscitation 83:20–26 Weiser G, Hoffmann Y, Galbraith R, Shavit I (2012) Current advances in intraosseous infusion – a systematic review. Resuscitation 83:20–26
362.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee PM, Lee C, Rattner P, Wu X, Gershengorn H, Acquah S (2015) Intraosseous versus central venous catheter utilization and performance during inpatient medical emergencies. Crit Care Med 43:1233–1238 Lee PM, Lee C, Rattner P, Wu X, Gershengorn H, Acquah S (2015) Intraosseous versus central venous catheter utilization and performance during inpatient medical emergencies. Crit Care Med 43:1233–1238
363.
Zurück zum Zitat Reades R, Studnek JR, Vandeventer S, Garrett J (2011) Intraosseous versus intravenous vascular access during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 58:509–516 Reades R, Studnek JR, Vandeventer S, Garrett J (2011) Intraosseous versus intravenous vascular access during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 58:509–516
364.
Zurück zum Zitat Leidel BA, Kirchhoff C, Bogner V, Braunstein V, Biberthaler P, Kanz KG (2012) Comparison of intraosseous versus central venous vascular access in adults under resuscitation in the emergency department with inaccessible peripheral veins. Resuscitation 83:40–45 Leidel BA, Kirchhoff C, Bogner V, Braunstein V, Biberthaler P, Kanz KG (2012) Comparison of intraosseous versus central venous vascular access in adults under resuscitation in the emergency department with inaccessible peripheral veins. Resuscitation 83:40–45
365.
Zurück zum Zitat Helm M, Haunstein B, Schlechtriemen T, Ruppert M, Lampl L, Gassler M (2015) EZ-IO(®) intraosseous device implementation in German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Resuscitation 88:43–47 Helm M, Haunstein B, Schlechtriemen T, Ruppert M, Lampl L, Gassler M (2015) EZ-IO(®) intraosseous device implementation in German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Resuscitation 88:43–47
366.
Zurück zum Zitat Leidel BA, Kirchhoff C, Braunstein V, Bogner V, Biberthaler P, Kanz KG (2010) Comparison of two intraosseous access devices in adult patients under resuscitation in the emergency department: a prospective, randomized study. Resuscitation 81:994–999 Leidel BA, Kirchhoff C, Braunstein V, Bogner V, Biberthaler P, Kanz KG (2010) Comparison of two intraosseous access devices in adult patients under resuscitation in the emergency department: a prospective, randomized study. Resuscitation 81:994–999
367.
Zurück zum Zitat Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Augenstein S et al (1999) Intraosseous vasopressin improves coronary perfusion pressure rapidly during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Crit Care Med 27:1565–1569 Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Augenstein S et al (1999) Intraosseous vasopressin improves coronary perfusion pressure rapidly during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Crit Care Med 27:1565–1569
368.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoskins SL, do Nascimento P Jr, Lima RM, Espana-Tenorio JM, Kramer GC (2012) Pharmacokinetics of intraosseous and central venous drug delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 83:107–112 Hoskins SL, do Nascimento P Jr, Lima RM, Espana-Tenorio JM, Kramer GC (2012) Pharmacokinetics of intraosseous and central venous drug delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 83:107–112
369.
Zurück zum Zitat Burgert JM, Austin PN, Johnson A (2014) An evidence-based review of epinephrine administered via the intraosseous route in animal models of cardiac arrest. Mil Med 179:99–104 Burgert JM, Austin PN, Johnson A (2014) An evidence-based review of epinephrine administered via the intraosseous route in animal models of cardiac arrest. Mil Med 179:99–104
370.
Zurück zum Zitat Shavit I, Hoffmann Y, Galbraith R, Waisman Y (2009) Comparison of two mechanical intraosseous infusion devices: a pilot, randomized crossover trial. Resuscitation 80:1029–1033 Shavit I, Hoffmann Y, Galbraith R, Waisman Y (2009) Comparison of two mechanical intraosseous infusion devices: a pilot, randomized crossover trial. Resuscitation 80:1029–1033
371.
Zurück zum Zitat Myerburg RJ, Halperin H, Egan DA et al (2013) Pulseless electric activity: definition, causes, mechanisms, management, and research priorities for the next decade: report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. Circulation 128:2532–2541 Myerburg RJ, Halperin H, Egan DA et al (2013) Pulseless electric activity: definition, causes, mechanisms, management, and research priorities for the next decade: report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. Circulation 128:2532–2541
372.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordseth T, Edelson DP, Bergum D et al (2014) Optimal loop duration during the provision of in-hospital advanced life support (ALS) to patients with an initial non-shockable rhythm. Resuscitation 85:75–81 Nordseth T, Edelson DP, Bergum D et al (2014) Optimal loop duration during the provision of in-hospital advanced life support (ALS) to patients with an initial non-shockable rhythm. Resuscitation 85:75–81
373.
Zurück zum Zitat Narasimhan M, Koenig SJ, Mayo PH (2014) Advanced echocardiography for the critical care physician: part 1. Chest 145:129–134 Narasimhan M, Koenig SJ, Mayo PH (2014) Advanced echocardiography for the critical care physician: part 1. Chest 145:129–134
374.
Zurück zum Zitat Flato UA, Paiva EF, Carballo MT, Buehler AM, Marco R, Timerman A (2015) Echocardiography for prognostication during the resuscitation of intensive care unit patients with non-shockable rhythm cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 92:1–6 Flato UA, Paiva EF, Carballo MT, Buehler AM, Marco R, Timerman A (2015) Echocardiography for prognostication during the resuscitation of intensive care unit patients with non-shockable rhythm cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 92:1–6
375.
Zurück zum Zitat Breitkreutz R, Price S, Steiger HV et al (2010) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in life support and peri-resuscitation of emergency patients: a prospective trial. Resuscitation 81:1527–1533 Breitkreutz R, Price S, Steiger HV et al (2010) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in life support and peri-resuscitation of emergency patients: a prospective trial. Resuscitation 81:1527–1533
376.
Zurück zum Zitat Price S, Uddin S, Quinn T (2010) Echocardiography in cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 16:211–215 Price S, Uddin S, Quinn T (2010) Echocardiography in cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 16:211–215
377.
Zurück zum Zitat Memtsoudis SG, Rosenberger P, Loffler M et al (2006) The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography during intraoperative cardiac arrest in noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 102:1653–1657 Memtsoudis SG, Rosenberger P, Loffler M et al (2006) The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography during intraoperative cardiac arrest in noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 102:1653–1657
378.
Zurück zum Zitat Comess KA, DeRook FA, Russell ML, Tognazzi-Evans TA, Beach KW (2000) The incidence of pulmonary embolism in unexplained sudden cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. Am J Med 109:351–356 Comess KA, DeRook FA, Russell ML, Tognazzi-Evans TA, Beach KW (2000) The incidence of pulmonary embolism in unexplained sudden cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. Am J Med 109:351–356
379.
Zurück zum Zitat Niendorff DF, Rassias AJ, Palac R, Beach ML, Costa S, Greenberg M (2005) Rapid cardiac ultrasound of inpatients suffering PEA arrest performed by nonexpert sonographers. Resuscitation 67:81–87 Niendorff DF, Rassias AJ, Palac R, Beach ML, Costa S, Greenberg M (2005) Rapid cardiac ultrasound of inpatients suffering PEA arrest performed by nonexpert sonographers. Resuscitation 67:81–87
380.
Zurück zum Zitat Tayal VS, Kline JA (2003) Emergency echocardiography to detect pericardial effusion in patients in PEA and near-PEA states. Resuscitation 59:315–318 Tayal VS, Kline JA (2003) Emergency echocardiography to detect pericardial effusion in patients in PEA and near-PEA states. Resuscitation 59:315–318
381.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Wouw PA, Koster RW, Delemarre BJ, de Vos R, Lampe-Schoenmaeckers AJ, Lie KI (1997) Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:780–783 van der Wouw PA, Koster RW, Delemarre BJ, de Vos R, Lampe-Schoenmaeckers AJ, Lie KI (1997) Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:780–783
382.
Zurück zum Zitat Hernandez C, Shuler K, Hannan H, Sonyika C, Likourezos A, Marshall J (2008) C.A.U.S.E.: Cardiac arrest ultra-sound exam – a better approach to managing patients in primary non-arrhythmogenic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:198–206 Hernandez C, Shuler K, Hannan H, Sonyika C, Likourezos A, Marshall J (2008) C.A.U.S.E.: Cardiac arrest ultra-sound exam – a better approach to managing patients in primary non-arrhythmogenic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:198–206
383.
Zurück zum Zitat Steiger HV, Rimbach K, Muller E, Breitkreutz R (2009) Focused emergency echocardiography: lifesaving tool for a 14-year-old girl suffering out-of-hospital pulseless electrical activity arrest because of cardiac tamponade. Eur J Emerg Med 16:103–105 Steiger HV, Rimbach K, Muller E, Breitkreutz R (2009) Focused emergency echocardiography: lifesaving tool for a 14-year-old girl suffering out-of-hospital pulseless electrical activity arrest because of cardiac tamponade. Eur J Emerg Med 16:103–105
384.
Zurück zum Zitat Breitkreutz R, Walcher F, Seeger FH (2007) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm. Crit Care Med 35:S150–S161 Breitkreutz R, Walcher F, Seeger FH (2007) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm. Crit Care Med 35:S150–S161
385.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaivas M, Fox JC (2001) Outcome in cardiac arrest patients found to have cardiac standstill on the bedside emergency department echocardiogram. Acad Emerg Med 8:616–621 Blaivas M, Fox JC (2001) Outcome in cardiac arrest patients found to have cardiac standstill on the bedside emergency department echocardiogram. Acad Emerg Med 8:616–621
386.
Zurück zum Zitat Salen P, O’Connor R, Sierzenski P et al (2001) Can cardiac sonography and capnography be used independently and in combination to predict resuscitation outcomes? Acad Emerg Med 8:610–615 Salen P, O’Connor R, Sierzenski P et al (2001) Can cardiac sonography and capnography be used independently and in combination to predict resuscitation outcomes? Acad Emerg Med 8:610–615
387.
Zurück zum Zitat Salen P, Melniker L, Chooljian C et al (2005) Does the presence or absence of sonographically identified cardiac activity predict resuscitation outcomes of cardiac arrest patients? Am J Emerg Med 23:459–462 Salen P, Melniker L, Chooljian C et al (2005) Does the presence or absence of sonographically identified cardiac activity predict resuscitation outcomes of cardiac arrest patients? Am J Emerg Med 23:459–462
388.
Zurück zum Zitat Prosen G, Krizmaric M, Zavrsnik J, Grmec S (2010) Impact of modified treatment in echocardiographically confirmed pseudo-pulseless electrical activity in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with constant end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure during compression pauses. J Int Med Res 38:1458–1467 Prosen G, Krizmaric M, Zavrsnik J, Grmec S (2010) Impact of modified treatment in echocardiographically confirmed pseudo-pulseless electrical activity in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with constant end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure during compression pauses. J Int Med Res 38:1458–1467
389.
Zurück zum Zitat Olaussen A, Shepherd M, Nehme Z, Smith K, Bernard S, Mitra B (2014) Return of consciousness during ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation 86C:44–48 Olaussen A, Shepherd M, Nehme Z, Smith K, Bernard S, Mitra B (2014) Return of consciousness during ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation 86C:44–48
390.
Zurück zum Zitat Couper K, Salman B, Soar J, Finn J, Perkins GD (2013) Debriefing to improve outcomes from critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 39:1513–1523 Couper K, Salman B, Soar J, Finn J, Perkins GD (2013) Debriefing to improve outcomes from critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 39:1513–1523
391.
Zurück zum Zitat Couper K, Smyth M, Perkins GD (2015) Mechanical devices for chest compression: to use or not to use? Curr Opin Crit Care 21:188–194 Couper K, Smyth M, Perkins GD (2015) Mechanical devices for chest compression: to use or not to use? Curr Opin Crit Care 21:188–194
392.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Low JL (2000) Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral, and radial pulses: observational study. BMJ 321:673–674 Deakin CD, Low JL (2000) Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral, and radial pulses: observational study. BMJ 321:673–674
393.
Zurück zum Zitat Connick M, Berg RA (1994) Femoral venous pulsations during open-chest cardiac massage. Ann Emerg Med 24:1176–1179 Connick M, Berg RA (1994) Femoral venous pulsations during open-chest cardiac massage. Ann Emerg Med 24:1176–1179
394.
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins GD, Travers AH, Considine J et al (2015) Part 3: Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation Perkins GD, Travers AH, Considine J et al (2015) Part 3: Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation
395.
Zurück zum Zitat Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R, Grundler W, Falk JL, Griffel MI (1986) Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 315:153–156 Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R, Grundler W, Falk JL, Griffel MI (1986) Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 315:153–156
396.
Zurück zum Zitat Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME et al (2013) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected] improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128:417–435 Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME et al (2013) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected] improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128:417–435
397.
Zurück zum Zitat Friess SH, Sutton RM, French B et al (2014) Hemodynamic directed CPR improves cerebral perfusion pressure and brain tissue oxygenation. Resuscitation 85:1298–1303 Friess SH, Sutton RM, French B et al (2014) Hemodynamic directed CPR improves cerebral perfusion pressure and brain tissue oxygenation. Resuscitation 85:1298–1303
398.
Zurück zum Zitat Friess SH, Sutton RM, Bhalala U et al (2013) Hemodynamic directed cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves short-term survival from ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 41:2698–2704 Friess SH, Sutton RM, Bhalala U et al (2013) Hemodynamic directed cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves short-term survival from ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 41:2698–2704
399.
Zurück zum Zitat Sutton RM, Friess SH, Bhalala U et al (2013) Hemodynamic directed CPR improves short-term survival from asphyxia-associated cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:696–701 Sutton RM, Friess SH, Bhalala U et al (2013) Hemodynamic directed CPR improves short-term survival from asphyxia-associated cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:696–701
400.
Zurück zum Zitat Babbs CF (2013) We still need a real-time hemodynamic monitor for CPR. Resuscitation 84:1297–1298 Babbs CF (2013) We still need a real-time hemodynamic monitor for CPR. Resuscitation 84:1297–1298
401.
Zurück zum Zitat Fukuda T, Ohashi N, Nishida M et al (2014) Application of cerebral oxygen saturation to prediction of the futility of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients: a single-center, prospective, observational study: can cerebral regional oxygen saturation predict the futility of CPR? Am J Emerg Med 32:747–751PubMedCrossRef Fukuda T, Ohashi N, Nishida M et al (2014) Application of cerebral oxygen saturation to prediction of the futility of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients: a single-center, prospective, observational study: can cerebral regional oxygen saturation predict the futility of CPR? Am J Emerg Med 32:747–751PubMedCrossRef
402.
Zurück zum Zitat Parnia S, Nasir A, Ahn A et al (2014) A feasibility study of cerebral oximetry during in-hospital mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation*. Crit Care Med 42:930–933PubMedCrossRef Parnia S, Nasir A, Ahn A et al (2014) A feasibility study of cerebral oximetry during in-hospital mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation*. Crit Care Med 42:930–933PubMedCrossRef
403.
Zurück zum Zitat Genbrugge C, Meex I, Boer W et al (2015) Increase in cerebral oxygenation during advanced life support in out-of-hospital patients is associated with return of spontaneous circulation. Crit Care 19:112PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Genbrugge C, Meex I, Boer W et al (2015) Increase in cerebral oxygenation during advanced life support in out-of-hospital patients is associated with return of spontaneous circulation. Crit Care 19:112PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
404.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP (2014) Cerebral oximetry during cardiac arrest-feasible, but benefit yet to be determined*. Crit Care Med 42:1001–1002PubMedCrossRef Nolan JP (2014) Cerebral oximetry during cardiac arrest-feasible, but benefit yet to be determined*. Crit Care Med 42:1001–1002PubMedCrossRef
405.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamrick JL, Hamrick JT, Lee JK, Lee BH, Koehler RC, Shaffner DH (2014) Efficacy of chest compressions directed by end-tidal CO2 feedback in a pediatric resuscitation model of basic life support. J Am Heart Assoc 3:e000450PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hamrick JL, Hamrick JT, Lee JK, Lee BH, Koehler RC, Shaffner DH (2014) Efficacy of chest compressions directed by end-tidal CO2 feedback in a pediatric resuscitation model of basic life support. J Am Heart Assoc 3:e000450PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
406.
Zurück zum Zitat Lah K, Krizmaric M, Grmec S (2011) The dynamic pattern of end-tidal carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: difference between asphyxial cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R13PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Lah K, Krizmaric M, Grmec S (2011) The dynamic pattern of end-tidal carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: difference between asphyxial cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R13PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
407.
Zurück zum Zitat Grmec S, Krizmaric M, Mally S, Kozelj A, Spindler M, Lesnik B (2007) Utstein style analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – bystander CPR and end expired carbon dioxide. Resuscitation 72:404–414PubMedCrossRef Grmec S, Krizmaric M, Mally S, Kozelj A, Spindler M, Lesnik B (2007) Utstein style analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – bystander CPR and end expired carbon dioxide. Resuscitation 72:404–414PubMedCrossRef
408.
Zurück zum Zitat Kolar M, Krizmaric M, Klemen P, Grmec S (2008) Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide successful predicts cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 12:R115PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kolar M, Krizmaric M, Klemen P, Grmec S (2008) Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide successful predicts cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 12:R115PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
409.
Zurück zum Zitat Conseil francais de reanimation c, Societe francaise d’anesthesie et de r, Societe francaise de c et al (2009) Guidelines for indications for the use of extracorporeal life support in refractory cardiac arrest. French Ministry of Health. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 28:182–190CrossRef Conseil francais de reanimation c, Societe francaise d’anesthesie et de r, Societe francaise de c et al (2009) Guidelines for indications for the use of extracorporeal life support in refractory cardiac arrest. French Ministry of Health. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 28:182–190CrossRef
410.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallmuller C, Sterz F, Testori C et al (2013) Emergency cardio-pulmonary bypass in cardiac arrest: seventeen years of experience. Resuscitation 84:326–330PubMedCrossRef Wallmuller C, Sterz F, Testori C et al (2013) Emergency cardio-pulmonary bypass in cardiac arrest: seventeen years of experience. Resuscitation 84:326–330PubMedCrossRef
411.
Zurück zum Zitat Kagawa E, Dote K, Kato M et al (2012) Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiac arrest?: rapid-response extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intra-arrest percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 126:1605–1613PubMedCrossRef Kagawa E, Dote K, Kato M et al (2012) Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiac arrest?: rapid-response extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intra-arrest percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 126:1605–1613PubMedCrossRef
412.
Zurück zum Zitat Xie A, Phan K, Yi-Chin Tsai M, Yan TD, Forrest P (2015) Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 29:637–645PubMedCrossRef Xie A, Phan K, Yi-Chin Tsai M, Yan TD, Forrest P (2015) Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 29:637–645PubMedCrossRef
413.
Zurück zum Zitat Riggs KR, Becker LB, Sugarman J (2015) Ethics in the use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults. Resuscitation 91:73–75PubMedCrossRef Riggs KR, Becker LB, Sugarman J (2015) Ethics in the use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults. Resuscitation 91:73–75PubMedCrossRef
414.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen YS, Lin JW, Yu HY et al (2008) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with assisted extracorporeal life-support versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study and propensity analysis. Lancet 372:554–561PubMedCrossRef Chen YS, Lin JW, Yu HY et al (2008) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with assisted extracorporeal life-support versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study and propensity analysis. Lancet 372:554–561PubMedCrossRef
415.
Zurück zum Zitat Stub D, Bernard S, Pellegrino V et al (2015) Refractory cardiac arrest treated with mechanical CPR, hypothermia, ECMO and early reperfusion (the CHEER trial). Resuscitation 86:88–94PubMedCrossRef Stub D, Bernard S, Pellegrino V et al (2015) Refractory cardiac arrest treated with mechanical CPR, hypothermia, ECMO and early reperfusion (the CHEER trial). Resuscitation 86:88–94PubMedCrossRef
416.
Zurück zum Zitat Shin TG, Choi JH, Jo IJ et al (2011) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with inhospital cardiac arrest: a comparison with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 39:1–7PubMedCrossRef Shin TG, Choi JH, Jo IJ et al (2011) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with inhospital cardiac arrest: a comparison with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 39:1–7PubMedCrossRef
417.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamhaut L, Jouffroy R, Soldan M et al (2013) Safety and feasibility of prehospital extra corporeal life support implementation by non-surgeons for out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1525–1529PubMedCrossRef Lamhaut L, Jouffroy R, Soldan M et al (2013) Safety and feasibility of prehospital extra corporeal life support implementation by non-surgeons for out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1525–1529PubMedCrossRef
418.
Zurück zum Zitat Maekawa K, Tanno K, Hase M, Mori K, Asai Y (2013) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin: a propensity-matched study and predictor analysis. Crit Care Med 41:1186–1196PubMedCrossRef Maekawa K, Tanno K, Hase M, Mori K, Asai Y (2013) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin: a propensity-matched study and predictor analysis. Crit Care Med 41:1186–1196PubMedCrossRef
419.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunne B, Christou E, Duff O, Merry C (2014) Extracorporeal-assisted rewarming in the management of accidental deep hypothermic cardiac arrest: a systematic review of the literature. Heart Lung Circ 23:1029–1035PubMedCrossRef Dunne B, Christou E, Duff O, Merry C (2014) Extracorporeal-assisted rewarming in the management of accidental deep hypothermic cardiac arrest: a systematic review of the literature. Heart Lung Circ 23:1029–1035PubMedCrossRef
420.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakamoto T, Morimura N, Nagao K et al (2014) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective observational study. Resuscitation 85:762–768PubMedCrossRef Sakamoto T, Morimura N, Nagao K et al (2014) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective observational study. Resuscitation 85:762–768PubMedCrossRef
421.
Zurück zum Zitat Le Guen M, Nicolas-Robin A, Carreira S et al (2011) Extracorporeal life support following out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R29PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Le Guen M, Nicolas-Robin A, Carreira S et al (2011) Extracorporeal life support following out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R29PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
422.
Zurück zum Zitat Kagawa E, Inoue I, Kawagoe T et al (2010) Assessment of outcomes and differences between in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation using extracorporeal life support. Resuscitation 81:968–973PubMedCrossRef Kagawa E, Inoue I, Kawagoe T et al (2010) Assessment of outcomes and differences between in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation using extracorporeal life support. Resuscitation 81:968–973PubMedCrossRef
423.
Zurück zum Zitat Haneya A, Philipp A, Diez C et al (2012) A 5-year experience with cardiopulmonary resuscitation using extracorporeal life support in non-postcardiotomy patients with cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:1331–1337PubMedCrossRef Haneya A, Philipp A, Diez C et al (2012) A 5-year experience with cardiopulmonary resuscitation using extracorporeal life support in non-postcardiotomy patients with cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:1331–1337PubMedCrossRef
424.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang CH, Chou NK, Becker LB et al (2014) Improved outcome of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – a comparison with that for extracorporeal rescue for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:1219–1224PubMedCrossRef Wang CH, Chou NK, Becker LB et al (2014) Improved outcome of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – a comparison with that for extracorporeal rescue for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:1219–1224PubMedCrossRef
425.
Zurück zum Zitat Gundersen K, Kvaloy JT, Kramer-Johansen J, Steen PA, Eftestol T (2009) Development of the probability of return of spontaneous circulation in intervals without chest compressions during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. BMC Med 7:6PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gundersen K, Kvaloy JT, Kramer-Johansen J, Steen PA, Eftestol T (2009) Development of the probability of return of spontaneous circulation in intervals without chest compressions during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. BMC Med 7:6PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
426.
Zurück zum Zitat Sell RE, Sarno R, Lawrence B et al (2010) Minimizing pre- and post-defibrillation pauses increases the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Resuscitation 81:822–825PubMedCrossRef Sell RE, Sarno R, Lawrence B et al (2010) Minimizing pre- and post-defibrillation pauses increases the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Resuscitation 81:822–825PubMedCrossRef
427.
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins GD, Davies RP, Soar J, Thickett DR (2007) The impact of manual defibrillation technique on no-flow time during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 73:109–114PubMedCrossRef Perkins GD, Davies RP, Soar J, Thickett DR (2007) The impact of manual defibrillation technique on no-flow time during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 73:109–114PubMedCrossRef
428.
Zurück zum Zitat Olsen JA, Brunborg C, Steinberg M et al (2015) Pre-shock chest compression pause effects on termination of ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia and return of organized rhythm within mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 93:158–163PubMedCrossRef Olsen JA, Brunborg C, Steinberg M et al (2015) Pre-shock chest compression pause effects on termination of ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia and return of organized rhythm within mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 93:158–163PubMedCrossRef
429.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Lee-Shrewsbury V, Hogg K, Petley GW (2013) Do clinical examination gloves provide adequate electrical insulation for safe hands-on defibrillation? I: resistive properties of nitrile gloves. Resuscitation 84:895–899PubMedCrossRef Deakin CD, Lee-Shrewsbury V, Hogg K, Petley GW (2013) Do clinical examination gloves provide adequate electrical insulation for safe hands-on defibrillation? I: resistive properties of nitrile gloves. Resuscitation 84:895–899PubMedCrossRef
431.
Zurück zum Zitat Hummel RS, 3rd, Ornato JP, Weinberg SM, Clarke AM (1988) Spark-generating properties of electrode gels used during defibrillation. A potential fire hazard. JAMA 260:3021–3024 Hummel RS, 3rd, Ornato JP, Weinberg SM, Clarke AM (1988) Spark-generating properties of electrode gels used during defibrillation. A potential fire hazard. JAMA 260:3021–3024
432.
Zurück zum Zitat ECRI (1987) Defibrillation in oxygen-enriched environments [hazard]. Health Devices 16:113–114 ECRI (1987) Defibrillation in oxygen-enriched environments [hazard]. Health Devices 16:113–114
433.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefever J, Smith A (1995) Risk of fire when using defibrillation in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Medical Devices Agency Safety Notices 3:1–3 Lefever J, Smith A (1995) Risk of fire when using defibrillation in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Medical Devices Agency Safety Notices 3:1–3
434.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward ME (1996) Risk of fires when using defibrillators in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Resuscitation 31:173PubMedCrossRef Ward ME (1996) Risk of fires when using defibrillators in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Resuscitation 31:173PubMedCrossRef
435.
Zurück zum Zitat Theodorou AA, Gutierrez JA, Berg RA (2003) Fire attributable to a defibrillation attempt in a neonate. Pediatrics 112:677–679PubMedCrossRef Theodorou AA, Gutierrez JA, Berg RA (2003) Fire attributable to a defibrillation attempt in a neonate. Pediatrics 112:677–679PubMedCrossRef
436.
Zurück zum Zitat Manegold JC, Israel CW, Ehrlich JR et al (2007) External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in patients with implanted pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator systems: a randomized comparison of monophasic and biphasic shock energy application. Eur Heart J 28:1731–1738PubMedCrossRef Manegold JC, Israel CW, Ehrlich JR et al (2007) External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in patients with implanted pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator systems: a randomized comparison of monophasic and biphasic shock energy application. Eur Heart J 28:1731–1738PubMedCrossRef
437.
Zurück zum Zitat Alferness CA (1982) Pacemaker damage due to external countershock in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 5:457–458PubMedCrossRef Alferness CA (1982) Pacemaker damage due to external countershock in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 5:457–458PubMedCrossRef
438.
Zurück zum Zitat Pagan-Carlo LA, Spencer KT, Robertson CE, Dengler A, Birkett C, Kerber RE (1996) Transthoracic defibrillation: importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:449–452PubMedCrossRef Pagan-Carlo LA, Spencer KT, Robertson CE, Dengler A, Birkett C, Kerber RE (1996) Transthoracic defibrillation: importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:449–452PubMedCrossRef
439.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Sado DM, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2003) Is the orientation of the apical defibrillation paddle of importance during manual external defibrillation? Resuscitation 56:15–18PubMedCrossRef Deakin CD, Sado DM, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2003) Is the orientation of the apical defibrillation paddle of importance during manual external defibrillation? Resuscitation 56:15–18PubMedCrossRef
440.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirchhof P, Eckardt L, Loh P et al (2002) Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode positions for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomised trial. Lancet 360:1275–1279PubMedCrossRef Kirchhof P, Eckardt L, Loh P et al (2002) Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode positions for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomised trial. Lancet 360:1275–1279PubMedCrossRef
441.
Zurück zum Zitat Botto GL, Politi A, Bonini W, Broffoni T, Bonatti R (1999) External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements. Heart 82:726–730PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Botto GL, Politi A, Bonini W, Broffoni T, Bonatti R (1999) External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements. Heart 82:726–730PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
442.
Zurück zum Zitat Alp NJ, Rahman S, Bell JA, Shahi M (2000) Randomised comparison of antero-lateral versus antero-posterior paddle positions for DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 75:211–216PubMedCrossRef Alp NJ, Rahman S, Bell JA, Shahi M (2000) Randomised comparison of antero-lateral versus antero-posterior paddle positions for DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 75:211–216PubMedCrossRef
443.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathew TP, Moore A, McIntyre M et al (1999) Randomised comparison of electrode positions for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart 81:576–579PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Mathew TP, Moore A, McIntyre M et al (1999) Randomised comparison of electrode positions for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart 81:576–579PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
444.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirkland S, Stiell I, AlShawabkeh T, Campbell S, Dickinson G, Rowe BH (2014) The efficacy of pad placement for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med 21:717–726PubMedCrossRef Kirkland S, Stiell I, AlShawabkeh T, Campbell S, Dickinson G, Rowe BH (2014) The efficacy of pad placement for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med 21:717–726PubMedCrossRef
445.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang B, Li X, Shen D, Zhen Y, Tao A, Zhang G (2014) Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode position for external electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 107:280–290PubMedCrossRef Zhang B, Li X, Shen D, Zhen Y, Tao A, Zhang G (2014) Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode position for external electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 107:280–290PubMedCrossRef
446.
Zurück zum Zitat Walsh SJ, McCarty D, McClelland AJ et al (2005) Impedance compensated biphasic waveforms for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a multi-centre comparison of antero-apical and antero-posterior pad positions. Eur Heart J 26(13):1298–1302PubMedCrossRef Walsh SJ, McCarty D, McClelland AJ et al (2005) Impedance compensated biphasic waveforms for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a multi-centre comparison of antero-apical and antero-posterior pad positions. Eur Heart J 26(13):1298–1302PubMedCrossRef
447.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW, Clewlow F, Dalrymple-Hay MJ (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance – implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37:9–12PubMedCrossRef Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW, Clewlow F, Dalrymple-Hay MJ (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance – implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37:9–12PubMedCrossRef
448.
Zurück zum Zitat Callaway CW, Sherman LD, Mosesso VN Jr, Dietrich TJ, Holt E, Clarkson MC (2001) Scaling exponent predicts defibrillation success for out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation 103:1656–1661PubMedCrossRef Callaway CW, Sherman LD, Mosesso VN Jr, Dietrich TJ, Holt E, Clarkson MC (2001) Scaling exponent predicts defibrillation success for out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation 103:1656–1661PubMedCrossRef
449.
Zurück zum Zitat Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Dennis D, Ray R, Hallstrom AP, Copass MK (1985) Amplitude of ventricular fibrillation waveform and outcome after cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 102:53–55PubMedCrossRef Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Dennis D, Ray R, Hallstrom AP, Copass MK (1985) Amplitude of ventricular fibrillation waveform and outcome after cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 102:53–55PubMedCrossRef
450.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown CG, Dzwonczyk R (1996) Signal analysis of the human electrocardiogram during ventricular fibrillation: frequency and amplitude parameters as predictors of successful countershock. Ann Emerg Med 27:184–188PubMedCrossRef Brown CG, Dzwonczyk R (1996) Signal analysis of the human electrocardiogram during ventricular fibrillation: frequency and amplitude parameters as predictors of successful countershock. Ann Emerg Med 27:184–188PubMedCrossRef
451.
Zurück zum Zitat Callaham M, Braun O, Valentine W, Clark DM, Zegans C (1993) Prehospital cardiac arrest treated by urban first-responders: profile of patient response and prediction of outcome by ventricular fibrillation waveform. Ann Emerg Med 22:1664–1677PubMedCrossRef Callaham M, Braun O, Valentine W, Clark DM, Zegans C (1993) Prehospital cardiac arrest treated by urban first-responders: profile of patient response and prediction of outcome by ventricular fibrillation waveform. Ann Emerg Med 22:1664–1677PubMedCrossRef
452.
Zurück zum Zitat Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Brown CG (1997) Analysis of the ventricular fibrillation ECG signal amplitude and frequency parameters as predictors of countershock success in humans. Chest 111:584–589PubMedCrossRef Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Brown CG (1997) Analysis of the ventricular fibrillation ECG signal amplitude and frequency parameters as predictors of countershock success in humans. Chest 111:584–589PubMedCrossRef
453.
Zurück zum Zitat Strohmenger HU, Eftestol T, Sunde K et al (2001) The predictive value of ventricular fibrillation electrocardiogram signal frequency and amplitude variables in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 93:1428–1433PubMedCrossRef Strohmenger HU, Eftestol T, Sunde K et al (2001) The predictive value of ventricular fibrillation electrocardiogram signal frequency and amplitude variables in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 93:1428–1433PubMedCrossRef
454.
Zurück zum Zitat Podbregar M, Kovacic M, Podbregar-Mars A, Brezocnik M (2003) Predicting defibrillation success by ‚genetic‘ programming in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 57:153–159PubMedCrossRef Podbregar M, Kovacic M, Podbregar-Mars A, Brezocnik M (2003) Predicting defibrillation success by ‚genetic‘ programming in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 57:153–159PubMedCrossRef
455.
Zurück zum Zitat Menegazzi JJ, Callaway CW, Sherman LD et al (2004) Ventricular fibrillation scaling exponent can guide timing of defibrillation and other therapies. Circulation 109:926–931PubMedCrossRef Menegazzi JJ, Callaway CW, Sherman LD et al (2004) Ventricular fibrillation scaling exponent can guide timing of defibrillation and other therapies. Circulation 109:926–931PubMedCrossRef
456.
Zurück zum Zitat Povoas HP, Weil MH, Tang W, Bisera J, Klouche K, Barbatsis A (2002) Predicting the success of defibrillation by electrocardiographic analysis. Resuscitation 53:77–82PubMedCrossRef Povoas HP, Weil MH, Tang W, Bisera J, Klouche K, Barbatsis A (2002) Predicting the success of defibrillation by electrocardiographic analysis. Resuscitation 53:77–82PubMedCrossRef
457.
Zurück zum Zitat Noc M, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Pernat A, Bisera J (1999) Electrocardiographic prediction of the success of cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 27:708–714PubMedCrossRef Noc M, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Pernat A, Bisera J (1999) Electrocardiographic prediction of the success of cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 27:708–714PubMedCrossRef
458.
Zurück zum Zitat Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Keller A, Lindner IM, Pfenninger EG (1996) Spectral analysis of ventricular fibrillation and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 33:155–161PubMedCrossRef Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Keller A, Lindner IM, Pfenninger EG (1996) Spectral analysis of ventricular fibrillation and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 33:155–161PubMedCrossRef
459.
Zurück zum Zitat Noc M, Weil MH, Gazmuri RJ, Sun S, Biscera J, Tang W (1994) Ventricular fibrillation voltage as a monitor of the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Lab Clin Med 124:421–426PubMed Noc M, Weil MH, Gazmuri RJ, Sun S, Biscera J, Tang W (1994) Ventricular fibrillation voltage as a monitor of the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Lab Clin Med 124:421–426PubMed
460.
Zurück zum Zitat Lightfoot CB, Nremt P, Callaway CW et al (2003) Dynamic nature of electrocardiographic waveform predicts rescue shock outcome in porcine ventricular fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 42:230–241PubMedCrossRef Lightfoot CB, Nremt P, Callaway CW et al (2003) Dynamic nature of electrocardiographic waveform predicts rescue shock outcome in porcine ventricular fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 42:230–241PubMedCrossRef
461.
Zurück zum Zitat Marn-Pernat A, Weil MH, Tang W, Pernat A, Bisera J (2001) Optimizing timing of ventricular defibrillation. Crit Care Med 29:2360–2365PubMedCrossRef Marn-Pernat A, Weil MH, Tang W, Pernat A, Bisera J (2001) Optimizing timing of ventricular defibrillation. Crit Care Med 29:2360–2365PubMedCrossRef
462.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamprecht FA, Achleitner U, Krismer AC et al (2001) Fibrillation power, an alternative method of ECG spectral analysis for prediction of countershock success in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 50:287–296PubMedCrossRef Hamprecht FA, Achleitner U, Krismer AC et al (2001) Fibrillation power, an alternative method of ECG spectral analysis for prediction of countershock success in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 50:287–296PubMedCrossRef
463.
Zurück zum Zitat Amann A, Achleitner U, Antretter H et al (2001) Analysing ventricular fibrillation ECG-signals and predicting defibrillation success during cardiopulmonary resuscitation employing N(alpha)-histograms. Resuscitation 50:77–85PubMedCrossRef Amann A, Achleitner U, Antretter H et al (2001) Analysing ventricular fibrillation ECG-signals and predicting defibrillation success during cardiopulmonary resuscitation employing N(alpha)-histograms. Resuscitation 50:77–85PubMedCrossRef
464.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown CG, Griffith RF, Van Ligten P et al (1991) Median frequency – a new parameter for predicting defibrillation success rate. Ann Emerg Med 20:787–789PubMedCrossRef Brown CG, Griffith RF, Van Ligten P et al (1991) Median frequency – a new parameter for predicting defibrillation success rate. Ann Emerg Med 20:787–789PubMedCrossRef
465.
Zurück zum Zitat Amann A, Rheinberger K, Achleitner U et al (2002) The prediction of defibrillation outcome using a new combination of mean frequency and amplitude in porcine models of cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 95:716–722. (table of contents)PubMed Amann A, Rheinberger K, Achleitner U et al (2002) The prediction of defibrillation outcome using a new combination of mean frequency and amplitude in porcine models of cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 95:716–722. (table of contents)PubMed
466.
Zurück zum Zitat Firoozabadi R, Nakagawa M, Helfenbein ED, Babaeizadeh S (2013) Predicting defibrillation success in sudden cardiac arrest patients. J Electrocardiol 46:473–479PubMedCrossRef Firoozabadi R, Nakagawa M, Helfenbein ED, Babaeizadeh S (2013) Predicting defibrillation success in sudden cardiac arrest patients. J Electrocardiol 46:473–479PubMedCrossRef
467.
Zurück zum Zitat Ristagno G, Li Y, Fumagalli F, Finzi A, Quan W (2013) Amplitude spectrum area to guide resuscitation-a retrospective analysis during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 609 patients with ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1697–1703PubMedCrossRef Ristagno G, Li Y, Fumagalli F, Finzi A, Quan W (2013) Amplitude spectrum area to guide resuscitation-a retrospective analysis during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 609 patients with ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1697–1703PubMedCrossRef
468.
Zurück zum Zitat Ristagno G, Mauri T, Cesana G et al (2015) Amplitude spectrum area to guide defibrillation: a validation on 1617 patients with ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 131:478–487PubMedCrossRef Ristagno G, Mauri T, Cesana G et al (2015) Amplitude spectrum area to guide defibrillation: a validation on 1617 patients with ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 131:478–487PubMedCrossRef
469.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobs I, Sunde K, Deakin CDet al (2010) Part 6: Defibrillation: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 122:S325–S337PubMedCrossRef Jacobs I, Sunde K, Deakin CDet al (2010) Part 6: Defibrillation: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 122:S325–S337PubMedCrossRef
470.
Zurück zum Zitat Sunde K, Jacobs I, Deakin CD et al (2010) Part 6: Defibrillation: 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 81(Suppl 1):e71–e85PubMedCrossRef Sunde K, Jacobs I, Deakin CD et al (2010) Part 6: Defibrillation: 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 81(Suppl 1):e71–e85PubMedCrossRef
471.
Zurück zum Zitat Jost D, Degrange H, Verret C et al (2010) DEFI 2005: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of automated external defibrillator cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol on outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 121:1614–1622PubMedCrossRef Jost D, Degrange H, Verret C et al (2010) DEFI 2005: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of automated external defibrillator cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol on outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 121:1614–1622PubMedCrossRef
472.
Zurück zum Zitat Berdowski J, Schulten RJ, Tijssen JG, van Alem AP, Koster RW (2010) Delaying a shock after takeover from the automated external defibrillator by paramedics is associated with decreased survival. Resuscitation 81:287–292PubMedCrossRef Berdowski J, Schulten RJ, Tijssen JG, van Alem AP, Koster RW (2010) Delaying a shock after takeover from the automated external defibrillator by paramedics is associated with decreased survival. Resuscitation 81:287–292PubMedCrossRef
473.
Zurück zum Zitat Didon JP, Fontaine G, White RD, Jekova I, Schmid JJ, Cansell A (2008) Clinical experience with a low-energy pulsed biphasic waveform in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:350–353PubMedCrossRef Didon JP, Fontaine G, White RD, Jekova I, Schmid JJ, Cansell A (2008) Clinical experience with a low-energy pulsed biphasic waveform in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:350–353PubMedCrossRef
474.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Y, Wang H, Cho JH et al (2009) Comparison of efficacy of pulsed biphasic waveform and rectilinear biphasic waveform in a short ventricular fibrillation pig model. Resuscitation 80:1047–1051PubMedCrossRef Li Y, Wang H, Cho JH et al (2009) Comparison of efficacy of pulsed biphasic waveform and rectilinear biphasic waveform in a short ventricular fibrillation pig model. Resuscitation 80:1047–1051PubMedCrossRef
475.
476.
Zurück zum Zitat Joglar JA, Kessler DJ, Welch PJ et al (1999) Effects of repeated electrical defibrillations on cardiac troponin I levels. Am J Cardiol 83:270–272, A6PubMedCrossRef Joglar JA, Kessler DJ, Welch PJ et al (1999) Effects of repeated electrical defibrillations on cardiac troponin I levels. Am J Cardiol 83:270–272, A6PubMedCrossRef
477.
Zurück zum Zitat Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kienzle MG et al (1988) Energy, current, and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: clinical studies using an automated impedance-based method of energy adjustment. Circulation 77:1038–1046PubMedCrossRef Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kienzle MG et al (1988) Energy, current, and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: clinical studies using an automated impedance-based method of energy adjustment. Circulation 77:1038–1046PubMedCrossRef
478.
Zurück zum Zitat van Alem AP, Chapman FW, Lank P, Hart AA, Koster RW (2003) A prospective, randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 58:17–24 van Alem AP, Chapman FW, Lank P, Hart AA, Koster RW (2003) A prospective, randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 58:17–24
479.
Zurück zum Zitat Martens PR, Russell JK, Wolcke B et al (2001) Optimal Response to Cardiac Arrest study: defibrillation waveform effects. Resuscitation 49:233–243PubMedCrossRef Martens PR, Russell JK, Wolcke B et al (2001) Optimal Response to Cardiac Arrest study: defibrillation waveform effects. Resuscitation 49:233–243PubMedCrossRef
480.
Zurück zum Zitat Carpenter J, Rea TD, Murray JA, Kudenchuk PJ, Eisenberg MS (2003) Defibrillation waveform and post-shock rhythm in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 59:189–196PubMedCrossRef Carpenter J, Rea TD, Murray JA, Kudenchuk PJ, Eisenberg MS (2003) Defibrillation waveform and post-shock rhythm in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 59:189–196PubMedCrossRef
481.
Zurück zum Zitat Gliner BE, Jorgenson DB, Poole JE et al (1998) Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveform automatic external defibrillator. The LIFE Investigators. Biomed Instrum Technol 32:631–644PubMed Gliner BE, Jorgenson DB, Poole JE et al (1998) Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveform automatic external defibrillator. The LIFE Investigators. Biomed Instrum Technol 32:631–644PubMed
482.
Zurück zum Zitat White RD, Blackwell TH, Russell JK, Snyder DE, Jorgenson DB (2005) Transthoracic impedance does not affect defibrillation, resuscitation or survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with a non-escalating biphasic waveform defibrillator. Resuscitation 64:63–69PubMedCrossRef White RD, Blackwell TH, Russell JK, Snyder DE, Jorgenson DB (2005) Transthoracic impedance does not affect defibrillation, resuscitation or survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with a non-escalating biphasic waveform defibrillator. Resuscitation 64:63–69PubMedCrossRef
483.
Zurück zum Zitat Stiell IG, Walker RG, Nesbitt LP et al (2007) BIPHASIC Trial: a randomized comparison of fixed lower versus escalating higher energy levels for defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 115:1511–1517PubMedCrossRef Stiell IG, Walker RG, Nesbitt LP et al (2007) BIPHASIC Trial: a randomized comparison of fixed lower versus escalating higher energy levels for defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 115:1511–1517PubMedCrossRef
484.
Zurück zum Zitat Walsh SJ, McClelland AJ, Owens CG et al (2004) Efficacy of distinct energy delivery protocols comparing two biphasic defibrillators for cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 94:378–380PubMedCrossRef Walsh SJ, McClelland AJ, Owens CG et al (2004) Efficacy of distinct energy delivery protocols comparing two biphasic defibrillators for cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 94:378–380PubMedCrossRef
485.
Zurück zum Zitat Higgins SL, Herre JM, Epstein AE et al (2000) A comparison of biphasic and monophasic shocks for external defibrillation. Physio-Control Biphasic Investigators. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:305–313PubMedCrossRef Higgins SL, Herre JM, Epstein AE et al (2000) A comparison of biphasic and monophasic shocks for external defibrillation. Physio-Control Biphasic Investigators. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:305–313PubMedCrossRef
486.
Zurück zum Zitat Berg RA, Samson RA, Berg MD et al (2005) Better outcome after pediatric defibrillation dosage than adult dosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:786–789PubMedCrossRef Berg RA, Samson RA, Berg MD et al (2005) Better outcome after pediatric defibrillation dosage than adult dosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:786–789PubMedCrossRef
487.
Zurück zum Zitat Killingsworth CR, Melnick SB, Chapman FW et al (2002) Defibrillation threshold and cardiac responses using an external biphasic defibrillator with pediatric and adult adhesive patches in pediatric-sized piglets. Resuscitation 55:177–185PubMedCrossRef Killingsworth CR, Melnick SB, Chapman FW et al (2002) Defibrillation threshold and cardiac responses using an external biphasic defibrillator with pediatric and adult adhesive patches in pediatric-sized piglets. Resuscitation 55:177–185PubMedCrossRef
488.
Zurück zum Zitat Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S et al (2004) The effects of biphasic waveform design on post-resuscitation myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1228–1235PubMedCrossRef Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S et al (2004) The effects of biphasic waveform design on post-resuscitation myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1228–1235PubMedCrossRef
489.
Zurück zum Zitat Xie J, Weil MH, Sun S et al (1997) High-energy defibrillation increases the severity of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Circulation 96:683–658PubMedCrossRef Xie J, Weil MH, Sun S et al (1997) High-energy defibrillation increases the severity of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Circulation 96:683–658PubMedCrossRef
490.
Zurück zum Zitat Walker RG, Koster RW, Sun C et al (2009) Defibrillation probability and impedance change between shocks during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:773–777PubMedCrossRef Walker RG, Koster RW, Sun C et al (2009) Defibrillation probability and impedance change between shocks during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:773–777PubMedCrossRef
491.
Zurück zum Zitat Hess EP, Russell JK, Liu PY, White RD (2008) A high peak current 150-J fixed-energy defibrillation protocol treats recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) as effectively as initial VF. Resuscitation 79:28–33PubMedCrossRef Hess EP, Russell JK, Liu PY, White RD (2008) A high peak current 150-J fixed-energy defibrillation protocol treats recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) as effectively as initial VF. Resuscitation 79:28–33PubMedCrossRef
492.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Ambler JJ (2006) Post-shock myocardial stunning: a prospective randomised double-blind comparison of monophasic and biphasic waveforms. Resuscitation 68:329–333PubMedCrossRef Deakin CD, Ambler JJ (2006) Post-shock myocardial stunning: a prospective randomised double-blind comparison of monophasic and biphasic waveforms. Resuscitation 68:329–333PubMedCrossRef
493.
Zurück zum Zitat Khaykin Y, Newman D, Kowalewski M, Korley V, Dorian P (2003) Biphasic versus monophasic cardioversion in shock-resistant atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:868–872PubMedCrossRef Khaykin Y, Newman D, Kowalewski M, Korley V, Dorian P (2003) Biphasic versus monophasic cardioversion in shock-resistant atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:868–872PubMedCrossRef
494.
Zurück zum Zitat Koster RW, Dorian P, Chapman FW, Schmitt PW, O’Grady SG, Walker RG (2004) A randomized trial comparing monophasic and biphasic waveform shocks for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 147:e20PubMedCrossRef Koster RW, Dorian P, Chapman FW, Schmitt PW, O’Grady SG, Walker RG (2004) A randomized trial comparing monophasic and biphasic waveform shocks for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 147:e20PubMedCrossRef
495.
Zurück zum Zitat Mittal S, Ayati S, Stein KM et al (2000) Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: comparison of rectilinear biphasic versus damped sine wave monophasic shocks. Circulation 101:1282–1287PubMedCrossRef Mittal S, Ayati S, Stein KM et al (2000) Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: comparison of rectilinear biphasic versus damped sine wave monophasic shocks. Circulation 101:1282–1287PubMedCrossRef
496.
Zurück zum Zitat Kmec J (2006) Comparison the effectiveness of damped sine wave monophasic and rectilinear biphasic shocks in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Kardiologia 15:265–278 Kmec J (2006) Comparison the effectiveness of damped sine wave monophasic and rectilinear biphasic shocks in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Kardiologia 15:265–278
497.
Zurück zum Zitat Kosior DA, Szulec M, Torbicki A, Opolski G, Rabczenko D (2005) A decrease of enlarged left atrium following cardioversion of atrial fibrillationpredicts the long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm. Kardiol Pol 62:428–437PubMed Kosior DA, Szulec M, Torbicki A, Opolski G, Rabczenko D (2005) A decrease of enlarged left atrium following cardioversion of atrial fibrillationpredicts the long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm. Kardiol Pol 62:428–437PubMed
498.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodriguez FJ, Rodriguez A, Mendoza-Londono R, Tamayo ML (2005) X-linked retinoschisis in three females from the same family: a phenotype-genotype correlation. Retina 25:69–74PubMedCrossRef Rodriguez FJ, Rodriguez A, Mendoza-Londono R, Tamayo ML (2005) X-linked retinoschisis in three females from the same family: a phenotype-genotype correlation. Retina 25:69–74PubMedCrossRef
499.
Zurück zum Zitat Kabukcu M, Demircioglu F, Yanik E, Minareci K, Ersel-Tuzuner F (2004) Simultaneous double external DC shock technique for refractory atrial fibrillation in concomitant heart disease. Jpn Heart J 45:929–936PubMedCrossRef Kabukcu M, Demircioglu F, Yanik E, Minareci K, Ersel-Tuzuner F (2004) Simultaneous double external DC shock technique for refractory atrial fibrillation in concomitant heart disease. Jpn Heart J 45:929–936PubMedCrossRef
500.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoch DH, Batsford WP, Greenberg SM et al (1994) Double sequential external shocks for refractory ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:1141–1145PubMedCrossRef Hoch DH, Batsford WP, Greenberg SM et al (1994) Double sequential external shocks for refractory ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:1141–1145PubMedCrossRef
501.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerstein NS, Shah MB, Jorgensen KM (2015) Simultaneous use of two defibrillators for the conversion of refractory ventricular fibrillation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 29:421–424PubMedCrossRef Gerstein NS, Shah MB, Jorgensen KM (2015) Simultaneous use of two defibrillators for the conversion of refractory ventricular fibrillation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 29:421–424PubMedCrossRef
502.
Zurück zum Zitat Fender E, Tripuraneni A, Henrikson CA (2013) Dual defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation in a patient with a left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant 32:1144–1145PubMedCrossRef Fender E, Tripuraneni A, Henrikson CA (2013) Dual defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation in a patient with a left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant 32:1144–1145PubMedCrossRef
503.
Zurück zum Zitat Hess EP, Agarwal D, Myers LA, Atkinson EJ, White RD (2011) Performance of a rectilinear biphasic waveform in defibrillation of presenting and recurrent ventricular fibrillation: a prospective multicenter study. Resuscitation 82:685–689PubMedCrossRef Hess EP, Agarwal D, Myers LA, Atkinson EJ, White RD (2011) Performance of a rectilinear biphasic waveform in defibrillation of presenting and recurrent ventricular fibrillation: a prospective multicenter study. Resuscitation 82:685–689PubMedCrossRef
504.
Zurück zum Zitat Eilevstjonn J, Kramer-Johansen J, Sunde K (2007) Shock outcome is related to prior rhythm and duration of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 75:60–67PubMedCrossRef Eilevstjonn J, Kramer-Johansen J, Sunde K (2007) Shock outcome is related to prior rhythm and duration of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 75:60–67PubMedCrossRef
506.
Zurück zum Zitat Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK et al (2002) Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1956–1963PubMedCrossRef Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK et al (2002) Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1956–1963PubMedCrossRef
507.
Zurück zum Zitat Ambler JJ, Deakin CD (2006) A randomized controlled trial of efficacy and ST change following use of the Welch-Allyn MRL PIC biphasic waveform versus damped sine monophasic waveform for external DC cardioversion. Resuscitation 71:146–151PubMedCrossRef Ambler JJ, Deakin CD (2006) A randomized controlled trial of efficacy and ST change following use of the Welch-Allyn MRL PIC biphasic waveform versus damped sine monophasic waveform for external DC cardioversion. Resuscitation 71:146–151PubMedCrossRef
508.
Zurück zum Zitat Ambler JJ, Deakin CD (2006) A randomised controlled trial of the effect of biphasic or monophasic waveform on the incidence and severity of cutaneous burns following external direct current cardioversion. Resuscitation 71:293–300PubMedCrossRef Ambler JJ, Deakin CD (2006) A randomised controlled trial of the effect of biphasic or monophasic waveform on the incidence and severity of cutaneous burns following external direct current cardioversion. Resuscitation 71:293–300PubMedCrossRef
509.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Connelly S, Wharton R, Yuen HM (2013) A comparison of rectilinear and truncated exponential biphasic waveforms in elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation 84:286–291PubMedCrossRef Deakin CD, Connelly S, Wharton R, Yuen HM (2013) A comparison of rectilinear and truncated exponential biphasic waveforms in elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation 84:286–291PubMedCrossRef
510.
Zurück zum Zitat Boodhoo L, Mitchell AR, Bordoli G, Lloyd G, Patel N, Sulke N (2007) DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation: a comparison of two protocols. Int J Cardiol 114:16–21PubMedCrossRef Boodhoo L, Mitchell AR, Bordoli G, Lloyd G, Patel N, Sulke N (2007) DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation: a comparison of two protocols. Int J Cardiol 114:16–21PubMedCrossRef
511.
Zurück zum Zitat Boos C, Thomas MD, Jones A, Clarke E, Wilbourne G, More RS (2003) Higher energy monophasic DC cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation: is it time to start at 360 joules? Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 8:121–126PubMedCrossRef Boos C, Thomas MD, Jones A, Clarke E, Wilbourne G, More RS (2003) Higher energy monophasic DC cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation: is it time to start at 360 joules? Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 8:121–126PubMedCrossRef
512.
Zurück zum Zitat Glover BM, Walsh SJ, McCann CJ et al (2008) Biphasic energy selection for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. The BEST AF Trial. Heart 94:884–887PubMedCrossRef Glover BM, Walsh SJ, McCann CJ et al (2008) Biphasic energy selection for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. The BEST AF Trial. Heart 94:884–887PubMedCrossRef
513.
Zurück zum Zitat Rashba EJ, Gold MR, Crawford FA, Leman RB, Peters RW, Shorofsky SR (2004) Efficacy of transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using a biphasic, truncated exponential shock waveform at variable initial shock energies. Am J Cardiol 94:1572–1574PubMedCrossRef Rashba EJ, Gold MR, Crawford FA, Leman RB, Peters RW, Shorofsky SR (2004) Efficacy of transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using a biphasic, truncated exponential shock waveform at variable initial shock energies. Am J Cardiol 94:1572–1574PubMedCrossRef
514.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinski SL, Sgarbossa EB, Ching E, Trohman RG (1999) A comparison of 50-J versus 100-J shocks for direct-current cardioversion of atrial flutter. Am Heart J 137:439–442PubMedCrossRef Pinski SL, Sgarbossa EB, Ching E, Trohman RG (1999) A comparison of 50-J versus 100-J shocks for direct-current cardioversion of atrial flutter. Am Heart J 137:439–442PubMedCrossRef
515.
Zurück zum Zitat Alatawi F, Gurevitz O, White R (2005) Prospective, randomized comparison of two biphasic waveforms for the efficacy and safety of transthoracic biphasic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2:382–387PubMedCrossRef Alatawi F, Gurevitz O, White R (2005) Prospective, randomized comparison of two biphasic waveforms for the efficacy and safety of transthoracic biphasic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2:382–387PubMedCrossRef
516.
Zurück zum Zitat Kerber RE, Kienzle MG, Olshansky B et al (1992) Ventricular tachycardia rate and morphology determine energy and current requirements for transthoracic cardioversion. Circulation 85:158–163PubMedCrossRef Kerber RE, Kienzle MG, Olshansky B et al (1992) Ventricular tachycardia rate and morphology determine energy and current requirements for transthoracic cardioversion. Circulation 85:158–163PubMedCrossRef
517.
Zurück zum Zitat Hedges JR, Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, Feero S, Easter R, Shultz B (1987) Prehospital trial of emergency transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Circulation 76:1337–1343PubMedCrossRef Hedges JR, Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, Feero S, Easter R, Shultz B (1987) Prehospital trial of emergency transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Circulation 76:1337–1343PubMedCrossRef
518.
Zurück zum Zitat Barthell E, Troiano P, Olson D, Stueven HA, Hendley G (1988) Prehospital external cardiac pacing: a prospective, controlled clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 17:1221–1226PubMedCrossRef Barthell E, Troiano P, Olson D, Stueven HA, Hendley G (1988) Prehospital external cardiac pacing: a prospective, controlled clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 17:1221–1226PubMedCrossRef
519.
Zurück zum Zitat Cummins RO, Graves JR, Larsen MP et al (1993) Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 328:1377–1382PubMedCrossRef Cummins RO, Graves JR, Larsen MP et al (1993) Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 328:1377–1382PubMedCrossRef
520.
Zurück zum Zitat Ornato JP, Peberdy MA (1996) The mystery of bradyasystole during cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 27:576–587PubMedCrossRef Ornato JP, Peberdy MA (1996) The mystery of bradyasystole during cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 27:576–587PubMedCrossRef
521.
Zurück zum Zitat Niemann JT, Adomian GE, Garner D, Rosborough JP (1985) Endocardial and transcutaneous cardiac pacing, calcium chloride, and epinephrine in postcountershock asystole and bradycardias. Crit Care Med 13:699–704PubMedCrossRef Niemann JT, Adomian GE, Garner D, Rosborough JP (1985) Endocardial and transcutaneous cardiac pacing, calcium chloride, and epinephrine in postcountershock asystole and bradycardias. Crit Care Med 13:699–704PubMedCrossRef
522.
Zurück zum Zitat Quan L, Graves JR, Kinder DR, Horan S, Cummins RO (1992) Transcutaneous cardiac pacing in the treatment of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrests. Ann Emerg Med 21:905–909PubMedCrossRef Quan L, Graves JR, Kinder DR, Horan S, Cummins RO (1992) Transcutaneous cardiac pacing in the treatment of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrests. Ann Emerg Med 21:905–909PubMedCrossRef
523.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalsey WC, Syverud SA, Hedges JR (1985) Emergency department use of transcutaneous pacing for cardiac arrests. Crit Care Med 13:399–401PubMedCrossRef Dalsey WC, Syverud SA, Hedges JR (1985) Emergency department use of transcutaneous pacing for cardiac arrests. Crit Care Med 13:399–401PubMedCrossRef
524.
Zurück zum Zitat Knowlton AA, Falk RH (1986) External cardiac pacing during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 57:1295–1298PubMedCrossRef Knowlton AA, Falk RH (1986) External cardiac pacing during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 57:1295–1298PubMedCrossRef
525.
Zurück zum Zitat Ornato JP, Carveth WL, Windle JR (1984) Pacemaker insertion for prehospital bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 13:101–103PubMedCrossRef Ornato JP, Carveth WL, Windle JR (1984) Pacemaker insertion for prehospital bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 13:101–103PubMedCrossRef
526.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan L, Reid C, Taylor B (2002) Effect of three emergency pacing modalities on cardiac output in cardiac arrest due to ventricular asystole. Resuscitation 52:117–119PubMedCrossRef Chan L, Reid C, Taylor B (2002) Effect of three emergency pacing modalities on cardiac output in cardiac arrest due to ventricular asystole. Resuscitation 52:117–119PubMedCrossRef
527.
Zurück zum Zitat Eich C, Bleckmann A, Schwarz SK (2007) Percussion pacing – an almost forgotten procedure for haemodynamically unstable bradycardias? A report of three case studies and review of the literature. Br J Anaesth 98:429–433PubMedCrossRef Eich C, Bleckmann A, Schwarz SK (2007) Percussion pacing – an almost forgotten procedure for haemodynamically unstable bradycardias? A report of three case studies and review of the literature. Br J Anaesth 98:429–433PubMedCrossRef
528.
Zurück zum Zitat Stockwell B, Bellis G, Morton G et al (2009) Electrical injury during „hands on“ defibrillation-a potential risk of internal cardioverter defibrillators? Resuscitation 80:832–834PubMedCrossRef Stockwell B, Bellis G, Morton G et al (2009) Electrical injury during „hands on“ defibrillation-a potential risk of internal cardioverter defibrillators? Resuscitation 80:832–834PubMedCrossRef
529.
Zurück zum Zitat Monsieurs KG, Conraads VM, Goethals MP, Snoeck JP, Bossaert LL (1995) Semi-automatic external defibrillation and implanted cardiac pacemakers: understanding the interactions during resuscitation. Resuscitation 30:127–131PubMedCrossRef Monsieurs KG, Conraads VM, Goethals MP, Snoeck JP, Bossaert LL (1995) Semi-automatic external defibrillation and implanted cardiac pacemakers: understanding the interactions during resuscitation. Resuscitation 30:127–131PubMedCrossRef
530.
Zurück zum Zitat Fouche PF, Simpson PM, Bendall J, Thomas RE, Cone DC, Doi SA (2014) Airways in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:244–256PubMedCrossRef Fouche PF, Simpson PM, Bendall J, Thomas RE, Cone DC, Doi SA (2014) Airways in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:244–256PubMedCrossRef
531.
532.
533.
Zurück zum Zitat Nandi PR, Charlesworth CH, Taylor SJ, Nunn JF, Dore CJ (1991) Effect of general anaesthesia on the pharynx. Br J Anaesth 66:157–162PubMedCrossRef Nandi PR, Charlesworth CH, Taylor SJ, Nunn JF, Dore CJ (1991) Effect of general anaesthesia on the pharynx. Br J Anaesth 66:157–162PubMedCrossRef
534.
Zurück zum Zitat Guildner CW (1976) Resuscitation: opening the airway. A comparative study of techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue. JACEP 5:588–590PubMedCrossRef Guildner CW (1976) Resuscitation: opening the airway. A comparative study of techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue. JACEP 5:588–590PubMedCrossRef
535.
Zurück zum Zitat Safar P, Escarraga LA, Chang F (1959) Upper airway obstruction in the unconscious patient. J Appl Physiol 14:760–764PubMed Safar P, Escarraga LA, Chang F (1959) Upper airway obstruction in the unconscious patient. J Appl Physiol 14:760–764PubMed
536.
Zurück zum Zitat Greene DG, Elam JO, Dobkin AB, Studley CL (1961) Cinefluorographic study of hyperextension of the neck and upper airway patency. JAMA 176:570–573PubMedCrossRef Greene DG, Elam JO, Dobkin AB, Studley CL (1961) Cinefluorographic study of hyperextension of the neck and upper airway patency. JAMA 176:570–573PubMedCrossRef
537.
Zurück zum Zitat Morikawa S, Safar P, Decarlo J (1961) Influence of the headjaw position upon upper airway patency. Anesthesiology 22:265–270PubMedCrossRef Morikawa S, Safar P, Decarlo J (1961) Influence of the headjaw position upon upper airway patency. Anesthesiology 22:265–270PubMedCrossRef
538.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruben HM, Elam JO, Ruben AM, Greene DG (1961) Investigation of upper airway problems in resuscitation, 1: studies of pharyngeal x-rays and performance by laymen. Anesthesiology 22:271–279PubMedCrossRef Ruben HM, Elam JO, Ruben AM, Greene DG (1961) Investigation of upper airway problems in resuscitation, 1: studies of pharyngeal x-rays and performance by laymen. Anesthesiology 22:271–279PubMedCrossRef
539.
Zurück zum Zitat Elam JO, Greene DG, Schneider MA et al (1960) Head-tilt method of oral resuscitation. JAMA 172:812–815CrossRef Elam JO, Greene DG, Schneider MA et al (1960) Head-tilt method of oral resuscitation. JAMA 172:812–815CrossRef
540.
Zurück zum Zitat Majernick TG, Bieniek R, Houston JB, Hughes HG (1986) Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 15:417–420PubMedCrossRef Majernick TG, Bieniek R, Houston JB, Hughes HG (1986) Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 15:417–420PubMedCrossRef
541.
Zurück zum Zitat Lennarson PJ, Smith DW, Sawin PD, Todd MM, Sato Y, Traynelis VC (2001) Cervical spinal motion during intubation: efficacy of stabilization maneuvers in the setting of complete segmental instability. J Neurosurg Spine 94:265–270CrossRef Lennarson PJ, Smith DW, Sawin PD, Todd MM, Sato Y, Traynelis VC (2001) Cervical spinal motion during intubation: efficacy of stabilization maneuvers in the setting of complete segmental instability. J Neurosurg Spine 94:265–270CrossRef
542.
Zurück zum Zitat Spindelboeck W, Schindler O, Moser A et al (2013) Increasing arterial oxygen partial pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with improved rates of hospital admission. Resuscitation 84:770–775PubMedCrossRef Spindelboeck W, Schindler O, Moser A et al (2013) Increasing arterial oxygen partial pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with improved rates of hospital admission. Resuscitation 84:770–775PubMedCrossRef
543.
Zurück zum Zitat Kilgannon JH, Jones AE, Shapiro NI et al (2010) Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. JAMA 303:2165–2171PubMedCrossRef Kilgannon JH, Jones AE, Shapiro NI et al (2010) Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. JAMA 303:2165–2171PubMedCrossRef
544.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellomo R, Bailey M, Eastwood GM et al (2011) Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R90PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bellomo R, Bailey M, Eastwood GM et al (2011) Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R90PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
545.
Zurück zum Zitat Pilcher J, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, Bellomo R, Young P, Beasley R (2012) The effect of hyperoxia following cardiac arrest – a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal trials. Resuscitation 83:417–422PubMedCrossRef Pilcher J, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, Bellomo R, Young P, Beasley R (2012) The effect of hyperoxia following cardiac arrest – a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal trials. Resuscitation 83:417–422PubMedCrossRef
546.
Zurück zum Zitat Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al (2004) Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 109:1960–1965PubMedCrossRef Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al (2004) Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 109:1960–1965PubMedCrossRef
547.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Neill JF, Deakin CD (2007) Do we hyperventilate cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation 73:82–85PubMedCrossRef O’Neill JF, Deakin CD (2007) Do we hyperventilate cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation 73:82–85PubMedCrossRef
548.
Zurück zum Zitat Gazmuri RJ, Ayoub IM, Radhakrishnan J, Motl J, Upadhyaya MP (2012) Clinically plausible hyperventilation does not exert adverse hemodynamic effects during CPR but markedly reduces end-tidal PCO(2). Resuscitation 83:259–264PubMedCrossRef Gazmuri RJ, Ayoub IM, Radhakrishnan J, Motl J, Upadhyaya MP (2012) Clinically plausible hyperventilation does not exert adverse hemodynamic effects during CPR but markedly reduces end-tidal PCO(2). Resuscitation 83:259–264PubMedCrossRef
549.
Zurück zum Zitat Doerges V, Sauer C, Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P (1999) Smaller tidal volumes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: comparison of adult and paediatric self-inflatable bags with three different ventilatory devices. Resuscitation 43:31–37PubMedCrossRef Doerges V, Sauer C, Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P (1999) Smaller tidal volumes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: comparison of adult and paediatric self-inflatable bags with three different ventilatory devices. Resuscitation 43:31–37PubMedCrossRef
550.
Zurück zum Zitat Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P, Dorges V (2001) Effectiveness of various airway management techniques in a bench model simulating a cardiac arrest patient. J Emerg Med 20:7–12PubMedCrossRef Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P, Dorges V (2001) Effectiveness of various airway management techniques in a bench model simulating a cardiac arrest patient. J Emerg Med 20:7–12PubMedCrossRef
551.
Zurück zum Zitat Stone BJ, Chantler PJ, Baskett PJ (1998) The incidence of regurgitation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a comparison between the bag valve mask and laryngeal mask airway. Resuscitation 38:3–6PubMedCrossRef Stone BJ, Chantler PJ, Baskett PJ (1998) The incidence of regurgitation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a comparison between the bag valve mask and laryngeal mask airway. Resuscitation 38:3–6PubMedCrossRef
552.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasegawa K, Hiraide A, Chang Y, Brown DF (2013) Association of prehospital advanced airway management with neurologic outcome and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 309:257–266PubMedCrossRef Hasegawa K, Hiraide A, Chang Y, Brown DF (2013) Association of prehospital advanced airway management with neurologic outcome and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 309:257–266PubMedCrossRef
553.
Zurück zum Zitat Shin SD, Ahn KO, Song KJ, Park CB, Lee EJ (2012) Out-of-hospital airway management and cardiac arrest outcomes: a propensity score matched analysis. Resuscitation 83:313–319PubMedCrossRef Shin SD, Ahn KO, Song KJ, Park CB, Lee EJ (2012) Out-of-hospital airway management and cardiac arrest outcomes: a propensity score matched analysis. Resuscitation 83:313–319PubMedCrossRef
554.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanif MA, Kaji AH, Niemann JT (2010) Advanced airway management does not improve outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 17:926–931PubMedCrossRef Hanif MA, Kaji AH, Niemann JT (2010) Advanced airway management does not improve outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 17:926–931PubMedCrossRef
555.
Zurück zum Zitat Studnek JR, Thestrup L, Vandeventer S et al (2010) The association between prehospital endotracheal intubation attempts and survival to hospital discharge among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Acad Emerg Med 17:918–925PubMedCrossRef Studnek JR, Thestrup L, Vandeventer S et al (2010) The association between prehospital endotracheal intubation attempts and survival to hospital discharge among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Acad Emerg Med 17:918–925PubMedCrossRef
556.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, O’Neill JF, Tabor T (2007) Does compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate adequate passive ventilation during cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 75:53–59PubMedCrossRef Deakin CD, O’Neill JF, Tabor T (2007) Does compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate adequate passive ventilation during cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 75:53–59PubMedCrossRef
557.
Zurück zum Zitat Saissy JM, Boussignac G, Cheptel E et al (2000) Efficacy of continuous insufflation of oxygen combined with active cardiac compression-decompression during out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. Anesthesiology 92:1523–1530PubMedCrossRef Saissy JM, Boussignac G, Cheptel E et al (2000) Efficacy of continuous insufflation of oxygen combined with active cardiac compression-decompression during out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. Anesthesiology 92:1523–1530PubMedCrossRef
558.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertrand C, Hemery F, Carli P et al (2006) Constant flow insufflation of oxygen as the sole mode of ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 32:843–851PubMedCrossRef Bertrand C, Hemery F, Carli P et al (2006) Constant flow insufflation of oxygen as the sole mode of ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 32:843–851PubMedCrossRef
559.
Zurück zum Zitat Bobrow BJ, Ewy GA, Clark L et al (2009) Passive oxygen insufflation is superior to bag-valve-mask ventilation for witnessed ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 54:656–662 e1PubMedCrossRef Bobrow BJ, Ewy GA, Clark L et al (2009) Passive oxygen insufflation is superior to bag-valve-mask ventilation for witnessed ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 54:656–662 e1PubMedCrossRef
560.
Zurück zum Zitat Lyon RM, Ferris JD, Young DM, McKeown DW, Oglesby AJ, Robertson C (2010) Field intubation of cardiac arrest patients: a dying art? Emerg Med J 27:321–323PubMedCrossRef Lyon RM, Ferris JD, Young DM, McKeown DW, Oglesby AJ, Robertson C (2010) Field intubation of cardiac arrest patients: a dying art? Emerg Med J 27:321–323PubMedCrossRef
561.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL, Somerville GG, Brizendine EJ (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11:707–709PubMed Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL, Somerville GG, Brizendine EJ (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11:707–709PubMed
562.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelucio M, Halligan L, Dhindsa H (1997) Out-of-hospital experience with the syringe esophageal detector device. Acad Emerg Med 4:563–568PubMedCrossRef Pelucio M, Halligan L, Dhindsa H (1997) Out-of-hospital experience with the syringe esophageal detector device. Acad Emerg Med 4:563–568PubMedCrossRef
563.
Zurück zum Zitat Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH (2003) Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med 10:961–965PubMedCrossRef Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH (2003) Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med 10:961–965PubMedCrossRef
564.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37:32–37PubMedCrossRef Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37:32–37PubMedCrossRef
565.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Soar J (2008) Airway techniques and ventilation strategies. Curr Opin Crit Care 14:279–286PubMedCrossRef Nolan JP, Soar J (2008) Airway techniques and ventilation strategies. Curr Opin Crit Care 14:279–286PubMedCrossRef
566.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohr S, Weigand MA, Hofer S et al (2013) Developing the skill of laryngeal mask insertion: prospective single center study. Anaesthesist 62:447–452PubMedCrossRef Mohr S, Weigand MA, Hofer S et al (2013) Developing the skill of laryngeal mask insertion: prospective single center study. Anaesthesist 62:447–452PubMedCrossRef
567.
Zurück zum Zitat Gatward JJ, Thomas MJ, Nolan JP, Cook TM (2008) Effect of chest compressions on the time taken to insert airway devices in a manikin. Br J Anaesth 100:351–356PubMedCrossRef Gatward JJ, Thomas MJ, Nolan JP, Cook TM (2008) Effect of chest compressions on the time taken to insert airway devices in a manikin. Br J Anaesth 100:351–356PubMedCrossRef
568.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook TM, Kelly FE (2015) Time to abandon the ‚vintage‘ laryngeal mask airway and adopt second-generation supraglottic airway devices as first choice. Br J Anaesth Cook TM, Kelly FE (2015) Time to abandon the ‚vintage‘ laryngeal mask airway and adopt second-generation supraglottic airway devices as first choice. Br J Anaesth
569.
Zurück zum Zitat Staudinger T, Brugger S, Watschinger B et al (1993) Emergency intubation with the Combitube: comparison with the endotracheal airway. Ann Emerg Med 22:1573–1575PubMedCrossRef Staudinger T, Brugger S, Watschinger B et al (1993) Emergency intubation with the Combitube: comparison with the endotracheal airway. Ann Emerg Med 22:1573–1575PubMedCrossRef
570.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanigawa K, Shigematsu A (1998) Choice of airway devices for 12,020 cases of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in Japan. Prehosp Emerg Care 2:96–100PubMedCrossRef Tanigawa K, Shigematsu A (1998) Choice of airway devices for 12,020 cases of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in Japan. Prehosp Emerg Care 2:96–100PubMedCrossRef
571.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefrancois DP, Dufour DG (2002) Use of the esophageal tracheal combitube by basic emergency medical technicians. Resuscitation 52:77–83PubMedCrossRef Lefrancois DP, Dufour DG (2002) Use of the esophageal tracheal combitube by basic emergency medical technicians. Resuscitation 52:77–83PubMedCrossRef
572.
Zurück zum Zitat Ochs M, Vilke GM, Chan TC, Moats T, Buchanan J (2000) Successful prehospital airway management by EMT-Ds using the combitube. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:333–337PubMedCrossRef Ochs M, Vilke GM, Chan TC, Moats T, Buchanan J (2000) Successful prehospital airway management by EMT-Ds using the combitube. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:333–337PubMedCrossRef
573.
Zurück zum Zitat Vezina D, Lessard MR, Bussieres J, Topping C, Trepanier CA (1998) Complications associated with the use of the Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube. Can J Anaesth 45:76–80PubMedCrossRef Vezina D, Lessard MR, Bussieres J, Topping C, Trepanier CA (1998) Complications associated with the use of the Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube. Can J Anaesth 45:76–80PubMedCrossRef
574.
Zurück zum Zitat Richards CF (1998) Piriform sinus perforation during Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube placement. J Emerg Med 16:37–39PubMedCrossRef Richards CF (1998) Piriform sinus perforation during Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube placement. J Emerg Med 16:37–39PubMedCrossRef
575.
Zurück zum Zitat Rumball C, Macdonald D, Barber P, Wong H, Smecher C (2004) Endotracheal intubation and esophageal tracheal Combitube insertion by regular ambulance attendants: a comparative trial. Prehosp Emerg Care 8:15–22PubMedCrossRef Rumball C, Macdonald D, Barber P, Wong H, Smecher C (2004) Endotracheal intubation and esophageal tracheal Combitube insertion by regular ambulance attendants: a comparative trial. Prehosp Emerg Care 8:15–22PubMedCrossRef
576.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabitsch W, Schellongowski P, Staudinger T et al (2003) Comparison of a conventional tracheal airway with the Combitube in an urban emergency medical services system run by physicians. Resuscitation 57:27–32PubMedCrossRef Rabitsch W, Schellongowski P, Staudinger T et al (2003) Comparison of a conventional tracheal airway with the Combitube in an urban emergency medical services system run by physicians. Resuscitation 57:27–32PubMedCrossRef
577.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldenberg IF, Campion BC, Siebold CM, McBride JW, Long LA (1986) Esophageal gastric tube airway vs endotracheal tube in prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest 90:90–96PubMedCrossRef Goldenberg IF, Campion BC, Siebold CM, McBride JW, Long LA (1986) Esophageal gastric tube airway vs endotracheal tube in prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest 90:90–96PubMedCrossRef
578.
Zurück zum Zitat Kette F, Reffo I, Giordani G et al (2005) The use of laryngeal tube by nurses in out-of-hospital emergencies: preliminary experience. Resuscitation 66:21–25PubMedCrossRef Kette F, Reffo I, Giordani G et al (2005) The use of laryngeal tube by nurses in out-of-hospital emergencies: preliminary experience. Resuscitation 66:21–25PubMedCrossRef
579.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiese CH, Semmel T, Muller JU, Bahr J, Ocker H, Graf BM (2009) The use of the laryngeal tube disposable (LT-D) by paramedics during out-of-hospital resuscitation-an observational study concerning ERC guidelines 2005. Resuscitation 80:194–198PubMedCrossRef Wiese CH, Semmel T, Muller JU, Bahr J, Ocker H, Graf BM (2009) The use of the laryngeal tube disposable (LT-D) by paramedics during out-of-hospital resuscitation-an observational study concerning ERC guidelines 2005. Resuscitation 80:194–198PubMedCrossRef
580.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin-Gill C, Prunty HA, Ritter SC, Carlson JN, Guyette FX (2015) Risk factors for unsuccessful prehospital laryngeal tube placement. Resuscitation 86:25–30PubMedCrossRef Martin-Gill C, Prunty HA, Ritter SC, Carlson JN, Guyette FX (2015) Risk factors for unsuccessful prehospital laryngeal tube placement. Resuscitation 86:25–30PubMedCrossRef
581.
Zurück zum Zitat Sunde GA, Brattebo G, Odegarden T, Kjernlie DF, Rodne E, Heltne JK (2012) Laryngeal tube use in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by paramedics in Norway. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20:84PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Sunde GA, Brattebo G, Odegarden T, Kjernlie DF, Rodne E, Heltne JK (2012) Laryngeal tube use in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by paramedics in Norway. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20:84PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
582.
Zurück zum Zitat Gahan K, Studnek JR, Vandeventer S (2011) King LT-D use by urban basic life support first responders as the primary airway device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 82:1525–1528PubMedCrossRef Gahan K, Studnek JR, Vandeventer S (2011) King LT-D use by urban basic life support first responders as the primary airway device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 82:1525–1528PubMedCrossRef
583.
Zurück zum Zitat Schalk R, Byhahn C, Fausel F et al (2010) Out-of-hospital airway management by paramedics and emergency physicians using laryngeal tubes. Resuscitation 81:323–326PubMedCrossRef Schalk R, Byhahn C, Fausel F et al (2010) Out-of-hospital airway management by paramedics and emergency physicians using laryngeal tubes. Resuscitation 81:323–326PubMedCrossRef
584.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernhard M, Beres W, Timmermann A et al (2014) Prehospital airway management using the laryngeal tube. An emergency department point of view. Anaesthesist 63:589–596PubMedCrossRef Bernhard M, Beres W, Timmermann A et al (2014) Prehospital airway management using the laryngeal tube. An emergency department point of view. Anaesthesist 63:589–596PubMedCrossRef
585.
Zurück zum Zitat Wharton NM, Gibbison B, Gabbott DA, Haslam GM, Muchatuta N, Cook TM (2008) I-gel insertion by novices in manikins and patients. Anaesthesia 63:991–995PubMedCrossRef Wharton NM, Gibbison B, Gabbott DA, Haslam GM, Muchatuta N, Cook TM (2008) I-gel insertion by novices in manikins and patients. Anaesthesia 63:991–995PubMedCrossRef
586.
Zurück zum Zitat Gatward JJ, Cook TM, Seller C et al (2008) Evaluation of the size 4 i-gel airway in one hundred non-paralysed patients. Anaesthesia 63:1124–1130PubMedCrossRef Gatward JJ, Cook TM, Seller C et al (2008) Evaluation of the size 4 i-gel airway in one hundred non-paralysed patients. Anaesthesia 63:1124–1130PubMedCrossRef
587.
Zurück zum Zitat Duckett J, Fell P, Han K, Kimber C, Taylor C (2014) Introduction of the I-gel supraglottic airway device for prehospital airway management in a UK ambulance service. Emerg Med J 31:505–507PubMedCrossRef Duckett J, Fell P, Han K, Kimber C, Taylor C (2014) Introduction of the I-gel supraglottic airway device for prehospital airway management in a UK ambulance service. Emerg Med J 31:505–507PubMedCrossRef
588.
Zurück zum Zitat Larkin C, King B, D’Agapeyeff A, Gabbott D (2012) iGel supraglottic airway use during hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 83:e141PubMedCrossRef Larkin C, King B, D’Agapeyeff A, Gabbott D (2012) iGel supraglottic airway use during hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 83:e141PubMedCrossRef
589.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosch J, de Nooij J, de Visser M et al (2014) Prehospital use in emergency patients of a laryngeal mask airway by ambulance paramedics is a safe and effective alternative for endotracheal intubation. Emerg Med J 31:750–753PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bosch J, de Nooij J, de Visser M et al (2014) Prehospital use in emergency patients of a laryngeal mask airway by ambulance paramedics is a safe and effective alternative for endotracheal intubation. Emerg Med J 31:750–753PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
590.
Zurück zum Zitat Lecky F, Bryden D, Little R, Tong N, Moulton C (2008) Emergency intubation for acutely ill and injured patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001429PubMed Lecky F, Bryden D, Little R, Tong N, Moulton C (2008) Emergency intubation for acutely ill and injured patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001429PubMed
591.
Zurück zum Zitat Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ et al (2000) Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA 283:783–790PubMedCrossRef Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ et al (2000) Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA 283:783–790PubMedCrossRef
592.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer-Johansen J, Wik L, Steen PA (2006) Advanced cardiac life support before and after tracheal intubation – direct measurements of quality. Resuscitation 68:61–69PubMedCrossRef Kramer-Johansen J, Wik L, Steen PA (2006) Advanced cardiac life support before and after tracheal intubation – direct measurements of quality. Resuscitation 68:61–69PubMedCrossRef
593.
Zurück zum Zitat Grmec S (2002) Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med 28:701–704PubMedCrossRef Grmec S (2002) Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med 28:701–704PubMedCrossRef
594.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang HE, Simeone SJ, Weaver MD, Callaway CW (2009) Interruptions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation from paramedic endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 54:645–652 e1PubMedCrossRef Wang HE, Simeone SJ, Weaver MD, Callaway CW (2009) Interruptions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation from paramedic endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 54:645–652 e1PubMedCrossRef
595.
Zurück zum Zitat Garza AG, Gratton MC, Coontz D, Noble E, Ma OJ (2003) Effect of paramedic experience on orotracheal intubation success rates. J Emerg Med 25:251–256PubMedCrossRef Garza AG, Gratton MC, Coontz D, Noble E, Ma OJ (2003) Effect of paramedic experience on orotracheal intubation success rates. J Emerg Med 25:251–256PubMedCrossRef
596.
Zurück zum Zitat Sayre MR, Sakles JC, Mistler AF, Evans JL, Kramer AT, Pancioli AM (1998) Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs. Ann Emerg Med 31:228–233PubMedCrossRef Sayre MR, Sakles JC, Mistler AF, Evans JL, Kramer AT, Pancioli AM (1998) Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs. Ann Emerg Med 31:228–233PubMedCrossRef
597.
Zurück zum Zitat Bradley JS, Billows GL, Olinger ML, Boha SP, Cordell WH, Nelson DR (1998) Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. Ann Emerg Med 32:26–32PubMedCrossRef Bradley JS, Billows GL, Olinger ML, Boha SP, Cordell WH, Nelson DR (1998) Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. Ann Emerg Med 32:26–32PubMedCrossRef
598.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernhard M, Mohr S, Weigand MA, Martin E, Walther A (2012) Developing the skill of endotracheal intubation: implication for emergency medicine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 56:164–171PubMedCrossRef Bernhard M, Mohr S, Weigand MA, Martin E, Walther A (2012) Developing the skill of endotracheal intubation: implication for emergency medicine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 56:164–171PubMedCrossRef
599.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang HE, Szydlo D, Stouffer JA et al (2012) Endotracheal intubation versus supraglottic airway insertion in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:1061–1066PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wang HE, Szydlo D, Stouffer JA et al (2012) Endotracheal intubation versus supraglottic airway insertion in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:1061–1066PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
600.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanabe S, Ogawa T, Akahane M et al (2013) Comparison of neurological outcome between tracheal intubation and supraglottic airway device insertion of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: a nationwide, population-based, observational study. J Emerg Med 44:389–397PubMedCrossRef Tanabe S, Ogawa T, Akahane M et al (2013) Comparison of neurological outcome between tracheal intubation and supraglottic airway device insertion of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: a nationwide, population-based, observational study. J Emerg Med 44:389–397PubMedCrossRef
601.
Zurück zum Zitat Bobrow BJ, Clark LL, Ewy GA et al (2008) Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 299:1158–1165PubMedCrossRef Bobrow BJ, Clark LL, Ewy GA et al (2008) Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 299:1158–1165PubMedCrossRef
602.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown SP, Wang H, Aufderheide TP et al (2015) A randomized trial of continuous versus interrupted chest compressions in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: rationale for and design of the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Continuous Chest Compressions Trial. Am Heart J 169:334–341 e5PubMedCrossRef Brown SP, Wang H, Aufderheide TP et al (2015) A randomized trial of continuous versus interrupted chest compressions in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: rationale for and design of the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Continuous Chest Compressions Trial. Am Heart J 169:334–341 e5PubMedCrossRef
603.
Zurück zum Zitat Kory P, Guevarra K, Mathew JP, Hegde A, Mayo PH (2013) The impact of video laryngoscopy use during urgent endotracheal intubation in the critically ill. Anesth Analg 117:144–149PubMedCrossRef Kory P, Guevarra K, Mathew JP, Hegde A, Mayo PH (2013) The impact of video laryngoscopy use during urgent endotracheal intubation in the critically ill. Anesth Analg 117:144–149PubMedCrossRef
604.
Zurück zum Zitat De Jong A, Molinari N, Conseil M et al (2014) Video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for orotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 40:629–639PubMed De Jong A, Molinari N, Conseil M et al (2014) Video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for orotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 40:629–639PubMed
605.
Zurück zum Zitat Park SO, Kim JW, Na JH et al (2015) Video laryngoscopy improves the first-attempt success in endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation among novice physicians. Resuscitation 89:188–194PubMedCrossRef Park SO, Kim JW, Na JH et al (2015) Video laryngoscopy improves the first-attempt success in endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation among novice physicians. Resuscitation 89:188–194PubMedCrossRef
606.
Zurück zum Zitat Astin J, Cook TM (2015) Videolaryngoscopy at cardiac arrest – the need to move from video-games to video-science. Resuscitation 89:A7–A9PubMedCrossRef Astin J, Cook TM (2015) Videolaryngoscopy at cardiac arrest – the need to move from video-games to video-science. Resuscitation 89:A7–A9PubMedCrossRef
607.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee DH, Han M, An JY et al (2015) Video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 89:195–199PubMedCrossRef Lee DH, Han M, An JY et al (2015) Video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 89:195–199PubMedCrossRef
608.
Zurück zum Zitat Takeda T, Tanigawa K, Tanaka H, Hayashi Y, Goto E, Tanaka K (2003) The assessment of three methods to identify tracheal tube placement in the emergency setting. Resuscitation 56(2):153–157PubMedCrossRef Takeda T, Tanigawa K, Tanaka H, Hayashi Y, Goto E, Tanaka K (2003) The assessment of three methods to identify tracheal tube placement in the emergency setting. Resuscitation 56(2):153–157PubMedCrossRef
609.
Zurück zum Zitat Knapp S, Kofler J, Stoiser B et al (1999) The assessment of four different methods to verify tracheal tube placement in the critical care setting. Anesth Analg 88:766–770PubMed Knapp S, Kofler J, Stoiser B et al (1999) The assessment of four different methods to verify tracheal tube placement in the critical care setting. Anesth Analg 88:766–770PubMed
610.
Zurück zum Zitat Grmec S, Mally S (2004) Prehospital determination of tracheal tube placement in severe head injury. Emerg Med J 21:518–520PubMedCentralPubMed Grmec S, Mally S (2004) Prehospital determination of tracheal tube placement in severe head injury. Emerg Med J 21:518–520PubMedCentralPubMed
611.
Zurück zum Zitat Yao YX, Jiang Z, Lu XH, He JH, Ma XX, Zhu JH (2007) [A clinical study of impedance graph in verifying tracheal intubation]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 87:898–901PubMed Yao YX, Jiang Z, Lu XH, He JH, Ma XX, Zhu JH (2007) [A clinical study of impedance graph in verifying tracheal intubation]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 87:898–901PubMed
612.
Zurück zum Zitat Oberly D, Stein S, Hess D, Eitel D, Simmons M (1992) An evaluation of the esophageal detector device using a cadaver model. Am J Emerg Med 10:317–320PubMedCrossRef Oberly D, Stein S, Hess D, Eitel D, Simmons M (1992) An evaluation of the esophageal detector device using a cadaver model. Am J Emerg Med 10:317–320PubMedCrossRef
613.
Zurück zum Zitat Takeda T, Tanigawa K, Tanaka H, Hayashi Y, Goto E, Tanaka K (2003) The assessment of three methods to verify tracheal tube placement in the emergency setting. Resuscitation 56:153–157PubMedCrossRef Takeda T, Tanigawa K, Tanaka H, Hayashi Y, Goto E, Tanaka K (2003) The assessment of three methods to verify tracheal tube placement in the emergency setting. Resuscitation 56:153–157PubMedCrossRef
614.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K (2000) Accuracy and reliability of the self-inflating bulb to verify tracheal intubation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesthesiology 93:1432–1436PubMedCrossRef Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K (2000) Accuracy and reliability of the self-inflating bulb to verify tracheal intubation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesthesiology 93:1432–1436PubMedCrossRef
615.
Zurück zum Zitat Bozeman WP, Hexter D, Liang HK, Kelen GD (1996) Esophageal detector device versus detection of end-tidal carbon dioxide level in emergency intubation. Ann Emerg Med 27:595–599PubMedCrossRef Bozeman WP, Hexter D, Liang HK, Kelen GD (1996) Esophageal detector device versus detection of end-tidal carbon dioxide level in emergency intubation. Ann Emerg Med 27:595–599PubMedCrossRef
616.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K (2001) The efficacy of esophageal detector devices in verifying tracheal tube placement: a randomized cross-over study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesth Analg 92:375–378PubMedCrossRef Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K (2001) The efficacy of esophageal detector devices in verifying tracheal tube placement: a randomized cross-over study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesth Analg 92:375–378PubMedCrossRef
617.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta KH, Turley A, Peyrasse P, Janes J, Hall JE (2002) An assessment of the ability of impedance respirometry distinguish oesophageal from tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 57:1090–1093PubMedCrossRef Mehta KH, Turley A, Peyrasse P, Janes J, Hall JE (2002) An assessment of the ability of impedance respirometry distinguish oesophageal from tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 57:1090–1093PubMedCrossRef
618.
Zurück zum Zitat Absolom M, Roberts R, Bahlmann UB, Hall JE, Armstrong T, Turley A (2006) The use of impedance respirometry to confirm tracheal intubation in children. Anaesthesia 61:1145–1148PubMedCrossRef Absolom M, Roberts R, Bahlmann UB, Hall JE, Armstrong T, Turley A (2006) The use of impedance respirometry to confirm tracheal intubation in children. Anaesthesia 61:1145–1148PubMedCrossRef
619.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer-Johansen J, Eilevstjonn J, Olasveengen TM, Tomlinson AE, Dorph E, Steen PA (2008) Transthoracic impedance changes as a tool to detect malpositioned tracheal tubes. Resuscitation 76:11–16PubMedCrossRef Kramer-Johansen J, Eilevstjonn J, Olasveengen TM, Tomlinson AE, Dorph E, Steen PA (2008) Transthoracic impedance changes as a tool to detect malpositioned tracheal tubes. Resuscitation 76:11–16PubMedCrossRef
620.
Zurück zum Zitat Risdal M, Aase SO, Stavland M, Eftestol T (2007) Impedance-based ventilation detection during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54:2237–2245PubMedCrossRef Risdal M, Aase SO, Stavland M, Eftestol T (2007) Impedance-based ventilation detection during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54:2237–2245PubMedCrossRef
621.
Zurück zum Zitat Pytte M, Olasveengen TM, Steen PA, Sunde K (2007) Misplaced and dislodged endotracheal tubes may be detected by the defibrillator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 51:770–772PubMedCrossRef Pytte M, Olasveengen TM, Steen PA, Sunde K (2007) Misplaced and dislodged endotracheal tubes may be detected by the defibrillator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 51:770–772PubMedCrossRef
622.
Zurück zum Zitat Chou HC, Tseng WP, Wang CH et al (2011) Tracheal rapid ultrasound exam (T.R.U.E.) for confirming endotracheal tube placement during emergency intubation. Resuscitation 82:1279–1284PubMedCrossRef Chou HC, Tseng WP, Wang CH et al (2011) Tracheal rapid ultrasound exam (T.R.U.E.) for confirming endotracheal tube placement during emergency intubation. Resuscitation 82:1279–1284PubMedCrossRef
623.
Zurück zum Zitat Zadel S, Strnad M, Prosen G, Mekis D (2015) Point of care ultrasound for orotracheal tube placement assessment in out-of hospital setting. Resuscitation 87:1–6PubMedCrossRef Zadel S, Strnad M, Prosen G, Mekis D (2015) Point of care ultrasound for orotracheal tube placement assessment in out-of hospital setting. Resuscitation 87:1–6PubMedCrossRef
624.
Zurück zum Zitat Chou HC, Chong KM, Sim SS et al (2013) Real-time tracheal ultrasonography for confirmation of endotracheal tube placement during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 84:1708–1712PubMedCrossRef Chou HC, Chong KM, Sim SS et al (2013) Real-time tracheal ultrasonography for confirmation of endotracheal tube placement during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 84:1708–1712PubMedCrossRef
625.
Zurück zum Zitat Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM et al (1992) Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. Ann Emerg Med 21:518–523PubMedCrossRef Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM et al (1992) Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. Ann Emerg Med 21:518–523PubMedCrossRef
626.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayden SR, Sciammarella J, Viccellio P, Thode H, Delagi R (1995) Colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detector for verification of endotracheal tube placement in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 2:499–502PubMedCrossRef Hayden SR, Sciammarella J, Viccellio P, Thode H, Delagi R (1995) Colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detector for verification of endotracheal tube placement in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 2:499–502PubMedCrossRef
627.
Zurück zum Zitat MacLeod BA, Heller MB, Gerard J, Yealy DM, Menegazzi JJ (1991) Verification of endotracheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection. Ann Emerg Med 20:267–270PubMedCrossRef MacLeod BA, Heller MB, Gerard J, Yealy DM, Menegazzi JJ (1991) Verification of endotracheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection. Ann Emerg Med 20:267–270PubMedCrossRef
628.
Zurück zum Zitat Anton WR, Gordon RW, Jordan TM, Posner KL, Cheney FW (1991) A disposable end-tidal CO2 detector to verify endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 20:271–275PubMedCrossRef Anton WR, Gordon RW, Jordan TM, Posner KL, Cheney FW (1991) A disposable end-tidal CO2 detector to verify endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 20:271–275PubMedCrossRef
629.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanders KC, Clum WB 3rd, Nguyen SS, Balasubramaniam S (1994) End-tidal carbon dioxide detection in emergency intubation in four groups of patients. J Emerg Med 12:771–777PubMedCrossRef Sanders KC, Clum WB 3rd, Nguyen SS, Balasubramaniam S (1994) End-tidal carbon dioxide detection in emergency intubation in four groups of patients. J Emerg Med 12:771–777PubMedCrossRef
630.
Zurück zum Zitat Li J (2001) Capnography alone is imperfect for endotracheal tube placement confirmation during emergency intubation. J Emerg Med 20:223–229PubMedCrossRef Li J (2001) Capnography alone is imperfect for endotracheal tube placement confirmation during emergency intubation. J Emerg Med 20:223–229PubMedCrossRef
631.
Zurück zum Zitat Vukmir RB, Heller MB, Stein KL (1991) Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: a miniaturized infrared qualitative CO2 detector. Ann Emerg Med 20:726–729PubMedCrossRef Vukmir RB, Heller MB, Stein KL (1991) Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: a miniaturized infrared qualitative CO2 detector. Ann Emerg Med 20:726–729PubMedCrossRef
632.
Zurück zum Zitat Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B et al (2005) The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 45:497–503PubMedCrossRef Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B et al (2005) The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 45:497–503PubMedCrossRef
633.
Zurück zum Zitat Petito SP, Russell WJ (1988) The prevention of gastric inflation – a neglected benefit of cricoid pressure. Anaesth Intensive Care 16:139–143PubMed Petito SP, Russell WJ (1988) The prevention of gastric inflation – a neglected benefit of cricoid pressure. Anaesth Intensive Care 16:139–143PubMed
634.
Zurück zum Zitat Lawes EG, Campbell I, Mercer D (1987) Inflation pressure, gastric insufflation and rapid sequence induction. Br J Anaesth 59:315–318PubMedCrossRef Lawes EG, Campbell I, Mercer D (1987) Inflation pressure, gastric insufflation and rapid sequence induction. Br J Anaesth 59:315–318PubMedCrossRef
635.
Zurück zum Zitat Salem MR, Wong AY, Mani M, Sellick BA (1974) Efficacy of cricoid pressure in preventing gastric inflation during bag- mask ventilation in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology 40:96–98PubMedCrossRef Salem MR, Wong AY, Mani M, Sellick BA (1974) Efficacy of cricoid pressure in preventing gastric inflation during bag- mask ventilation in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology 40:96–98PubMedCrossRef
636.
Zurück zum Zitat Moynihan RJ, Brock-Utne JG, Archer JH, Feld LH, Kreitzman TR (1993) The effect of cricoid pressure on preventing gastric insufflation in infants and children. Anesthesiology 78:652–656PubMedCrossRef Moynihan RJ, Brock-Utne JG, Archer JH, Feld LH, Kreitzman TR (1993) The effect of cricoid pressure on preventing gastric insufflation in infants and children. Anesthesiology 78:652–656PubMedCrossRef
637.
Zurück zum Zitat Allman KG (1995) The effect of cricoid pressure application on airway patency. J Clin Anesth 7:197–199PubMedCrossRef Allman KG (1995) The effect of cricoid pressure application on airway patency. J Clin Anesth 7:197–199PubMedCrossRef
638.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartsilver EL, Vanner RG (2000) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure. Anaesthesia 55:208–211PubMedCrossRef Hartsilver EL, Vanner RG (2000) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure. Anaesthesia 55:208–211PubMedCrossRef
639.
Zurück zum Zitat Hocking G, Roberts FL, Thew ME (2001) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure and lateral tilt. Anaesthesia 56:825–828PubMedCrossRef Hocking G, Roberts FL, Thew ME (2001) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure and lateral tilt. Anaesthesia 56:825–828PubMedCrossRef
640.
Zurück zum Zitat Mac GPJH, Ball DR (2000) The effect of cricoid pressure on the cricoid cartilage and vocal cords: an endoscopic study in anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia 55:263–268CrossRef Mac GPJH, Ball DR (2000) The effect of cricoid pressure on the cricoid cartilage and vocal cords: an endoscopic study in anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia 55:263–268CrossRef
641.
Zurück zum Zitat Ho AM, Wong W, Ling E, Chung DC, Tay BA (2001) Airway difficulties caused by improperly applied cricoid pressure. J Emerg Med 20:29–31PubMedCrossRef Ho AM, Wong W, Ling E, Chung DC, Tay BA (2001) Airway difficulties caused by improperly applied cricoid pressure. J Emerg Med 20:29–31PubMedCrossRef
642.
Zurück zum Zitat Shorten GD, Alfille PH, Gliklich RE (1991) Airway obstruction following application of cricoid pressure. J Clin Anesth 3:403–405PubMedCrossRef Shorten GD, Alfille PH, Gliklich RE (1991) Airway obstruction following application of cricoid pressure. J Clin Anesth 3:403–405PubMedCrossRef
643.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J, Fourth National Audit P (2011) Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. Br J Anaesth 106:632–642PubMedCrossRef Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J, Fourth National Audit P (2011) Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. Br J Anaesth 106:632–642PubMedCrossRef
644.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Kelly FE (2011) Airway challenges in critical care. Anaesthesia 66(Suppl 2):81–92PubMedCrossRef Nolan JP, Kelly FE (2011) Airway challenges in critical care. Anaesthesia 66(Suppl 2):81–92PubMedCrossRef
645.
Zurück zum Zitat Olasveengen TM, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2012) Outcome when adrenaline (epinephrine) was actually given vs. not given – post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Resuscitation 83:327–332PubMedCrossRef Olasveengen TM, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2012) Outcome when adrenaline (epinephrine) was actually given vs. not given – post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Resuscitation 83:327–332PubMedCrossRef
646.
Zurück zum Zitat Hagihara A, Hasegawa M, Abe T, Nagata T, Wakata Y, Miyazaki S (2012) Prehospital epinephrine use and survival among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 307:1161–1168PubMedCrossRef Hagihara A, Hasegawa M, Abe T, Nagata T, Wakata Y, Miyazaki S (2012) Prehospital epinephrine use and survival among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 307:1161–1168PubMedCrossRef
647.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakahara S, Tomio J, Takahashi H et al (2013) Evaluation of pre-hospital administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) by emergency medical services for patients with out of hospital cardiac arrest in Japan: controlled propensity matched retrospective cohort study. BMJ 347:f6829 Nakahara S, Tomio J, Takahashi H et al (2013) Evaluation of pre-hospital administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) by emergency medical services for patients with out of hospital cardiac arrest in Japan: controlled propensity matched retrospective cohort study. BMJ 347:f6829
648.
Zurück zum Zitat Dumas F, Bougouin W, Geri G et al (2014) Is epinephrine during cardiac arrest associated with worse outcomes in resuscitated patients? J Am Coll Cardiol 64:2360–2367PubMedCrossRef Dumas F, Bougouin W, Geri G et al (2014) Is epinephrine during cardiac arrest associated with worse outcomes in resuscitated patients? J Am Coll Cardiol 64:2360–2367PubMedCrossRef
649.
Zurück zum Zitat Fries M, Tang W, Chang YT, Wang J, Castillo C, Weil MH (2006) Microvascular blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is predictive of outcome. Resuscitation 71:248–253PubMedCrossRef Fries M, Tang W, Chang YT, Wang J, Castillo C, Weil MH (2006) Microvascular blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is predictive of outcome. Resuscitation 71:248–253PubMedCrossRef
650.
Zurück zum Zitat Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S, Gazmuri RJ, Bisera J (1993) Progressive myocardial dysfunction after cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 21:1046–1050PubMedCrossRef Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S, Gazmuri RJ, Bisera J (1993) Progressive myocardial dysfunction after cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 21:1046–1050PubMedCrossRef
651.
Zurück zum Zitat Angelos MG, Butke RL, Panchal AR et al (2008) Cardiovascular response to epinephrine varies with increasing duration of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 77:101–110PubMedCrossRef Angelos MG, Butke RL, Panchal AR et al (2008) Cardiovascular response to epinephrine varies with increasing duration of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 77:101–110PubMedCrossRef
652.
Zurück zum Zitat Ristagno G, Tang W, Huang L et al (2003) Epinephrine reduces cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 37:1408–1415CrossRef Ristagno G, Tang W, Huang L et al (2003) Epinephrine reduces cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 37:1408–1415CrossRef
653.
Zurück zum Zitat Neset A, Nordseth T, Kramer-Johansen J, Wik L, Olasveengen TM (2013) Effects of adrenaline on rhythm transitions in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 57:1260–1267PubMedCrossRef Neset A, Nordseth T, Kramer-Johansen J, Wik L, Olasveengen TM (2013) Effects of adrenaline on rhythm transitions in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 57:1260–1267PubMedCrossRef
654.
Zurück zum Zitat Patanwala AE, Slack MK, Martin JR, Basken RL, Nolan PE (2014) Effect of epinephrine on survival after cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol 80:831–843PubMed Patanwala AE, Slack MK, Martin JR, Basken RL, Nolan PE (2014) Effect of epinephrine on survival after cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol 80:831–843PubMed
655.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin S, Callaway CW, Shah PS et al (2014) Adrenaline for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation 85:732–740PubMedCrossRef Lin S, Callaway CW, Shah PS et al (2014) Adrenaline for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation 85:732–740PubMedCrossRef
656.
Zurück zum Zitat Arrich J, Sterz F, Herkner H, Testori C, Behringer W (2012) Total epinephrine dose during asystole and pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrests is associated with unfavourable functional outcome and increased in-hospital mortality. Resuscitation 83:333–337PubMedCrossRef Arrich J, Sterz F, Herkner H, Testori C, Behringer W (2012) Total epinephrine dose during asystole and pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrests is associated with unfavourable functional outcome and increased in-hospital mortality. Resuscitation 83:333–337PubMedCrossRef
657.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayr VD, Wenzel V, Voelckel WG et al (2001) Developing a vasopressor combination in a pig model of adult asphyxial cardiac arrest. Circulation 104:1651–1656PubMedCrossRef Mayr VD, Wenzel V, Voelckel WG et al (2001) Developing a vasopressor combination in a pig model of adult asphyxial cardiac arrest. Circulation 104:1651–1656PubMedCrossRef
658.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner DW, Attridge RL, Hughes DW (2014) Vasopressin associated with an increase in return of spontaneous circulation in acidotic cardiopulmonary arrest patients. Ann Pharmacother 48:986–991PubMedCrossRef Turner DW, Attridge RL, Hughes DW (2014) Vasopressin associated with an increase in return of spontaneous circulation in acidotic cardiopulmonary arrest patients. Ann Pharmacother 48:986–991PubMedCrossRef
659.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindner KH, Strohmenger HU, Ensinger H, Hetzel WD, Ahnefeld FW, Georgieff M (1992) Stress hormone response during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesthesiology 77:662–668PubMedCrossRef Lindner KH, Strohmenger HU, Ensinger H, Hetzel WD, Ahnefeld FW, Georgieff M (1992) Stress hormone response during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesthesiology 77:662–668PubMedCrossRef
660.
Zurück zum Zitat Mukoyama T, Kinoshita K, Nagao K, Tanjoh K (2009) Reduced effectiveness of vasopressin in repeated doses for patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 80:755–761PubMedCrossRef Mukoyama T, Kinoshita K, Nagao K, Tanjoh K (2009) Reduced effectiveness of vasopressin in repeated doses for patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 80:755–761PubMedCrossRef
661.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindner KH, Dirks B, Strohmenger HU, Prengel AW, Lindner IM, Lurie KG (1997) Randomised comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Lancet 349:535–537PubMedCrossRef Lindner KH, Dirks B, Strohmenger HU, Prengel AW, Lindner IM, Lurie KG (1997) Randomised comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Lancet 349:535–537PubMedCrossRef
662.
Zurück zum Zitat Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, Stadlbauer KH, Lindner KH (2004) A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 350:105–113PubMedCrossRef Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, Stadlbauer KH, Lindner KH (2004) A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 350:105–113PubMedCrossRef
663.
Zurück zum Zitat Stiell IG, Hebert PC, Wells GA et al (2001) Vasopressin versus epinephrine for inhospital cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 358:105–109PubMedCrossRef Stiell IG, Hebert PC, Wells GA et al (2001) Vasopressin versus epinephrine for inhospital cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 358:105–109PubMedCrossRef
664.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong ME, Tiah L, Leong BS et al (2012) A randomised, double-blind, multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest presenting to or in the Emergency Department. Resuscitation 83:953–960PubMedCrossRef Ong ME, Tiah L, Leong BS et al (2012) A randomised, double-blind, multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest presenting to or in the Emergency Department. Resuscitation 83:953–960PubMedCrossRef
665.
Zurück zum Zitat Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Siempos I, Malachias S, Ulmer H, Wenzel V (2012) Vasopressin for cardiac arrest: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation 83:32–39PubMedCrossRef Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Siempos I, Malachias S, Ulmer H, Wenzel V (2012) Vasopressin for cardiac arrest: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation 83:32–39PubMedCrossRef
666.
Zurück zum Zitat Callaway CW, Hostler D, Doshi AA et al (2006) Usefulness of vasopressin administered with epinephrine during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 98:1316–1321PubMedCrossRef Callaway CW, Hostler D, Doshi AA et al (2006) Usefulness of vasopressin administered with epinephrine during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 98:1316–1321PubMedCrossRef
667.
Zurück zum Zitat Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E et al (2008) Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 359:21–30PubMedCrossRef Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E et al (2008) Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 359:21–30PubMedCrossRef
668.
Zurück zum Zitat Ducros L, Vicaut E, Soleil C et al (2011) Effect of the addition of vasopressin or vasopressin plus nitroglycerin to epinephrine on arterial blood pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. J Emerg Med 41:453–459PubMedCrossRef Ducros L, Vicaut E, Soleil C et al (2011) Effect of the addition of vasopressin or vasopressin plus nitroglycerin to epinephrine on arterial blood pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. J Emerg Med 41:453–459PubMedCrossRef
669.
Zurück zum Zitat Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Tzoufi M et al (2009) Vasopressin, epinephrine, and corticosteroids for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med 169:15–24PubMedCrossRef Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Tzoufi M et al (2009) Vasopressin, epinephrine, and corticosteroids for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med 169:15–24PubMedCrossRef
670.
Zurück zum Zitat Mentzelopoulos SD, Malachias S, Chamos C et al (2013) Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310:270–279PubMedCrossRef Mentzelopoulos SD, Malachias S, Chamos C et al (2013) Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310:270–279PubMedCrossRef
671.
Zurück zum Zitat Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK et al (1999) Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 341:871–878PubMedCrossRef Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK et al (1999) Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 341:871–878PubMedCrossRef
672.
Zurück zum Zitat Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R, Barr A (2002) Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 346:884–890PubMedCrossRef Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R, Barr A (2002) Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 346:884–890PubMedCrossRef
673.
Zurück zum Zitat Masini E, Planchenault J, Pezziardi F, Gautier P, Gagnol JP (1985) Histamine-releasing properties of Polysorbate 80 in vitro and in vivo: correlation with its hypotensive action in the dog. Agents Actions 16:470–477PubMedCrossRef Masini E, Planchenault J, Pezziardi F, Gautier P, Gagnol JP (1985) Histamine-releasing properties of Polysorbate 80 in vitro and in vivo: correlation with its hypotensive action in the dog. Agents Actions 16:470–477PubMedCrossRef
674.
Zurück zum Zitat Cushing DJ, Adams MP, Cooper WD, Agha B, Souney PF (2012) Comparative bioavailability of a premixed, ready-to-use formulation of intravenous amiodarone with traditional admixture in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 52:214–221PubMedCrossRef Cushing DJ, Adams MP, Cooper WD, Agha B, Souney PF (2012) Comparative bioavailability of a premixed, ready-to-use formulation of intravenous amiodarone with traditional admixture in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 52:214–221PubMedCrossRef
675.
Zurück zum Zitat Skrifvars MB, Kuisma M, Boyd J et al (2004) The use of undiluted amiodarone in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 48:582–587PubMedCrossRef Skrifvars MB, Kuisma M, Boyd J et al (2004) The use of undiluted amiodarone in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 48:582–587PubMedCrossRef
676.
Zurück zum Zitat Petrovic T, Adnet F, Lapandry C (1998) Successful resuscitation of ventricular fibrillation after low-dose amiodarone. Ann Emerg Med 32:518–519PubMedCrossRef Petrovic T, Adnet F, Lapandry C (1998) Successful resuscitation of ventricular fibrillation after low-dose amiodarone. Ann Emerg Med 32:518–519PubMedCrossRef
677.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine JH, Massumi A, Scheinman MM et al (1996) Intravenous amiodarone for recurrent sustained hypotensive ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Trial Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:67–75PubMedCrossRef Levine JH, Massumi A, Scheinman MM et al (1996) Intravenous amiodarone for recurrent sustained hypotensive ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Trial Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:67–75PubMedCrossRef
678.
Zurück zum Zitat Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI et al (2002) Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 90:853–859PubMedCrossRef Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI et al (2002) Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 90:853–859PubMedCrossRef
679.
Zurück zum Zitat Somberg JC, Timar S, Bailin SJ et al (2004) Lack of a hypotensive effect with rapid administration of a new aqueous formulation of intravenous amiodarone. Am J Cardiol 93:576–581PubMedCrossRef Somberg JC, Timar S, Bailin SJ et al (2004) Lack of a hypotensive effect with rapid administration of a new aqueous formulation of intravenous amiodarone. Am J Cardiol 93:576–581PubMedCrossRef
680.
Zurück zum Zitat Thel MC, Armstrong AL, McNulty SE, Califf RM, O’Connor CM (1997) Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Duke Internal Medicine Housestaff. Lancet 350:1272–1276PubMedCrossRef Thel MC, Armstrong AL, McNulty SE, Califf RM, O’Connor CM (1997) Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Duke Internal Medicine Housestaff. Lancet 350:1272–1276PubMedCrossRef
681.
Zurück zum Zitat Allegra J, Lavery R, Cody R et al (2001) Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 49:245–249PubMedCrossRef Allegra J, Lavery R, Cody R et al (2001) Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 49:245–249PubMedCrossRef
682.
Zurück zum Zitat Fatovich D, Prentice D, Dobb G (1998) Magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Lancet 351:446PubMedCrossRef Fatovich D, Prentice D, Dobb G (1998) Magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Lancet 351:446PubMedCrossRef
683.
Zurück zum Zitat Hassan TB, Jagger C, Barnett DB (2002) A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation. Emerg Med J 19:57–62PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hassan TB, Jagger C, Barnett DB (2002) A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation. Emerg Med J 19:57–62PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
684.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller B, Craddock L, Hoffenberg S et al (1995) Pilot study of intravenous magnesium sulfate in refractory cardiac arrest: safety data and recommendations for future studies. Resuscitation 30:3–14PubMedCrossRef Miller B, Craddock L, Hoffenberg S et al (1995) Pilot study of intravenous magnesium sulfate in refractory cardiac arrest: safety data and recommendations for future studies. Resuscitation 30:3–14PubMedCrossRef
685.
Zurück zum Zitat Longstreth WT Jr, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2002) Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology 59:506–514PubMedCrossRef Longstreth WT Jr, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2002) Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology 59:506–514PubMedCrossRef
686.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsusaka T, Hasebe N, Jin YT, Kawabe J, Kikuchi K (2002) Magnesium reduces myocardial infarct size via enhancement of adenosine mechanism in rabbits. Cardiovasc Res 54:568–575PubMedCrossRef Matsusaka T, Hasebe N, Jin YT, Kawabe J, Kikuchi K (2002) Magnesium reduces myocardial infarct size via enhancement of adenosine mechanism in rabbits. Cardiovasc Res 54:568–575PubMedCrossRef
687.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison EE, Amey BD (1983) The use of calcium in cardiac resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 1:267–273PubMedCrossRef Harrison EE, Amey BD (1983) The use of calcium in cardiac resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 1:267–273PubMedCrossRef
688.
Zurück zum Zitat Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Laupacis A, Weitzman BN (1995) Association of drug therapy with survival in cardiac arrest: limited role of advanced cardiac life support drugs. Acad Emerg Med 2:264–273PubMedCrossRef Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Laupacis A, Weitzman BN (1995) Association of drug therapy with survival in cardiac arrest: limited role of advanced cardiac life support drugs. Acad Emerg Med 2:264–273PubMedCrossRef
689.
Zurück zum Zitat Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH (1985) The effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory electromechanical dissociation. Ann Emerg Med 14:626–629PubMedCrossRef Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH (1985) The effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory electromechanical dissociation. Ann Emerg Med 14:626–629PubMedCrossRef
690.
Zurück zum Zitat Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH (1985) Lack of effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory asystole. Ann Emerg Med 14:630–632PubMedCrossRef Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH (1985) Lack of effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory asystole. Ann Emerg Med 14:630–632PubMedCrossRef
691.
Zurück zum Zitat Stueven HA, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ (1984) Calcium chloride: reassessment of use in asystole. Ann Emerg Med 13:820–822PubMedCrossRef Stueven HA, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ (1984) Calcium chloride: reassessment of use in asystole. Ann Emerg Med 13:820–822PubMedCrossRef
692.
Zurück zum Zitat Gando S, Tedo I, Tujinaga H, Kubota M (1988) Variation in serum ionized calcium on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Anesth 2:154–160PubMedCrossRef Gando S, Tedo I, Tujinaga H, Kubota M (1988) Variation in serum ionized calcium on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Anesth 2:154–160PubMedCrossRef
693.
Zurück zum Zitat Stueven H, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Darin JC (1983) Use of calcium in prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 12:136–139PubMedCrossRef Stueven H, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Darin JC (1983) Use of calcium in prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 12:136–139PubMedCrossRef
694.
Zurück zum Zitat van Walraven C, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Vandemheen K (1998) Do advanced cardiac life support drugs increase resuscitation rates from in-hospital cardiac arrest? The OTAC Study Group. Ann Emerg Med 32:544–553PubMedCrossRef van Walraven C, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Vandemheen K (1998) Do advanced cardiac life support drugs increase resuscitation rates from in-hospital cardiac arrest? The OTAC Study Group. Ann Emerg Med 32:544–553PubMedCrossRef
695.
Zurück zum Zitat Dybvik T, Strand T, Steen PA (1995) Buffer therapy during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 29:89–95PubMedCrossRef Dybvik T, Strand T, Steen PA (1995) Buffer therapy during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 29:89–95PubMedCrossRef
696.
Zurück zum Zitat Aufderheide TP, Martin DR, Olson DW et al (1992) Prehospital bicarbonate use in cardiac arrest: a 3-year experience. Am J Emerg Med 10:4–7PubMedCrossRef Aufderheide TP, Martin DR, Olson DW et al (1992) Prehospital bicarbonate use in cardiac arrest: a 3-year experience. Am J Emerg Med 10:4–7PubMedCrossRef
697.
Zurück zum Zitat Delooz H, Lewi PJ (1989) Are inter-center differences in EMS-management and sodium-bicarbonate administration important for the outcome of CPR? The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl):S199–S206CrossRef Delooz H, Lewi PJ (1989) Are inter-center differences in EMS-management and sodium-bicarbonate administration important for the outcome of CPR? The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl):S199–S206CrossRef
698.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts D, Landolfo K, Light R, Dobson K (1990) Early predictors of mortality for hospitalized patients suffering cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest 97:413–419PubMedCrossRef Roberts D, Landolfo K, Light R, Dobson K (1990) Early predictors of mortality for hospitalized patients suffering cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest 97:413–419PubMedCrossRef
699.
Zurück zum Zitat Suljaga-Pechtel K, Goldberg E, Strickon P, Berger M, Skovron ML (1984) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a hospitalized population: prospective study of factors associated with outcome. Resuscitation 12:77–95PubMedCrossRef Suljaga-Pechtel K, Goldberg E, Strickon P, Berger M, Skovron ML (1984) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a hospitalized population: prospective study of factors associated with outcome. Resuscitation 12:77–95PubMedCrossRef
700.
Zurück zum Zitat Weil MH, Trevino RP, Rackow EC (1985) Sodium bicarbonate during CPR. Does it help or hinder? Chest 88:487PubMedCrossRef Weil MH, Trevino RP, Rackow EC (1985) Sodium bicarbonate during CPR. Does it help or hinder? Chest 88:487PubMedCrossRef
701.
Zurück zum Zitat Vukmir RB, Katz L (2006) Sodium bicarbonate improves outcome in prolonged prehospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 24:156–161PubMedCrossRef Vukmir RB, Katz L (2006) Sodium bicarbonate improves outcome in prolonged prehospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 24:156–161PubMedCrossRef
702.
Zurück zum Zitat Weng YM, Wu SH, Li WC, Kuo CW, Chen SY, Chen JC (2013) The effects of sodium bicarbonate during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 31:562–565PubMedCrossRef Weng YM, Wu SH, Li WC, Kuo CW, Chen SY, Chen JC (2013) The effects of sodium bicarbonate during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 31:562–565PubMedCrossRef
703.
Zurück zum Zitat Bar-Joseph G, Abramson NS, Kelsey SF, Mashiach T, Craig MT, Safar P (2005) Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:6–15PubMedCrossRef Bar-Joseph G, Abramson NS, Kelsey SF, Mashiach T, Craig MT, Safar P (2005) Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:6–15PubMedCrossRef
704.
Zurück zum Zitat Weaver WD, Eisenberg MS, Martin JS et al (1990) Myocardial infarction triage and intervention project, phase I: patient characteristics and feasibility of prehospital initiation of thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:925–931PubMedCrossRef Weaver WD, Eisenberg MS, Martin JS et al (1990) Myocardial infarction triage and intervention project, phase I: patient characteristics and feasibility of prehospital initiation of thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:925–931PubMedCrossRef
705.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandeman DJ, Alahakoon TI, Bentley SC (1997) Tricyclic poisoning – successful management of ventricular fibrillation following massive overdose of imipramine. Anaesth Intensive Care 25:542–545PubMed Sandeman DJ, Alahakoon TI, Bentley SC (1997) Tricyclic poisoning – successful management of ventricular fibrillation following massive overdose of imipramine. Anaesth Intensive Care 25:542–545PubMed
706.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G et al (2010) European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010 section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 81:1400–1433PubMedCrossRef Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G et al (2010) European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010 section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 81:1400–1433PubMedCrossRef
707.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin SR (1978) The effect of dextran and streptokinase on cerebral function and blood flow after cardiac arrest. An experimental study on the dog. Neuroradiology 16:340–342PubMedCrossRef Lin SR (1978) The effect of dextran and streptokinase on cerebral function and blood flow after cardiac arrest. An experimental study on the dog. Neuroradiology 16:340–342PubMedCrossRef
708.
Zurück zum Zitat Fischer M, Bottiger BW, Popov-Cenic S, Hossmann KA (1996) Thrombolysis using plasminogen activator and heparin reduces cerebral no-reflow after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an experimental study in the cat. Intensive Care Med 22:1214–1223PubMedCrossRef Fischer M, Bottiger BW, Popov-Cenic S, Hossmann KA (1996) Thrombolysis using plasminogen activator and heparin reduces cerebral no-reflow after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an experimental study in the cat. Intensive Care Med 22:1214–1223PubMedCrossRef
709.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruiz-Bailen M, Aguayo de Hoyos E, Serrano-Corcoles MC, Diaz-Castellanos MA, Ramos-Cuadra JA, Reina-Toral A (2001) Efficacy of thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 27:1050–1057PubMedCrossRef Ruiz-Bailen M, Aguayo de Hoyos E, Serrano-Corcoles MC, Diaz-Castellanos MA, Ramos-Cuadra JA, Reina-Toral A (2001) Efficacy of thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 27:1050–1057PubMedCrossRef
710.
Zurück zum Zitat Bottiger BW, Bode C, Kern S et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy after initially unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet 357:1583–1585PubMedCrossRef Bottiger BW, Bode C, Kern S et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy after initially unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet 357:1583–1585PubMedCrossRef
711.
Zurück zum Zitat Janata K, Holzer M, Kurkciyan I et al (2003) Major bleeding complications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the place of thrombolytic therapy in cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation 57:49–55PubMedCrossRef Janata K, Holzer M, Kurkciyan I et al (2003) Major bleeding complications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the place of thrombolytic therapy in cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation 57:49–55PubMedCrossRef
712.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurkciyan I, Meron G, Sterz F et al (2000) Pulmonary embolism as a cause of cardiac arrest: presentation and outcome. Arch Intern Med 160:1529–1535PubMedCrossRef Kurkciyan I, Meron G, Sterz F et al (2000) Pulmonary embolism as a cause of cardiac arrest: presentation and outcome. Arch Intern Med 160:1529–1535PubMedCrossRef
713.
Zurück zum Zitat Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kroesen G, Baubin M (2001) Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 108 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 50:71–76PubMedCrossRef Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kroesen G, Baubin M (2001) Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 108 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 50:71–76PubMedCrossRef
714.
Zurück zum Zitat Bozeman WP, Kleiner DM, Ferguson KL (2006) Empiric tenecteplase is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation and short term survival in cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to standard interventions. Resuscitation 69:399–406PubMedCrossRef Bozeman WP, Kleiner DM, Ferguson KL (2006) Empiric tenecteplase is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation and short term survival in cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to standard interventions. Resuscitation 69:399–406PubMedCrossRef
715.
Zurück zum Zitat Stadlbauer KH, Krismer AC, Arntz HR et al (2006) Effects of thrombolysis during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Cardiol 97:305–308PubMedCrossRef Stadlbauer KH, Krismer AC, Arntz HR et al (2006) Effects of thrombolysis during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Cardiol 97:305–308PubMedCrossRef
716.
Zurück zum Zitat Fatovich DM, Dobb GJ, Clugston RA (2004) A pilot randomised trial of thrombolysis in cardiac arrest (The TICA trial). Resuscitation 61:309–313PubMedCrossRef Fatovich DM, Dobb GJ, Clugston RA (2004) A pilot randomised trial of thrombolysis in cardiac arrest (The TICA trial). Resuscitation 61:309–313PubMedCrossRef
717.
Zurück zum Zitat Tiffany PA, Schultz M, Stueven H (1998) Bolus thrombolytic infusions during CPR for patients with refractory arrest rhythms: outcome of a case series. Ann Emerg Med 31:124–126PubMedCrossRef Tiffany PA, Schultz M, Stueven H (1998) Bolus thrombolytic infusions during CPR for patients with refractory arrest rhythms: outcome of a case series. Ann Emerg Med 31:124–126PubMedCrossRef
718.
Zurück zum Zitat Abu-Laban RB, Christenson JM, Innes GD et al (2002) Tissue plasminogen activator in cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. N Engl J Med 346:1522–1528PubMedCrossRef Abu-Laban RB, Christenson JM, Innes GD et al (2002) Tissue plasminogen activator in cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. N Engl J Med 346:1522–1528PubMedCrossRef
719.
Zurück zum Zitat Bottiger BW, Arntz HR, Chamberlain DA et al (2008) Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 359:2651–2662PubMedCrossRef Bottiger BW, Arntz HR, Chamberlain DA et al (2008) Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 359:2651–2662PubMedCrossRef
720.
Zurück zum Zitat Li X, Fu QL, Jing XL et al (2006) A meta-analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with and without the administration of thrombolytic agents. Resuscitation 70:31–36PubMedCrossRef Li X, Fu QL, Jing XL et al (2006) A meta-analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with and without the administration of thrombolytic agents. Resuscitation 70:31–36PubMedCrossRef
721.
Zurück zum Zitat Fava M, Loyola S, Bertoni H, Dougnac A (2005) Massive pulmonary embolism: percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:119–123PubMedCrossRef Fava M, Loyola S, Bertoni H, Dougnac A (2005) Massive pulmonary embolism: percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:119–123PubMedCrossRef
722.
Zurück zum Zitat Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kinzl J, Kroesen G, Baubin M (2004) Long-term survival and neurological outcome of patients who received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:123–129PubMedCrossRef Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kinzl J, Kroesen G, Baubin M (2004) Long-term survival and neurological outcome of patients who received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:123–129PubMedCrossRef
723.
Zurück zum Zitat Zahorec R (2002) Rescue systemic thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Bratisl Lek Listy 103:266–269PubMed Zahorec R (2002) Rescue systemic thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Bratisl Lek Listy 103:266–269PubMed
724.
Zurück zum Zitat Konstantinov IE, Saxena P, Koniuszko MD, Alvarez J, Newman MA (2007) Acute massive pulmonary embolism with cardiopulmonary resuscitation: management and results. Tex Heart Inst J 34:41–45. (discussion 5–6)PubMedCentralPubMed Konstantinov IE, Saxena P, Koniuszko MD, Alvarez J, Newman MA (2007) Acute massive pulmonary embolism with cardiopulmonary resuscitation: management and results. Tex Heart Inst J 34:41–45. (discussion 5–6)PubMedCentralPubMed
725.
Zurück zum Zitat Scholz KH, Hilmer T, Schuster S, Wojcik J, Kreuzer H, Tebbe U (1990) Thrombolysis in resuscitated patients with pulmonary embolism. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 115:930–935PubMedCrossRef Scholz KH, Hilmer T, Schuster S, Wojcik J, Kreuzer H, Tebbe U (1990) Thrombolysis in resuscitated patients with pulmonary embolism. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 115:930–935PubMedCrossRef
726.
Zurück zum Zitat Gramann J, Lange-Braun P, Bodemann T, Hochrein H (1991) Der Einsatz von Thrombolytika in der Reanimation als Ultima ratio zur Überwindung des Herztodes. Intensiv Notfallbehandlung 16:134–137 Gramann J, Lange-Braun P, Bodemann T, Hochrein H (1991) Der Einsatz von Thrombolytika in der Reanimation als Ultima ratio zur Überwindung des Herztodes. Intensiv Notfallbehandlung 16:134–137
727.
Zurück zum Zitat Klefisch F et al (1995) Praklinische ultima-ratio thrombolyse bei therapierefraktarer kardiopulmonaler reanimation. Intensivmedizin 32:155–162 Klefisch F et al (1995) Praklinische ultima-ratio thrombolyse bei therapierefraktarer kardiopulmonaler reanimation. Intensivmedizin 32:155–162
728.
Zurück zum Zitat Böttiger BW, Martin E (2001) Thrombolytic therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the role of coagulation activation after cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 7:176–183PubMedCrossRef Böttiger BW, Martin E (2001) Thrombolytic therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the role of coagulation activation after cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 7:176–183PubMedCrossRef
729.
Zurück zum Zitat Spöhr F, Böttiger BW (2003) Safety of thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Drug Saf 26:367–379PubMedCrossRef Spöhr F, Böttiger BW (2003) Safety of thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Drug Saf 26:367–379PubMedCrossRef
730.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu JP, Gu DY, Wang S, Zhang ZJ, Zhou JC, Zhang RF (2014) Good neurological recovery after rescue thrombolysis of presumed pulmonary embolism despite prior 100 min CPR. J Thorac Dis 6:E289–E293PubMedCentralPubMed Wu JP, Gu DY, Wang S, Zhang ZJ, Zhou JC, Zhang RF (2014) Good neurological recovery after rescue thrombolysis of presumed pulmonary embolism despite prior 100 min CPR. J Thorac Dis 6:E289–E293PubMedCentralPubMed
731.
Zurück zum Zitat Langhelle A, Tyvold SS, Lexow K, Hapnes SA, Sunde K, Steen PA (2003) In-hospital factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A comparison between four regions in Norway. Resuscitation 56:247–263PubMedCrossRef Langhelle A, Tyvold SS, Lexow K, Hapnes SA, Sunde K, Steen PA (2003) In-hospital factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A comparison between four regions in Norway. Resuscitation 56:247–263PubMedCrossRef
732.
Zurück zum Zitat Calle PA, Buylaert WA, Vanhaute OA (1989) Glycemia in the post-resuscitation period. The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl):S181–S188. (discussion S99–206)PubMedCrossRef Calle PA, Buylaert WA, Vanhaute OA (1989) Glycemia in the post-resuscitation period. The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl):S181–S188. (discussion S99–206)PubMedCrossRef
733.
Zurück zum Zitat Longstreth WT Jr, Diehr P, Inui TS (1983) Prediction of awakening after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 308:1378–1382PubMedCrossRef Longstreth WT Jr, Diehr P, Inui TS (1983) Prediction of awakening after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 308:1378–1382PubMedCrossRef
734.
Zurück zum Zitat Longstreth WT Jr, Inui TS (1984) High blood glucose level on hospital admission and poor neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 15:59–63PubMedCrossRef Longstreth WT Jr, Inui TS (1984) High blood glucose level on hospital admission and poor neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 15:59–63PubMedCrossRef
735.
Zurück zum Zitat Longstreth WT Jr, Copass MK, Dennis LK, Rauch-Matthews ME, Stark MS, Cobb LA (1993) Intravenous glucose after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: a community-based randomized trial. Neurology 43:2534–2541PubMedCrossRef Longstreth WT Jr, Copass MK, Dennis LK, Rauch-Matthews ME, Stark MS, Cobb LA (1993) Intravenous glucose after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: a community-based randomized trial. Neurology 43:2534–2541PubMedCrossRef
736.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackenzie CF (1975) A review of 100 cases of cardiac arrest and the relation of potassium, glucose, and haemoglobin levels to survival. West Indian Med J 24:39–45PubMed Mackenzie CF (1975) A review of 100 cases of cardiac arrest and the relation of potassium, glucose, and haemoglobin levels to survival. West Indian Med J 24:39–45PubMed
737.
Zurück zum Zitat Mullner M, Sterz F, Binder M, Schreiber W, Deimel A, Laggner AN (1997) Blood glucose concentration after cardiopulmonary resuscitation influences functional neurological recovery in human cardiac arrest survivors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:430–436PubMedCrossRef Mullner M, Sterz F, Binder M, Schreiber W, Deimel A, Laggner AN (1997) Blood glucose concentration after cardiopulmonary resuscitation influences functional neurological recovery in human cardiac arrest survivors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:430–436PubMedCrossRef
738.
Zurück zum Zitat Skrifvars MB, Pettila V, Rosenberg PH, Castren M (2003) A multiple logistic regression analysis of in-hospital factors related to survival at six months in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 59:319–328PubMedCrossRef Skrifvars MB, Pettila V, Rosenberg PH, Castren M (2003) A multiple logistic regression analysis of in-hospital factors related to survival at six months in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 59:319–328PubMedCrossRef
739.
Zurück zum Zitat Peng TJ, Andersen LW, Saindon BZ et al (2015) The administration of dextrose during in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with increased mortality and neurologic morbidity. Crit Care 19:160PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Peng TJ, Andersen LW, Saindon BZ et al (2015) The administration of dextrose during in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with increased mortality and neurologic morbidity. Crit Care 19:160PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
740.
Zurück zum Zitat Ditchey RV, Lindenfeld J (1984) Potential adverse effects of volume loading on perfusion of vital organs during closed-chest resuscitation. Circulation 69:181–189PubMedCrossRef Ditchey RV, Lindenfeld J (1984) Potential adverse effects of volume loading on perfusion of vital organs during closed-chest resuscitation. Circulation 69:181–189PubMedCrossRef
741.
Zurück zum Zitat Voorhees WD, Ralston SH, Kougias C, Schmitz PM (1987) Fluid loading with whole blood or Ringer’s lactate solution during CPR in dogs. Resuscitation 15:113–123PubMedCrossRef Voorhees WD, Ralston SH, Kougias C, Schmitz PM (1987) Fluid loading with whole blood or Ringer’s lactate solution during CPR in dogs. Resuscitation 15:113–123PubMedCrossRef
742.
Zurück zum Zitat Yannopoulos D, Zviman M, Castro V et al (2009) Intra-cardiopulmonary resuscitation hypothermia with and without volume loading in an ischemic model of cardiac arrest. Circulation 120:1426–1435PubMedCrossRef Yannopoulos D, Zviman M, Castro V et al (2009) Intra-cardiopulmonary resuscitation hypothermia with and without volume loading in an ischemic model of cardiac arrest. Circulation 120:1426–1435PubMedCrossRef
743.
Zurück zum Zitat Gentile NT, Martin GB, Appleton TJ, Moeggenberg J, Paradis NA, Nowak RM (1991) Effects of arterial and venous volume infusion on coronary perfusion pressures during canine CPR. Resuscitation 22:55–63PubMedCrossRef Gentile NT, Martin GB, Appleton TJ, Moeggenberg J, Paradis NA, Nowak RM (1991) Effects of arterial and venous volume infusion on coronary perfusion pressures during canine CPR. Resuscitation 22:55–63PubMedCrossRef
744.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim F, Nichol G, Maynard C et al (2014) Effect of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia on survival and neurological status among adults with cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311:45–52PubMedCrossRef Kim F, Nichol G, Maynard C et al (2014) Effect of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia on survival and neurological status among adults with cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311:45–52PubMedCrossRef
745.
Zurück zum Zitat Debaty G, Maignan M, Savary D et al (2014) Impact of intra-arrest therapeutic hypothermia in outcomes of prehospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 40:1832–1842PubMedCrossRef Debaty G, Maignan M, Savary D et al (2014) Impact of intra-arrest therapeutic hypothermia in outcomes of prehospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 40:1832–1842PubMedCrossRef
746.
Zurück zum Zitat Krep H, Breil M, Sinn D, Hagendorff A, Hoeft A, Fischer M (2004) Effects of hypertonic versus isotonic infusion therapy on regional cerebral blood flow after experimental cardiac arrest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Resuscitation 63:73–83PubMedCrossRef Krep H, Breil M, Sinn D, Hagendorff A, Hoeft A, Fischer M (2004) Effects of hypertonic versus isotonic infusion therapy on regional cerebral blood flow after experimental cardiac arrest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Resuscitation 63:73–83PubMedCrossRef
747.
Zurück zum Zitat Bender R, Breil M, Heister U et al (2007) Hypertonic saline during CPR: Feasibility and safety of a new protocol of fluid management during resuscitation. Resuscitation 72:74–81PubMedCrossRef Bender R, Breil M, Heister U et al (2007) Hypertonic saline during CPR: Feasibility and safety of a new protocol of fluid management during resuscitation. Resuscitation 72:74–81PubMedCrossRef
748.
Zurück zum Zitat Breil M, Krep H, Heister U et al (2012) Randomised study of hypertonic saline infusion during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:347–352PubMedCrossRef Breil M, Krep H, Heister U et al (2012) Randomised study of hypertonic saline infusion during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:347–352PubMedCrossRef
749.
Zurück zum Zitat Hahn C, Breil M, Schewe JC et al (2014) Hypertonic saline infusion during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a matched-pair study from the German Resuscitation Registry. Resuscitation 85:628–636PubMedCrossRef Hahn C, Breil M, Schewe JC et al (2014) Hypertonic saline infusion during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a matched-pair study from the German Resuscitation Registry. Resuscitation 85:628–636PubMedCrossRef
750.
Zurück zum Zitat Antonelli M, Sandroni C (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch for intravenous volume replacement: more harm than benefit. JAMA 309:723–724PubMedCrossRef Antonelli M, Sandroni C (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch for intravenous volume replacement: more harm than benefit. JAMA 309:723–724PubMedCrossRef
751.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Foster J, Breitkreutz R (2009) Fluid infusion during CPR and after ROSC – is it safe? Resuscitation 80:1221–1222PubMedCrossRef Soar J, Foster J, Breitkreutz R (2009) Fluid infusion during CPR and after ROSC – is it safe? Resuscitation 80:1221–1222PubMedCrossRef
752.
Zurück zum Zitat Delguercio LR, Feins NR, Cohn JD, Coomaraswamy RP, Wollman SB, State D (1965) Comparison of blood flow during external and internal cardiac massage in man. Circulation 31(Suppl 1):171–180PubMed Delguercio LR, Feins NR, Cohn JD, Coomaraswamy RP, Wollman SB, State D (1965) Comparison of blood flow during external and internal cardiac massage in man. Circulation 31(Suppl 1):171–180PubMed
753.
Zurück zum Zitat Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:299–304PubMedCrossRef Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:299–304PubMedCrossRef
754.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H, Wik L et al (2006) Quality of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with real time automated feedback: a prospective interventional study. Resuscitation 71:283–292PubMedCrossRef Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H, Wik L et al (2006) Quality of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with real time automated feedback: a prospective interventional study. Resuscitation 71:283–292PubMedCrossRef
755.
Zurück zum Zitat Sutton RM, Maltese MR, Niles D et al (2009) Quantitative analysis of chest compression interruptions during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents. Resuscitation 80:1259–1263PubMedCrossRef Sutton RM, Maltese MR, Niles D et al (2009) Quantitative analysis of chest compression interruptions during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents. Resuscitation 80:1259–1263PubMedCrossRef
756.
Zurück zum Zitat Sutton RM, Niles D, Nysaether J et al (2009) Quantitative analysis of CPR quality during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents. Pediatrics 124:494–499PubMedCrossRef Sutton RM, Niles D, Nysaether J et al (2009) Quantitative analysis of CPR quality during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents. Pediatrics 124:494–499PubMedCrossRef
757.
Zurück zum Zitat Olasveengen TM, Wik L, Steen PA (2008) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation before and during transport in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:185–190PubMedCrossRef Olasveengen TM, Wik L, Steen PA (2008) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation before and during transport in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:185–190PubMedCrossRef
758.
Zurück zum Zitat Slattery DE, Silver A (2009) The hazards of providing care in emergency vehicles: an opportunity for reform. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:388–397PubMedCrossRef Slattery DE, Silver A (2009) The hazards of providing care in emergency vehicles: an opportunity for reform. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:388–397PubMedCrossRef
759.
Zurück zum Zitat Friberg H, Rundgren M (2009) Submersion, accidental hypothermia and cardiac arrest, mechanical chest compressions as a bridge to final treatment: a case report. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 17:7PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Friberg H, Rundgren M (2009) Submersion, accidental hypothermia and cardiac arrest, mechanical chest compressions as a bridge to final treatment: a case report. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 17:7PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
760.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmermann S, Rohde D, Marwan M, Ludwig J, Achenbach S (2014) Complete recovery after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with prolonged (59 min) mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mild therapeutic hypothermia and complex percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Heart Lung 43:62–65PubMedCrossRef Zimmermann S, Rohde D, Marwan M, Ludwig J, Achenbach S (2014) Complete recovery after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with prolonged (59 min) mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mild therapeutic hypothermia and complex percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Heart Lung 43:62–65PubMedCrossRef
761.
Zurück zum Zitat Forti A, Zilio G, Zanatta P et al (2014) Full recovery after prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation with mechanical chest compression device during helicopter transportation and percutaneous coronary intervention. J Emerg Med 47:632–634PubMedCrossRef Forti A, Zilio G, Zanatta P et al (2014) Full recovery after prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation with mechanical chest compression device during helicopter transportation and percutaneous coronary intervention. J Emerg Med 47:632–634PubMedCrossRef
762.
Zurück zum Zitat Wesley K, Wesley KD (2013) Mechanical CPR: it could save more than the patient’s life. JEMS 38:29PubMed Wesley K, Wesley KD (2013) Mechanical CPR: it could save more than the patient’s life. JEMS 38:29PubMed
763.
Zurück zum Zitat Govindarajan P, Lin L, Landman A et al (2012) Practice variability among the EMS systems participating in Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES). Resuscitation 83:76–80PubMedCrossRef Govindarajan P, Lin L, Landman A et al (2012) Practice variability among the EMS systems participating in Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES). Resuscitation 83:76–80PubMedCrossRef
764.
Zurück zum Zitat Wik L, Olsen JA, Persse D et al (2014) Manual vs. integrated automatic load-distributing band CPR with equal survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest. The randomized CIRC trial. Resuscitation 85:741–748PubMedCrossRef Wik L, Olsen JA, Persse D et al (2014) Manual vs. integrated automatic load-distributing band CPR with equal survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest. The randomized CIRC trial. Resuscitation 85:741–748PubMedCrossRef
765.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubertsson S, Lindgren E, Smekal D et al (2014) Mechanical chest compressions and simultaneous defibrillation vs conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the LINC randomized trial. JAMA 311:53–61PubMedCrossRef Rubertsson S, Lindgren E, Smekal D et al (2014) Mechanical chest compressions and simultaneous defibrillation vs conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the LINC randomized trial. JAMA 311:53–61PubMedCrossRef
766.
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins GD, Lall R, Quinn T et al (2015) Mechanical versus manual chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PARAMEDIC): a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 385:947–955PubMedCrossRef Perkins GD, Lall R, Quinn T et al (2015) Mechanical versus manual chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PARAMEDIC): a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 385:947–955PubMedCrossRef
767.
Zurück zum Zitat Stiell IG, Brown SP, Nichol G et al (2014) What is the optimal chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation of adult patients? Circulation 130:1962–1970PubMedCrossRef Stiell IG, Brown SP, Nichol G et al (2014) What is the optimal chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation of adult patients? Circulation 130:1962–1970PubMedCrossRef
768.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallace SK, Abella BS, Becker LB (2013) Quantifying the effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality on cardiac arrest outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 6:148–156PubMedCrossRef Wallace SK, Abella BS, Becker LB (2013) Quantifying the effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality on cardiac arrest outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 6:148–156PubMedCrossRef
769.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Nolan JP (2014) Manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest – with or without mechanical CPR? Resuscitation 85:705–706PubMedCrossRef Soar J, Nolan JP (2014) Manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest – with or without mechanical CPR? Resuscitation 85:705–706PubMedCrossRef
770.
Zurück zum Zitat Spiro JR, White S, Quinn N et al (2015) Automated cardiopulmonary resuscitation using a load-distributing band external cardiac support device for in-hospital cardiac arrest: a single centre experience of AutoPulse-CPR. Int J Cardiol 180:7–14PubMedCrossRef Spiro JR, White S, Quinn N et al (2015) Automated cardiopulmonary resuscitation using a load-distributing band external cardiac support device for in-hospital cardiac arrest: a single centre experience of AutoPulse-CPR. Int J Cardiol 180:7–14PubMedCrossRef
771.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong ME, Quah JL, Annathurai A et al (2013) Improving the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by training dedicated cardiac arrest teams incorporating a mechanical load-distributing device at the emergency department. Resuscitation 84:508–514PubMedCrossRef Ong ME, Quah JL, Annathurai A et al (2013) Improving the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by training dedicated cardiac arrest teams incorporating a mechanical load-distributing device at the emergency department. Resuscitation 84:508–514PubMedCrossRef
772.
Zurück zum Zitat Lerner EB, Persse D, Souders CM et al (2011) Design of the Circulation Improving Resuscitation Care (CIRC) Trial: a new state of the art design for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest research. Resuscitation 82:294–299PubMedCrossRef Lerner EB, Persse D, Souders CM et al (2011) Design of the Circulation Improving Resuscitation Care (CIRC) Trial: a new state of the art design for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest research. Resuscitation 82:294–299PubMedCrossRef
773.
Zurück zum Zitat Brooks SC, Hassan N, Bigham BL, Morrison LJ (2014) Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD007260PubMed Brooks SC, Hassan N, Bigham BL, Morrison LJ (2014) Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD007260PubMed
774.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu XG, Kang X, Gong DB (2010) [The clinical efficacy of Thumper modal 1007 cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective randomized control trial]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 22:496–497PubMed Lu XG, Kang X, Gong DB (2010) [The clinical efficacy of Thumper modal 1007 cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective randomized control trial]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 22:496–497PubMed
775.
Zurück zum Zitat Smekal D, Lindgren E, Sandler H, Johansson J, Rubertsson S (2014) CPR-related injuries after manual or mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS device: a multicentre study of victims after unsuccessful resuscitation. Resuscitation 85:1708–1712PubMedCrossRef Smekal D, Lindgren E, Sandler H, Johansson J, Rubertsson S (2014) CPR-related injuries after manual or mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS device: a multicentre study of victims after unsuccessful resuscitation. Resuscitation 85:1708–1712PubMedCrossRef
776.
Zurück zum Zitat Smekal D, Johansson J, Huzevka T, Rubertsson S (2011) A pilot study of mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS device in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 82:702–706PubMedCrossRef Smekal D, Johansson J, Huzevka T, Rubertsson S (2011) A pilot study of mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS device in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 82:702–706PubMedCrossRef
777.
Zurück zum Zitat Hallstrom A, Rea TD, Sayre MR et al (2006) Manual chest compression vs use of an automated chest compression device during resuscitation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 295:2620–2628PubMedCrossRef Hallstrom A, Rea TD, Sayre MR et al (2006) Manual chest compression vs use of an automated chest compression device during resuscitation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 295:2620–2628PubMedCrossRef
778.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinmetz J, Barnung S, Nielsen SL, Risom M, Rasmussen LS (2008) Improved survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using new guidelines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:908–913PubMedCrossRef Steinmetz J, Barnung S, Nielsen SL, Risom M, Rasmussen LS (2008) Improved survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using new guidelines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:908–913PubMedCrossRef
779.
Zurück zum Zitat Casner M, Anderson D et al (2005) Preliminary report of the impact of a new CPR assist device on the rate of return of spontaneous circulation in out of hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Med 9:61–67CrossRef Casner M, Anderson D et al (2005) Preliminary report of the impact of a new CPR assist device on the rate of return of spontaneous circulation in out of hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Med 9:61–67CrossRef
780.
Zurück zum Zitat Ong ME, Ornato JP, Edwards DP et al (2006) Use of an automated, load-distributing band chest compression device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation. JAMA 295:2629–2637PubMed Ong ME, Ornato JP, Edwards DP et al (2006) Use of an automated, load-distributing band chest compression device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation. JAMA 295:2629–2637PubMed
781.
Zurück zum Zitat Timerman S, Cardoso LF, Ramires JA, Halperin H (2004) Improved hemodynamic performance with a novel chest compression device during treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:273–280PubMedCrossRef Timerman S, Cardoso LF, Ramires JA, Halperin H (2004) Improved hemodynamic performance with a novel chest compression device during treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:273–280PubMedCrossRef
782.
Zurück zum Zitat Boczar ME, Howard MA, Rivers EP et al (1995) A technique revisited: hemodynamic comparison of closed- and open-chest cardiac massage during human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 23:498–503PubMedCrossRef Boczar ME, Howard MA, Rivers EP et al (1995) A technique revisited: hemodynamic comparison of closed- and open-chest cardiac massage during human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 23:498–503PubMedCrossRef
783.
Zurück zum Zitat Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P, Michalis A, Palatianos GM, Geroulanos S (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113:15–19PubMedCrossRef Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P, Michalis A, Palatianos GM, Geroulanos S (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113:15–19PubMedCrossRef
784.
Zurück zum Zitat Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre – Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52:269–272PubMedCrossRef Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre – Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52:269–272PubMedCrossRef
785.
Zurück zum Zitat Kornhall DK, Dolven T (2014) Resuscitative thoracotomies and open chest cardiac compressions in non-traumatic cardiac arrest. World J Emerg Surg 9:54PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kornhall DK, Dolven T (2014) Resuscitative thoracotomies and open chest cardiac compressions in non-traumatic cardiac arrest. World J Emerg Surg 9:54PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
786.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindner KH, Pfenninger EG, Lurie KG, Schurmann W, Lindner IM, Ahnefeld FW (1993) Effects of active compression-decompression resuscitation on myocardial and cerebral blood flow in pigs. Circulation 88:1254–1263PubMedCrossRef Lindner KH, Pfenninger EG, Lurie KG, Schurmann W, Lindner IM, Ahnefeld FW (1993) Effects of active compression-decompression resuscitation on myocardial and cerebral blood flow in pigs. Circulation 88:1254–1263PubMedCrossRef
787.
Zurück zum Zitat Shultz JJ, Coffeen P, Sweeney M et al (1994) Evaluation of standard and active compression-decompression CPR in an acute human model of ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 89:684–693PubMedCrossRef Shultz JJ, Coffeen P, Sweeney M et al (1994) Evaluation of standard and active compression-decompression CPR in an acute human model of ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 89:684–693PubMedCrossRef
788.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang MW, Coffeen P, Lurie KG, Shultz J, Bache RJ, White CW (1994) Active compression-decompression CPR improves vital organ perfusion in a dog model of ventricular fibrillation. Chest 106:1250–1259PubMedCrossRef Chang MW, Coffeen P, Lurie KG, Shultz J, Bache RJ, White CW (1994) Active compression-decompression CPR improves vital organ perfusion in a dog model of ventricular fibrillation. Chest 106:1250–1259PubMedCrossRef
789.
Zurück zum Zitat Orliaguet GA, Carli PA, Rozenberg A, Janniere D, Sauval P, Delpech P (1995) End-tidal carbon dioxide during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: comparison of active compression-decompression and standard CPR. Ann Emerg Med 25:48–51PubMedCrossRef Orliaguet GA, Carli PA, Rozenberg A, Janniere D, Sauval P, Delpech P (1995) End-tidal carbon dioxide during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: comparison of active compression-decompression and standard CPR. Ann Emerg Med 25:48–51PubMedCrossRef
790.
Zurück zum Zitat Guly UM, Mitchell RG, Cook R, Steedman DJ, Robertson CE (1995) Paramedics and technicians are equally successful at managing cardiac arrest outside hospital. BMJ 310:1091–1094PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Guly UM, Mitchell RG, Cook R, Steedman DJ, Robertson CE (1995) Paramedics and technicians are equally successful at managing cardiac arrest outside hospital. BMJ 310:1091–1094PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
791.
Zurück zum Zitat Tucker KJ, Galli F, Savitt MA, Kahsai D, Bresnahan L, Redberg RF (1994) Active compression-decompression resuscitation: effect on resuscitation success after in-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 24:201–209PubMedCrossRef Tucker KJ, Galli F, Savitt MA, Kahsai D, Bresnahan L, Redberg RF (1994) Active compression-decompression resuscitation: effect on resuscitation success after in-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 24:201–209PubMedCrossRef
792.
Zurück zum Zitat Malzer R, Zeiner A, Binder M et al (1996) Hemodynamic effects of active compression-decompression after prolonged CPR. Resuscitation 31:243–253PubMedCrossRef Malzer R, Zeiner A, Binder M et al (1996) Hemodynamic effects of active compression-decompression after prolonged CPR. Resuscitation 31:243–253PubMedCrossRef
793.
Zurück zum Zitat Lurie KG, Shultz JJ, Callaham ML et al (1994) Evaluation of active compression-decompression CPR in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 271:1405–1411PubMedCrossRef Lurie KG, Shultz JJ, Callaham ML et al (1994) Evaluation of active compression-decompression CPR in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 271:1405–1411PubMedCrossRef
794.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen TJ, Goldner BG, Maccaro PC et al (1993) A comparison of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrests occurring in the hospital. N Engl J Med 329:1918–1921PubMedCrossRef Cohen TJ, Goldner BG, Maccaro PC et al (1993) A comparison of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrests occurring in the hospital. N Engl J Med 329:1918–1921PubMedCrossRef
795.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab TM, Callaham ML, Madsen CD, Utecht TA (1995) A randomized clinical trial of active compression-decompression CPR vs standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in two cities. JAMA 273:1261–1268PubMedCrossRef Schwab TM, Callaham ML, Madsen CD, Utecht TA (1995) A randomized clinical trial of active compression-decompression CPR vs standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in two cities. JAMA 273:1261–1268PubMedCrossRef
796.
Zurück zum Zitat Stiell I, H’ebert P, Well G et al (1996) Tne Ontario trial of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in-hospital and prehospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 275:1417–1423PubMedCrossRef Stiell I, H’ebert P, Well G et al (1996) Tne Ontario trial of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in-hospital and prehospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 275:1417–1423PubMedCrossRef
797.
Zurück zum Zitat Mauer D, Schneider T, Dick W, Withelm A, Elich D, Mauer M (1996) Active compression-decompression resuscitation: a prospective, randomized study in a two-tiered EMS system with physicians in the field. Resuscitation 33:125–134PubMedCrossRef Mauer D, Schneider T, Dick W, Withelm A, Elich D, Mauer M (1996) Active compression-decompression resuscitation: a prospective, randomized study in a two-tiered EMS system with physicians in the field. Resuscitation 33:125–134PubMedCrossRef
798.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan J, Smith G, Evans R et al (1998) The United Kingdom pre-hospital study of active compression-decompression resuscitation. Resuscitation 37:119–125PubMedCrossRef Nolan J, Smith G, Evans R et al (1998) The United Kingdom pre-hospital study of active compression-decompression resuscitation. Resuscitation 37:119–125PubMedCrossRef
799.
Zurück zum Zitat Luiz T, Ellinger K, Denz C (1996) Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation does not improve survival in patients with prehospital cardiac arrest in a physician-manned emergency medical system. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10:178–186PubMedCrossRef Luiz T, Ellinger K, Denz C (1996) Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation does not improve survival in patients with prehospital cardiac arrest in a physician-manned emergency medical system. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10:178–186PubMedCrossRef
800.
Zurück zum Zitat Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E et al (1999) A comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation and active compression-decompression resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. French Active Compression-Decompression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Study Group. N Engl J Med 341:569–575PubMedCrossRef Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E et al (1999) A comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation and active compression-decompression resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. French Active Compression-Decompression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Study Group. N Engl J Med 341:569–575PubMedCrossRef
801.
Zurück zum Zitat Lafuente-Lafuente C, Melero-Bascones M (2013) Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD002751PubMed Lafuente-Lafuente C, Melero-Bascones M (2013) Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD002751PubMed
802.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo XR, Zhang HL, Chen GJ, Ding WS, Huang L (2013) Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) versus standard CPR for cardiac arrest patients: a meta-analysis. World J Emerg Med 4:266–272PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Luo XR, Zhang HL, Chen GJ, Ding WS, Huang L (2013) Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) versus standard CPR for cardiac arrest patients: a meta-analysis. World J Emerg Med 4:266–272PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
803.
Zurück zum Zitat Baubin M, Rabl W, Pfeiffer KP, Benzer A, Gilly H (1999) Chest injuries after active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD-CPR) in cadavers. Resuscitation 43:9–15PubMedCrossRef Baubin M, Rabl W, Pfeiffer KP, Benzer A, Gilly H (1999) Chest injuries after active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD-CPR) in cadavers. Resuscitation 43:9–15PubMedCrossRef
804.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabl W, Baubin M, Broinger G, Scheithauer R (1996) Serious complications from active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Legal Med 109:84–89PubMedCrossRef Rabl W, Baubin M, Broinger G, Scheithauer R (1996) Serious complications from active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Legal Med 109:84–89PubMedCrossRef
805.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoke RS, Chamberlain D (2004) Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 63:327–338PubMedCrossRef Hoke RS, Chamberlain D (2004) Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 63:327–338PubMedCrossRef
806.
Zurück zum Zitat Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Payen D (2000) Inspiratory impedance during active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized evaluation in patients in cardiac arrest. Circulation 101:989–994PubMedCrossRef Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Payen D (2000) Inspiratory impedance during active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized evaluation in patients in cardiac arrest. Circulation 101:989–994PubMedCrossRef
807.
Zurück zum Zitat Plaisance P, Soleil C, Lurie KG, Vicaut E, Ducros L, Payen D (2005) Use of an inspiratory impedance threshold device on a facemask and endotracheal tube to reduce intrathoracic pressures during the decompression phase of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 33:990–994PubMedCrossRef Plaisance P, Soleil C, Lurie KG, Vicaut E, Ducros L, Payen D (2005) Use of an inspiratory impedance threshold device on a facemask and endotracheal tube to reduce intrathoracic pressures during the decompression phase of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 33:990–994PubMedCrossRef
808.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolcke BB, Mauer DK, Schoefmann MF et al (2003) Comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus the combination of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation and an inspiratory impedance threshold device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 108:2201–2205PubMedCrossRef Wolcke BB, Mauer DK, Schoefmann MF et al (2003) Comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus the combination of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation and an inspiratory impedance threshold device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 108:2201–2205PubMedCrossRef
809.
Zurück zum Zitat Aufderheide TP, Pirrallo RG, Provo TA, Lurie KG (2005) Clinical evaluation of an inspiratory impedance threshold device during standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 33:734–740 Aufderheide TP, Pirrallo RG, Provo TA, Lurie KG (2005) Clinical evaluation of an inspiratory impedance threshold device during standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 33:734–740
810.
Zurück zum Zitat Aufderheide TP, Nichol G, Rea TD et al (2011) A trial of an impedance threshold device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 365:798–806 Aufderheide TP, Nichol G, Rea TD et al (2011) A trial of an impedance threshold device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 365:798–806
811.
Zurück zum Zitat Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E et al (2004) Evaluation of an impedance threshold device in patients receiving active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:265–271PubMedCrossRef Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E et al (2004) Evaluation of an impedance threshold device in patients receiving active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:265–271PubMedCrossRef
812.
Zurück zum Zitat Aufderheide TP, Frascone RJ, Wayne MA et al (2011) Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with augmentation of negative intrathoracic pressure for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised trial. Lancet 377:301–311PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Aufderheide TP, Frascone RJ, Wayne MA et al (2011) Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with augmentation of negative intrathoracic pressure for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised trial. Lancet 377:301–311PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
813.
Zurück zum Zitat Frascone RJ, Wayne MA, Swor RA et al (2013) Treatment of non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with active compression decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation plus an impedance threshold device. Resuscitation 84:1214–1222PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Frascone RJ, Wayne MA, Swor RA et al (2013) Treatment of non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with active compression decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation plus an impedance threshold device. Resuscitation 84:1214–1222PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
814.
Zurück zum Zitat European Heart Rhythm A, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic S, Camm AJ et al (2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 31:2369–2429PubMedCrossRef European Heart Rhythm A, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic S, Camm AJ et al (2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 31:2369–2429PubMedCrossRef
815.
Zurück zum Zitat Delacretaz E (2006) Clinical practice. Supraventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med 354:1039–1051PubMedCrossRef Delacretaz E (2006) Clinical practice. Supraventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med 354:1039–1051PubMedCrossRef
816.
Zurück zum Zitat Dauchot P, Gravenstein JS (1971) Effects of atropine on the electrocardiogram in different age groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12:274–280 Dauchot P, Gravenstein JS (1971) Effects of atropine on the electrocardiogram in different age groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12:274–280
817.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamberlain DA, Turner P, Sneddon JM (1967) Effects of atropine on heart-rate in healthy man. Lancet 2:12–15 Chamberlain DA, Turner P, Sneddon JM (1967) Effects of atropine on heart-rate in healthy man. Lancet 2:12–15
818.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernheim A, Fatio R, Kiowski W, Weilenmann D, Rickli H, Rocca HP (2004) Atropine often results in complete atrioventricular block or sinus arrest after cardiac transplantation: an unpredictable and dose-independent phenomenon. Transplantation 77:1181–1185 Bernheim A, Fatio R, Kiowski W, Weilenmann D, Rickli H, Rocca HP (2004) Atropine often results in complete atrioventricular block or sinus arrest after cardiac transplantation: an unpredictable and dose-independent phenomenon. Transplantation 77:1181–1185
819.
Zurück zum Zitat Gulamhusein S, Ko P, Carruthers SG, Klein GJ (1982) Acceleration of the ventricular response during atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after verapamil. Circulation 65:348–354PubMedCrossRef Gulamhusein S, Ko P, Carruthers SG, Klein GJ (1982) Acceleration of the ventricular response during atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after verapamil. Circulation 65:348–354PubMedCrossRef
820.
Zurück zum Zitat January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS et al (2014) AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:e1–e76PubMedCrossRef January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS et al (2014) AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:e1–e76PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („adult advanced life support“)
Kapitel 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council
verfasst von
J. Soar
J.P. Nolan
B.W. Böttiger
G.D. Perkins
C. Lott
P. Carli
T. Pellis
C. Sandroni
M.B. Skrifvars
G.B. Smith
K. Sunde
C.D. Deakin
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin / Ausgabe 8/2015
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-015-0085-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2015

Notfall +  Rettungsmedizin 8/2015 Zur Ausgabe

ERC Leitlinien

Kurzdarstellung