nach oben

vorheriger Artikel Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener u...

nächster Artikel Kreislaufstillstand in besonderen Situationen

Tipp

Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („adult advanced life support“)

Kapitel 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council

Zeitschrift:: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin > Ausgabe 8/2015

Autoren:: J. Soar, J.P. Nolan, B.W. Böttiger, G.D. Perkins, C. Lott, P. Carli, T. Pellis, C. Sandroni, M.B. Skrifvars, G.B. Smith, K. Sunde, C.D. Deakin

» Jetzt Zugang zum Volltext erhalten

Wichtige Hinweise

Zu diesem Kapitel haben beigetragen:

Rudolph W. Koster: Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Koenraad G. Monsieurs: Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium

Nikolaos I. Nikolaou: Cardiology Department, Konstantopouleio General Hospital, Athens, Greece

Ohne Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Jetzt einloggen Kostenlos registrieren

Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Soar J et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 81:1305–1352

Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Sunde K, Koster RW (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 3. Electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion and pacing. Resuscitation 81:1293–1304

Nolan J, Soar J, Eikeland H (2006) The chain of survival. Resuscitation 71:270–271

Soar J, Callaway CW, Aibiki M et al (2015) Part 4: Advanced life support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 95:71–120

Soreide E, Morrison L, Hillman K et al (2013) The formula for survival in resuscitation. Resuscitation 84:1487–1493

Sandroni C, Nolan J, Cavallaro F, Antonelli M (2007) In-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, prognosis and possible measures to improve survival. Intensive Care Med 33:237–245

Nolan JP, Soar J, Smith GB et al (2014) Incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom National Cardiac Arrest Audit. Resuscitation 85:987–992

Smith GB (2010) In-hospital cardiac arrest: is it time for an in-hospital ‚chain of prevention‘? Resuscitation 81(9):1209–1211

National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (2005) An acute problem? NCEPOD, London

10.

Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlackonikolis I et al (2002) Incidence, location and reasons for avoidable in-hospital cardiac arrest in a district general hospital. Resuscitation 54:115–123

11.

Kause J, Smith G, Prytherch D, Parr M, Flabouris A, Hillman K (2004) A comparison of antecedents to cardiac arrests, deaths and emergency intensive care admissions in Australia and New Zealand, and the United Kingdom – the ACADEMIA study. Resuscitation 62:275–282

12.

Castagna J, Weil MH, Shubin H (1974) Factors determining survival in patients with cardiac arrest. Chest 65:527–529

13.

Skrifvars MB, Nurmi J, Ikola K, Saarinen K, Castren M (2006) Reduced survival following resuscitation in patients with documented clinically abnormal observations prior to in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 70:215–222

14.

Cashman JN (2002) In-hospital cardiac arrest: what happens to the false arrests? Resuscitation 53:271–276

15.

Hein A, Thoren AB, Herlitz J (2006) Characteristics and outcome of false cardiac arrests in hospital. Resuscitation 69:191–197

16.

Kenward G, Robinson A, Bradburn S, Steeds R (2007) False cardiac arrests: the right time to turn away? Postgrad Med J 83:344–347

17.

Chen LM, Nallamothu BK, Spertus JA, Li Y, Chan PS (2013) Association between a hospital’s rate of cardiac arrest incidence and cardiac arrest survival. JAMA Intern Med 173:1186–1195

18.

Fuhrmann L, Lippert A, Perner A, Ostergaard D (2008) Incidence, staff awareness and mortality of patients at risk on general wards. Resuscitation 77:325–330

19.

Chatterjee MT, Moon JC, Murphy R, McCrea D (2005) The „OBS“ chart: an evidence based approach to re-design of the patient observation chart in a district general hospital setting. Postgrad Med J 81:663–666

20.

Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2008) Review and performance evaluation of aggregate weighted ‚track and trigger‘ systems. Resuscitation 77:170–179

21.

Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI, Higgins B (2008) A review, and performance evaluation, of single-parameter „track and trigger“ systems. Resuscitation 79:11–21

22.

Hillman K, Chen J, Cretikos M et al (2005) Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365:2091–2097

23.

Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Mattke S, Stewart M, Zelevinsky K (2002) Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. N Engl J Med 346:1715–1722

24.

DeVita MA, Smith GB, Adam SK et al (2010) „Identifying the hospitalised patient in crisis“ – a consensus conference on the afferent limb of rapid response systems. Resuscitation 81:375–382

25.

Hogan J (2006) Why don’t nurses monitor the respiratory rates of patients? Br J Nurs 15:489–492

26.

Buist M (2008) The rapid response team paradox: why doesn’t anyone call for help? Crit Care Med 36:634–636

27.

McQuillan P, Pilkington S, Allan A et al (1998) Confidential inquiry into quality of care before admission to intensive care. BMJ 316:1853–1858

28.

Andrews T, Waterman H (2005) Packaging: a grounded theory of how to report physiological deterioration effectively. J Adv Nurs 52:473–481

29.

Derham C (2007) Achieving comprehensive critical care. Nurs Crit Care 12:124–131

30.

Smith GB, Poplett N (2002) Knowledge of aspects of acute care in trainee doctors. Postgrad Med J 78:335–338

31.

Meek T (2000) New house officers’ knowledge of resuscitation, fluid balance and analgesia. Anaesthesia 55:1128–1129

32.

Gould TH, Upton PM, Collins P (1994) A survey of the intended management of acute postoperative pain by newly qualified doctors in the south west region of England in August 1992. Anaesthesia 49:807–810

33.

Jackson E, Warner J (2002) How much do doctors know about consent and capacity? J R Soc Med 95:601–603

34.

Kruger PS, Longden PJ (1997) A study of a hospital staff’s knowledge of pulse oximetry. Anaesth Intensive Care 25:38–41

35.

Howell M (2002) Pulse oximetry: an audit of nursing and medical staff understanding. Br J Nurs 11:191–197

36.

Wheeler DW, Remoundos DD, Whittlestone KD et al (2004) Doctors’ confusion over ratios and percentages in drug solutions: the case for standard labelling. J R Soc Med 97:380–383

37.

Campello G, Granja C, Carvalho F, Dias C, Azevedo LF, Costa-Pereira A (2009) Immediate and long-term impact of medical emergency teams on cardiac arrest prevalence and mortality: a plea for periodic basic life-support training programs. Crit Care Med 37:3054–3061

38.

Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al (2003) A prospective before-and-after trial of a medical emergency team. Med J Aust 179:283–287

39.

Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al (2004) Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care Med 32:916–921

40.

Butcher BW, Quist CE, Harrison JD, Ranji SR (2015) The effect of a rapid response team on resident perceptions of education and autonomy. J Hosp Med 10:8–12

41.

DeVita MA, Braithwaite RS, Mahidhara R, Stuart S, Foraida M, Simmons RL (2004) Use of medical emergency team responses to reduce hospital cardiopulmonary arrests. Qual Saf Health Care 13:251–254

42.

Green AL, Williams A (2006) An evaluation of an early warning clinical marker referral tool. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 22:274–282

43.

Foraida MI, DeVita MA, Braithwaite RS, Stuart SA, Brooks MM, Simmons RL (2003) Improving the utilization of medical crisis teams (Condition C) at an urban tertiary care hospital. J Crit Care 18:87–94

44.

Soar J, Perkins GD, Harris S et al (2003) The immediate life support course. Resuscitation 57:21–6

45.

Spearpoint KG, Gruber PC, Brett SJ (2009) Impact of the Immediate Life Support course on the incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest calls: an observational study over 6 years. Resuscitation 80:638–643

46.

Fuhrmann L, Perner A, Klausen TW, Ostergaard D, Lippert A (2009) The effect of multi-professional education on the recognition and outcome of patients at risk on general wards. Resuscitation 80:1357–1360

47.

Jacques T, Harrison GA, McLaws ML, Kilborn G (2006) Signs of critical conditions and emergency responses (SOCCER): a model for predicting adverse events in the inpatient setting. Resuscitation 69:175–183

48.

Cretikos M, Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Finfer S, Flabouris A (2007) The objective medical emergency team activation criteria: a case-control study. Resuscitation 73:62–72

49.

Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlachonikolis IG, Payne S, Castle N (2002) The identification of risk factors for cardiac arrest and formulation of activation criteria to alert a medical emergency team. Resuscitation 54:125–131

50.

Fieselmann J, Hendryx M, Helms C, Wakefield D (1993) Respiratory rate predicts cardiopulmonary arrest for internal medicine patients. J Gen Intern Med 8:354–360

51.

Henry OF, Blacher J, Verdavaine J, Duviquet M, Safar ME (2003) Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein is an independent predictor of in-hospital death in the elderly. Age Ageing 32:37–42

52.

Barlow G, Nathwani D, Davey P (2007) The CURB65 pneumonia severity score outperforms generic sepsis and early warning scores in predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 62:253–259

53.

Sleiman I, Morandi A, Sabatini T et al (2008) Hyperglycemia as a predictor of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients without diabetes mellitus admitted to a sub-intensive care unit. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:1106–1110

54.

Alarcon T, Barcena A, Gonzalez-Montalvo JI, Penalosa C, Salgado A (1999) Factors predictive of outcome on admission to an acute geriatric ward. Age Ageing 28:429–432

55.

Goel A, Pinckney RG, Littenberg B (2003) APACHE II predicts long-term survival in COPD patients admitted to a general medical ward. J Gen Intern Med 18:824–830

56.

Rowat AM, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM (2006) Central periodic breathing observed on hospital admission is associated with an adverse prognosis in conscious acute stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 21:340–347

57.

Neary WD, Prytherch D, Foy C, Heather BP, Earnshaw JJ (2007) Comparison of different methods of risk stratification in urgent and emergency surgery. Br J Surg 94:1300–1305

58.

Asadollahi K, Hastings IM, Beeching NJ, Gill GV (2007) Laboratory risk factors for hospital mortality in acutely admitted patients. QJM 100:501–507

59.

Jones AE, Aborn LS, Kline JA (2004) Severity of emergency department hypotension predicts adverse hospital outcome. Shock 22:410–414

60.

Duckitt RW, Buxton-Thomas R, Walker J et al (2007) Worthing physiological scoring system: derivation and validation of a physiological early-warning system for medical admissions. An observational, population-based single-centre study. Br J Anaesth 98:769–774

61.

Kellett J, Deane B (2006) The Simple Clinical Score predicts mortality for 30 days after admission to an acute medical unit. QJM 99:771–781

62.

Prytherch DR, Sirl JS, Schmidt P, Featherstone PI, Weaver PC, Smith GB (2005) The use of routine laboratory data to predict in-hospital death in medical admissions. Resuscitation 66:203–207

63.

Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE et al (2008) Should age be included as a component of track and trigger systems used to identify sick adult patients? Resuscitation 78:109–115

64.

Olsson T, Terent A, Lind L (2004) Rapid Emergency Medicine score: a new prognostic tool for in-hospital mortality in nonsurgical emergency department patients. J Intern Med 255:579–587

65.

Prytherch DR, Sirl JS, Weaver PC, Schmidt P, Higgins B, Sutton GL (2003) Towards a national clinical minimum data set for general surgery. Br J Surg 90:1300–1305

66.

Subbe CP, Kruger M, Rutherford P, Gemmel L (2001) Validation of a modified Early Warning Score in medical admissions. QJM 94:521–526

67.

Goodacre S, Turner J, Nicholl J (2006) Prediction of mortality among emergency medical admissions. Emerg Med J 23:372–375

68.

Paterson R, MacLeod DC, Thetford D et al (2006) Prediction of in-hospital mortality and length of stay using an early warning scoring system: clinical audit. Clin Med 6:281–284

69.

Cuthbertson BH, Boroujerdi M, McKie L, Aucott L, Prescott G (2007) Can physiological variables and early warning scoring systems allow early recognition of the deteriorating surgical patient? Crit Care Med 35:402–409

70.

Prytherch DR, Smith GB, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2010) ViEWS-Towards a national early warning score for detecting adult inpatient deterioration. Resuscitation 81:932–937

71.

Buist M, Bernard S, Nguyen TV, Moore G, Anderson J (2004) Association between clinically abnormal observations and subsequent in-hospital mortality: a prospective study. Resuscitation 62:137–141

72.

Goldhill DR, McNarry AF (2004) Physiological abnormalities in early warning scores are related to mortality in adult inpatients. Br J Anaesth 92:882–884

73.

Harrison GA, Jacques T, McLaws ML, Kilborn G (2006) Combinations of early signs of critical illness predict in-hospital death-the SOCCER study (signs of critical conditions and emergency responses). Resuscitation 71:327–334

74.

Bell MB, Konrad D, Granath F, Ekbom A, Martling CR (2006) Prevalence and sensitivity of MET-criteria in a Scandinavian University Hospital. Resuscitation 70:66–73

75.

Gardner-Thorpe J, Love N, Wrightson J, Walsh S, Keeling N (2006) The value of Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) in surgical in-patients: a prospective observational study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 88:571–575

76.

Quarterman CP, Thomas AN, McKenna M, McNamee R (2005) Use of a patient information system to audit the introduction of modified early warning scoring. J Eval Clin Pract 11:133–138

77.

Goldhill DR, McNarry AF, Hadjianastassiou VG, Tekkis PP (2004) The longer patients are in hospital before Intensive Care admission the higher their mortality. Intensive Care Med 30:1908–1913

78.

Goldhill DR, McNarry AF, Mandersloot G, McGinley A (2005) A physiologically-based early warning score for ward patients: the association between score and outcome. Anaesthesia 60:547–553

79.

Boniatti MM, Azzolini N, da Fonseca DL et al (2010) Prognostic value of the calling criteria in patients receiving a medical emergency team review. Resuscitation 81:667–670

80.

Harrison GA, Jacques TC, Kilborn G, McLaws ML (2005) The prevalence of recordings of the signs of critical conditions and emergency responses in hospital wards–the SOCCER study. Resuscitation 65:149–157

81.

Hall S, Williams E, Richards S, Subbe C, Gemmell L (2003) Waiting to exhale: critical Care Outreach and recording of ventilatory frequency. Br J Anaesth 90:570–571

82.

McBride J, Knight D, Piper J, Smith G (2005) Long-term effect of introducing an early warning score on respiratory rate charting on general wards. Resuscitation 65:41–44

83.

McGain F, Cretikos MA, Jones D et al (2008) Documentation of clinical review and vital signs after major surgery. Med J Aust 189:380–383

84.

Excellence NIfHaC (2007) NICE clinical guideline 50 Acutely ill patients in hospital: recognition of and response to acute illness in adults in hospital. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London

85.

Goldhill DR, Worthington L, Mulcahy A, Tarling M, Sumner A (1999) The patient-at-risk team: identifying and managing seriously ill ward patients. Anaesthesia 54:853–860

86.

Subbe CP, Davies RG, Williams E, Rutherford P, Gemmell L (2003) Effect of introducing the Modified Early Warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio-pulmonary arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions. Anaesthesia 58:797–802

87.

Armitage M, Eddleston J, Stokes T (2007) Recognising and responding to acute illness in adults in hospital: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 335:258–259

88.

Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Flabouris A, Finfer S, Cretikos M (2009) The impact of introducing medical emergency team system on the documentations of vital signs. Resuscitation 80:35–43

89.

Odell M, Rechner IJ, Kapila A et al (2007) The effect of a critical care outreach service and an early warning scoring system on respiratory rate recording on the general wards. Resuscitation 74:470–475

90.

Critical care outreach 2003: progress in developing services. The National Outreach Report. London, UK: Department of Health and National Health Service 3780 Modernisation Agency; 2003

91.

Subbe CP, Gao H, Harrison DA (2007) Reproducibility of physiological track-and-trigger warning systems for identifying at-risk patients on the ward. Intensive Care Med 33:619–624

92.

Jarvis S, Kovacs C, Briggs J et al (2015) Can binary early warning scores perform as well as standard early warning scores for discriminating a patient’s risk of cardiac arrest, death or unanticipated intensive care unit admission? Resuscitation 93:46–52

93.

Douw G, Schoonhoven L, Holwerda T et al (2015) Nurses’ worry or concern and early recognition of deteriorating patients on general wards in acute care hospitals: a systematic review. Crit Care 19:230

94.

Santiano N, Young L, Hillman K et al (2009) Analysis of medical emergency team calls comparing subjective to „objective“ call criteria. Resuscitation 80:44–49

95.

Herod R, Frost SA, Parr M, Hillman K, Aneman A (2014) Long term trends in medical emergency team activations and outcomes. Resuscitation 85:1083–1087

96.

Tirkkonen J, Olkkola KT, Huhtala H, Tenhunen J, Hoppu S (2014) Medical emergency team activation: performance of conventional dichotomised criteria versus national early warning score. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:411–419

97.

Jarvis S, Kovacs C, Briggs J et al (2015) Aggregate National Early Warning Score (NEWS) values are more important than high scores for a single vital signs parameter for discriminating the risk of adverse outcomes. Resuscitation 87:75–80

98.

Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2013) The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death. Resuscitation 84:465–470

99.

Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA et al (2006) First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA 295:50–57

100.

Churpek MM, Yuen TC, Winslow C, Hall J, Edelson DP (2015) Differences in vital signs between elderly and nonelderly patients prior to ward cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 43:816–822

101.

Preece MH, Hill A, Horswill MS, Watson MO (2012) Supporting the detection of patient deterioration: observation chart design affects the recognition of abnormal vital signs. Resuscitation 83:1111–1118

102.

Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt P et al (2006) Hospital-wide physiological surveillance-a new approach to the early identification and management of the sick patient. Resuscitation 71:19–28

103.

Bellomo R, Ackerman M, Bailey M et al (2012) A controlled trial of electronic automated advisory vital signs monitoring in general hospital wards. Crit Care Med 40:2349–2361

104.

Evans RS, Kuttler KG, Simpson KJ et al (2015) Automated detection of physiologic deterioration in hospitalized patients. J Am Med Inform Assoc 22:350–360

105.

Mitchell IA, McKay H, Van Leuvan C et al (2010) A prospective controlled trial of the effect of a multi-faceted intervention on early recognition and intervention in deteriorating hospital patients. Resuscitation 81(6):658–666

106.

Schmidt PE, Meredith P, Prytherch DR et al (2015) Impact of introducing an electronic physiological surveillance system on hospital mortality. BMJ Qual Saf 24:10–20

107.

Azzopardi P, Kinney S, Moulden A, Tibballs J (2011) Attitudes and barriers to a Medical Emergency Team system at a tertiary paediatric hospital. Resuscitation 82:167–174

108.

Radeschi G, Urso F, Campagna S et al (2015) Factors affecting attitudes and barriers to a medical emergency team among nurses and medical doctors: a multi-centre survey. Resuscitation 88:92–98

109.

Bagshaw SM, Mondor EE, Scouten C et al (2010) A survey of nurses’ beliefs about the medical emergency team system in a canadian tertiary hospital. Am J Crit Care 19:74–83

110.

Shearer B, Marshall S, Buist MD et al (2012) What stops hospital clinical staff from following protocols? An analysis of the incidence and factors behind the failure of bedside clinical staff to activate the rapid response system in a multi-campus Australian metropolitan healthcare service. BMJ Qual Saf 21:569–575

111.

Featherstone P, Chalmers T, Smith GB (2008) RSVP: a system for communication of deterioration in hospital patients. Br J Nurs 17:860–864

112.

Marshall S, Harrison J, Flanagan B (2009) The teaching of a structured tool improves the clarity and content of interprofessional clinical communication. Qual Saf Health Care 18:137–140

113.

Ludikhuize J, de Jonge E, Goossens A (2011) Measuring adherence among nurses one year after training in applying the Modified Early Warning Score and Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation instruments. Resuscitation 82:1428–1433

114.

Lee A, Bishop G, Hillman KM, Daffurn K (1995) The medical emergency team. Anaesth Intensive Care 23:183–186

115.

Devita MA, Bellomo R, Hillman K et al (2006) Findings of the first consensus conference on medical emergency teams. Crit Care Med 34:2463–2478

116.

Ball C, Kirkby M, Williams S (2003) Effect of the critical care outreach team on patient survival to discharge from hospital and readmission to critical care: non-randomised population based study. BMJ 327:1014

117.

Jones DA, DeVita MA, Bellomo R (2011) Rapid-response teams. N Engl J Med 365:139–146

118.

Zenker P, Schlesinger A, Hauck M et al (2007) Implementation and impact of a rapid response team in a children’s hospital. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 33:418–425

119.

Dean BS, Decker MJ, Hupp D, Urbach AH, Lewis E, Benes-Stickle J (2008) Condition HELP: a pediatric rapid response team triggered by patients and parents. J Healthc Qual 30:28–31

120.

Ray EM, Smith R, Massie S et al (2009) Family alert: implementing direct family activation of a pediatric rapid response team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 35:575–580

121.

Kenward G, Castle N, Hodgetts T, Shaikh L (2004) Evaluation of a medical emergency team one year after implementation. Resuscitation 61:257–263

122.

Chan PS, Khalid A, Longmore LS, Berg RA, Kosiborod M, Spertus JA (2008) Hospital-wide code rates and mortality before and after implementation of a rapid response team. JAMA 300:2506–2513

123.

Dacey MJ, Mirza ER, Wilcox V et al (2007) The effect of a rapid response team on major clinical outcome measures in a community hospital. Crit Care Med 35:2076–2082

124.

Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJ, Colin-Thome NJ, McNicol PL (2004) The effect of critical care outreach on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 59:762–766

125.

Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJ, Colin-Thome NJ, McIntyre RE, McNicol PL (2006) Effect of an anaesthesia department led critical care outreach and acute pain service on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 61:24–28

126.

Flabouris A, Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R, Finfer S (2010) Timing and interventions of emergency teams during the MERIT study. Resuscitation 81:25–30

127.

Jones DA, Bagshaw SM, Barrett J et al (2012) The role of the medical emergency team in end-of-life care: a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Crit Care Med 40:98–103

128.

Downar J, Barua R, Rodin D et al (2013) Changes in end of life care 5 years after the introduction of a rapid response team: a multicentre retrospective study. Resuscitation 84:1339–1344

129.

Coventry C, Flabouris A, Sundararajan K, Cramey T (2013) Rapid response team calls to patients with a pre-existing not for resuscitation order. Resuscitation 84:1035–1039

130.

Sulistio M, Franco M, Vo A, Poon P, William L (2015) Hospital rapid response team and patients with life-limiting illness: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Palliat Med 29:302–309

131.

Tan LH, Delaney A (2014) Medical emergency teams and end-of-life care: a systematic review. Crit Care Resusc 16:62–68

132.

Smith RL, Hayashi VN, Lee YI, Navarro-Mariazeta L, Felner K (2014) The medical emergency team call: a sentinel event that triggers goals of care discussion. Crit Care Med 42:322–327

133.

Downar J, Rodin D, Barua R et al (2013) Rapid response teams, do not resuscitate orders, and potential opportunities to improve end-of-life care: a multicentre retrospective study. J Crit Care 28:498–503

134.

Cardona-Morrell M, Hillman K (2015) Development of a tool for defining and identifying the dying patient in hospital: Criteria for Screening and Triaging to Appropriate aLternative care (CriSTAL). BMJ Support Palliat Care 5:78–90

135.

Sandroni C, D’Arrigo S, Antonelli M (2015) Rapid response systems: are they really effective? Crit Care 19:104

136.

Chen J, Bellomo R, Flabouris A, Hillman K, Finfer S (2009) The relationship between early emergency team calls and serious adverse events. Crit Care Med 37:148–153

137.

Baxter AD, Cardinal P, Hooper J, Patel R (2008) Medical emergency teams at The Ottawa Hospital: the first two years. Can J Anaesth 55:223–231

138.

Benson L, Mitchell C, Link M, Carlson G, Fisher J (2008) Using an advanced practice nursing model for a rapid response team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 34:743–747

139.

Bertaut Y, Campbell A, Goodlett D (2008) Implementing a rapid-response team using a nurse-to-nurse consult approach. J Vasc Nurs 26:37–42

140.

Buist MD, Moore GE, Bernard SA, Waxman BP, Anderson JN, Nguyen TV (2002) Effects of a medical emergency team on reduction of incidence of and mortality from unexpected cardiac arrests in hospital: preliminary study. BMJ 324:387–390

141.

Buist M, Harrison J, Abaloz E, Van Dyke S (2007) Six year audit of cardiac arrests and medical emergency team calls in an Australian outer metropolitan teaching hospital. BMJ 335:1210–1212

142.

Chamberlain B, Donley K, Maddison J (2009) Patient outcomes using a rapid response team. Clin Nurse Spec 23:11–12

143.

Hatler C, Mast D, Bedker D et al (2009) Implementing a rapid response team to decrease emergencies outside the ICU: one hospital’s experience. Medsurg Nurs 18:84–90, 126

144.

Jones D, Bellomo R, Bates S et al (2005) Long term effect of a medical emergency team on cardiac arrests in a teaching hospital. Crit Care 9:R808–R815

145.

Jones D, Bellomo R, Bates S et al (2006) Patient monitoring and the timing of cardiac arrests and medical emergency team calls in a teaching hospital. Intensive Care Med 32:1352–1356

146.

Moldenhauer K, Sabel A, Chu ES, Mehler PS (2009) Clinical triggers: an alternative to a rapid response team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 35:164–174

147.

Offner PJ, Heit J, Roberts R (2007) Implementation of a rapid response team decreases cardiac arrest outside of the intensive care unit. J Trauma 62:1223–1227. (discussion 7–8)

148.

Gould D (2007) Promoting patient safety: the rapid medical response team. Perm J 11:26–34

149.

Jolley J, Bendyk H, Holaday B, Lombardozzi KA, Harmon C (2007) Rapid response teams: do they make a difference? Dimens Crit Care Nurs 26:253–260. (quiz 61–62)

150.

Konrad D, Jaderling G, Bell M, Granath F, Ekbom A, Martling CR (2010) Reducing in-hospital cardiac arrests and hospital mortality by introducing a medical emergency team. Intensive Care Med 36:100–106

151.

Simmes FM, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes J, Fikkers BG, van der Hoeven JG (2012) Incidence of cardiac arrests and unexpected deaths in surgical patients before and after implementation of a rapid response system. Ann Intensive Care 2:20

152.

Howell MD, Ngo L, Folcarelli P et al (2012) Sustained effectiveness of a primary-team-based rapid response system. Crit Care Med 40:2562–2568

153.

Beitler JR, Link N, Bails DB, Hurdle K, Chong DH (2011) Reduction in hospital-wide mortality after implementation of a rapid response team: a long-term cohort study. Crit Care 15:R269

154.

Santamaria J, Tobin A, Holmes J (2010) Changing cardiac arrest and hospital mortality rates through a medical emergency team takes time and constant review. Crit Care Med 38:445–450

155.

Rothberg MB, Belforti R, Fitzgerald J, Friderici J, Keyes M (2012) Four years’ experience with a hospitalist-led medical emergency team: an interrupted time series. J Hosp Med 7:98–103

156.

Lighthall GK, Parast LM, Rapoport L, Wagner TH (2010) Introduction of a rapid response system at a United States veterans affairs hospital reduced cardiac arrests. Anesth Analg 111:679–986

157.

Chen J, Ou L, Hillman K et al (2014) The impact of implementing a rapid response system: a comparison of cardiopulmonary arrests and mortality among four teaching hospitals in Australia. Resuscitation 85:1275–1281

158.

Jones D, George C, Hart GK, Bellomo R, Martin J (2008) Introduction of medical emergency teams in Australia and New Zealand: a multi-centre study. Crit Care 12:R46

159.

Al-Qahtani S, Al-Dorzi HM, Tamim HM et al (2013) Impact of an intensivist-led multidisciplinary extended rapid response team on hospital-wide cardiopulmonary arrests and mortality. Crit Care Med 41:506–517

160.

Bristow PJ, Hillman KM, Chey T et al (2000) Rates of in-hospital arrests, deaths and intensive care admissions: the effect of a medical emergency team. Med J Aust 173:236–240

161.

King E, Horvath R, Shulkin DJ (2006) Establishing a rapid response team (RRT) in an academic hospital: one year’s experience. J Hosp Med 1:296–305

162.

McFarlan SJ, Hensley S (2007) Implementation and outcomes of a rapid response team. J Nurs Care Qual 22:307–313. (quiz 14–15)

163.

Rothschild JM, Woolf S, Finn KM et al (2008) A controlled trial of a rapid response system in an academic medical center. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 34:417–425, 365

164.

Chan PS, Jain R, Nallmothu BK, Berg RA, Sasson C (2010) Rapid response teams: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 170:18–26

165.

Winters BD, Weaver SJ, Pfoh ER, Yang T, Pham JC, Dy SM (2013) Rapid-response systems as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 158:417–425

166.

Chen J, Ou L, Hillman KM et al (2014) Cardiopulmonary arrest and mortality trends, and their association with rapid response system expansion. Med J Aust 201:167–170

167.

Concord Medical Emergency Team Incidents Study I, Cheung W, Sahai V et al (2014) Incidents resulting from staff leaving normal duties to attend medical emergency team calls. Med J Aust 201:528–531

168.

Guidelines for the utilisation of intensive care units (1994) European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 20:163–164

169.

Haupt MT, Bekes CE, Brilli RJ et al (2003) Guidelines on critical care services and personnel: recommendations based on a system of categorization of three levels of care. Crit Care Med 31:2677–2683

170.

Peberdy MA, Ornato JP, Larkin GL et al (2008) Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends. JAMA 299:785–792

171.

Hillson SD, Rich EC, Dowd B, Luxenberg MG (1992) Call nights and patients care: effects on inpatients at one teaching hospital. J Gen Intern Med 7:405–410

172.

Bell CM, Redelmeier DA (2001) Mortality among patients admitted to hospitals on weekends as compared with weekdays. N Engl J Med 345:663–668

173.

Beck DH, McQuillan P, Smith GB (2002) Waiting for the break of dawn? The effects of discharge time, discharge TISS scores and discharge facility on hospital mortality after intensive care. Intensive Care Med 28:1287–1293

174.

Goldfrad C, Rowan K (2000) Consequences of discharges from intensive care at night. Lancet 355:1138–1142

175.

Tourangeau AE, Cranley LA, Jeffs L (2006) Impact of nursing on hospital patient mortality: a focused review and related policy implications. Qual Saf Health Care 15:4–8

176.

Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Silber JH (2002) Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. JAMA 288:1987–1993

177.

Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Bruyneel L et al (2014) Nurse staffing and education and hospital mortality in nine European countries: a retrospective observational study. Lancet 383:1824–1830

178.

Baskett PJ, Lim A (2004) The varying ethical attitudes towards resuscitation in Europe. Resuscitation 62:267–273

179.

Baskett PJ, Steen PA, Bossaert L (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 8. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 67(Suppl 1):S171–S180

180.

Clements M, Fuld J, Fritz Z (2014) Documentation of resuscitation decision-making: a survey of practice in the United Kingdom. Resuscitation 85:606–611

181.

Mockford C, Fritz Z, George R et al (2015) Do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) orders: a systematic review of the barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation. Resuscitation 88:99–113

182.

Lippert FK, Raffay V, Georgiou M, Steen PA, Bossaert L (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 10. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 81:1445–1451

183.

Field RA, Fritz Z, Baker A, Grove A, Perkins GD (2014) Systematic review of interventions to improve appropriate use and outcomes associated with do-not-attempt-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation decisions. Resuscitation 85:1418–1431

184.

Bossaert L, Perkins GD, Askitopoulou H et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 11 The Ethics of Resuscitation and End-of-Life Decisions. Resuscitation 95:302–311

185.

Muller D, Agrawal R, Arntz HR (2006) How sudden is sudden cardiac death? Circulation 114:1146–1150

186.

Nava A, Bauce B, Basso C et al (2000) Clinical profile and long-term follow-up of 37 families with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:2226–2233

187.

Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P (2003) Determinants of sudden cardiac death in individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of Brugada syndrome and no previous cardiac arrest. Circulation 108:3092–3096

188.

Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M et al (2002) Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management. Circulation 105:1342–1347

189.

Spirito P, Autore C, Rapezzi C et al (2009) Syncope and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 119:1703–1710

190.

Authors/Task Force m, Elliott PM, Anastasakis A et al (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 35:2733–2779

191.

Schinkel AF (2013) Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: patient outcomes, incidence of appropriate and inappropriate interventions, and complications. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 6:562–568

192.

Schwartz PJ, Spazzolini C, Priori SG et al (2010) Who are the long-QT syndrome patients who receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and what happens to them?: data from the European Long-QT Syndrome Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (LQTS ICD) Registry. Circulation 122:1272–1282

193.

Jons C, Moss AJ, Goldenberg I et al (2010) Risk of fatal arrhythmic events in long QT syndrome patients after syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:783–788

194.

Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D et al (2010) Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the Task Force Criteria. Eur Heart J 31:806–814

195.

Marjamaa A, Hiippala A, Arrhenius B et al (2012) Intravenous epinephrine infusion test in diagnosis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 23:194–199

196.

Krahn AD, Healey JS, Simpson CS et al (2012) Sentinel symptoms in patients with unexplained cardiac arrest: from the cardiac arrest survivors with preserved ejection fraction registry (CASPER). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 23:60–66

197.

Kramer MR, Drori Y, Lev B (1988) Sudden death in young soldiers. High incidence of syncope prior to death. Chest 93:345–347

198.

Quigley F, Greene M, O’Connor D, Kelly F (2005) A survey of the causes of sudden cardiac death in the under 35-year-age group. Ir Med J 98:232–235

199.

Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T (2002) Sudden cardiac death in 15–35-year olds in Sweden during 1992–99. J Intern Med 252:529–536

200.

Wisten A, Messner T (2005) Young Swedish patients with sudden cardiac death have a lifestyle very similar to a control population. Scand Cardiovasc J 39:137–142

201.

Wisten A, Messner T (2005) Symptoms preceding sudden cardiac death in the young are common but often misinterpreted. Scand Cardiovasc J 39:143–149

202.

Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunso S, Tfelt-Hansen J (2014) Sudden cardiac death in children (1–18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting. Eur Heart J 35:868–875

203.

Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Wilson MG, Sharma S (2014) Incidence of sudden cardiac death in athletes: a state-of-the-art review. Heart 100:1227–1234

204.

Basso C, Carturan E, Pilichou K, Rizzo S, Corrado D, Thiene G (2010) Sudden cardiac death with normal heart: molecular autopsy. Cardiovasc Pathol 19:321–325

205.

Mazzanti A, O’Rourke S, Ng K et al (2014) The usual suspects in sudden cardiac death of the young: a focus on inherited arrhythmogenic diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 12:499–519

206.

Goldberger JJ, Basu A, Boineau R et al (2014) Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: a plan for the future. Circulation 129:516–526

207.

Behr ER, Dalageorgou C, Christiansen M et al (2008) Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: familial evaluation identifies inheritable heart disease in the majority of families. Eur Heart J 29:1670–1680

208.

Brothers JA, Stephens P, Gaynor JW, Lorber R, Vricella LA, Paridon SM (2008) Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery with an interarterial course: should family screening be routine? J Am Coll Cardiol 51:2062–2064

209.

Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F et al (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 30:2631–2671

210.

McGorrian C, Constant O, Harper N et al (2013) Family-based cardiac screening in relatives of victims of sudden arrhythmic death syndrome. Europace 15:1050–1058

211.

Ingles J, Yeates L, Hunt L et al (2013) Health status of cardiac genetic disease patients and their at-risk relatives. Int J Cardiol 165:448–453

212.

Colman N, Bakker A, Linzer M, Reitsma JB, Wieling W, Wilde AA (2009) Value of history-taking in syncope patients: in whom to suspect long QT syndrome? Europace 11:937–943

213.

Oh JH, Hanusa BH, Kapoor WN (1999) Do symptoms predict cardiac arrhythmias and mortality in patients with syncope? Arch Intern Med 159:375–380

214.

Calkins H, Shyr Y, Frumin H, Schork A, Morady F (1995) The value of the clinical history in the differentiation of syncope due to ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular block, and neurocardiogenic syncope. Am J Med 98:365–373

215.

Tester DJ, Kopplin LJ, Creighton W, Burke AP, Ackerman MJ (2005) Pathogenesis of unexplained drowning: new insights from a molecular autopsy. Mayo Clin Proc 80:596–600

216.

Johnson JN, Hofman N, Haglund CM, Cascino GD, Wilde AA, Ackerman MJ (2009) Identification of a possible pathogenic link between congenital long QT syndrome and epilepsy. Neurology 72:224–231

217.

MacCormick JM, McAlister H, Crawford J et al (2009) Misdiagnosis of long QT syndrome as epilepsy at first presentation. Ann Emerg Med 54:26–32

218.

Corrado D, Drezner J, Basso C, Pelliccia A, Thiene G (2011) Strategies for the prevention of sudden cardiac death during sports. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 18:197–208

219.

Mahmood S, Lim L, Akram Y, Alford-Morales S, Sherin K, Committee APP (2013) Screening for sudden cardiac death before participation in high school and collegiate sports: American College of Preventive Medicine position statement on preventive practice. Am J Prev Med 45:130–133

220.

Skinner JR (2012) Investigating sudden unexpected death in the young: a chance to prevent further deaths. Resuscitation 83:1185–1186

221.

Skinner JR (2013) Investigation following resuscitated cardiac arrest. Arch Dis Child 98:66–71

222.

Vriesendorp PA, Schinkel AF, Liebregts M et al (2015) Validation of the 2014 ESC Guidelines Risk Prediction Model for the Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 8(4):829–835

223.

Perkins GD, Handley AJ, Koster KW et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 2 Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation 95:81–99

224.

Truhlar A, Deakin CD, Soar J et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 4 Cardiac Arrest in Special Circumstances. Resuscitation 95:148–201

225.

Fischer M, Krep H, Wierich D et al (2003) [Comparison of the emergency medical services systems of Birmingham and Bonn: process efficacy and cost effectiveness]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 38:630–642

226.

Bottiger BW, Grabner C, Bauer H et al (1999) Long term outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with physician staffed emergency medical services: the Utstein style applied to a midsized urban/suburban area. Heart 82:674–679

227.

Arntz HR, Wenzel V, Dissmann R, Marschalk A, Breckwoldt J, Muller D (2008) Out-of-hospital thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with high likelihood of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Resuscitation 76:180–184

228.

Bjornsson HM, Marelsson S, Magnusson V, Sigurdsson G, Thornorgeirsson G (2006) [Prehospital cardiac life support in the Reykjavik area 1999–2002]. Laeknabladid 92:591–597

229.

Lossius HM, Soreide E, Hotvedt R et al (2002) Prehospital advanced life support provided by specially trained physicians: is there a benefit in terms of life years gained? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:771–778

230.

Fischer M, Kamp J, Garcia-Castrillo Riesgo L et al (2011) Comparing emergency medical service systems – a project of the European Emergency Data (EED) Project. Resuscitation 82:285–293

231.

Mikkelsen S, Kruger AJ, Zwisler ST, Brochner AC (2015) Outcome following physician supervised prehospital resuscitation: a retrospective study. BMJ Open 5:e006167

232.

Hagihara A, Hasegawa M, Abe T, Nagata T, Nabeshima Y (2014) Physician presence in an ambulance car is associated with increased survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective cohort analysis. PLoS one 9:e84424

233.

Mitchell RG, Brady W, Guly UM, Pirrallo RG, Robertson CE (1997) Comparison of two emergency response systems and their effect on survival from out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 35:225–229

234.

Lafuente-Lafuente C, Melero-Bascones M (2013) Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD002751

235.

Lewis RP, Stang JM, Fulkerson PK, Sampson KL, Scoles A, Warren JV (1979) Effectiveness of advanced paramedics in a mobile coronary care system. JAMA 241:1902–1904

236.

Silfvast T, Ekstrand A (1996) The effect of experience of on-site physicians on survival from prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 31:101–105

237.

Olasveengen TM, Lund-Kordahl I, Steen PA, Sunde K (2009) Out-of hospital advanced life support with or without a physician: effects on quality of CPR and outcome. Resuscitation 80:1248–1252

238.

Nichol G, Thomas E, Callaway CW et al (2008) Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome. JAMA 300:1423–1431

239.

Bakalos G, Mamali M, Komninos C et al (2011) Advanced life support versus basic life support in the pre-hospital setting: a meta-analysis. Resuscitation 82:1130–1137

240.

Sanghavi P, Jena AB, Newhouse JP, Zaslavsky AM (2015) Outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated by basic vs advanced life support. JAMA Intern Med 175:196–204

241.

Christenson J, Andrusiek D, Everson-Stewart S et al (2009) Chest compression fraction determines survival in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 120:1241–1247

242.

Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F et al (2003) Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1389–1395

243.

Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR et al (1999) Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 281:1182–1188

244.

Baker PW, Conway J, Cotton C et al (2008) Defibrillation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation first for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests found by paramedics to be in ventricular fibrillation? A randomised control trial. Resuscitation 79:424–431

245.

Stiell IG, Nichol G, Leroux BG et al (2011) Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 365:787–797

246.

Ma MH, Chiang WC, Ko PC et al (2012) A randomized trial of compression first or analyze first strategies in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results from an Asian community. Resuscitation 83:806–812

247.

Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA (2005) CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas 17:39–45

248.

Koike S, Tanabe S, Ogawa T et al (2011) Immediate defibrillation or defibrillation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Prehosp Emerg Care 15:393–400

249.

Morrison LJ, Visentin LM, Kiss A et al (2006) Validation of a rule for termination of resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 355:478–487

250.

Richman PB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Chikani V, Clark L, Bobrow BJ (2008) Independent evaluation of an out-of-hospital termination of resuscitation (TOR) clinical decision rule. Acad Emerg Med 15:517–521

251.

Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, Zhan C, Kiss A, Allan KS (2009) Validation of a universal prehospital termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for advanced and basic life support providers. Resuscitation 80:324–328

252.

Sasson C, Hegg AJ, Macy M, Park A, Kellermann A, McNally B (2008) Prehospital termination of resuscitation in cases of refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 300:1432–1438

253.

Morrison LJ, Eby D, Veigas PV et al (2014) Implementation trial of the basic life support termination of resuscitation rule: reducing the transport of futile out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 85:486–491

254.

Skrifvars MB, Vayrynen T, Kuisma M et al (2010) Comparison of Helsinki and European Resuscitation Council „do not attempt to resuscitate“ guidelines, and a termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients found in asystole or pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 81:679–684

255.

Fukuda T, Ohashi N, Matsubara T et al (2014) Applicability of the prehospital termination of resuscitation rule in an area dense with hospitals in Tokyo: a single-center, retrospective, observational study: is the pre hospital TOR rule applicable in Tokyo? Am J Emerg Med 32:144–149

256.

Chiang WC, Ko PC, Chang AM et al (2015) Predictive performance of universal termination of resuscitation rules in an Asian community: are they accurate enough? Emerg Med J 32:318–323

257.

Diskin FJ, Camp-Rogers T, Peberdy MA, Ornato JP, Kurz MC (2014) External validation of termination of resuscitation guidelines in the setting of intra-arrest cold saline, mechanical CPR, and comprehensive post resuscitation care. Resuscitation 85:910–914

258.

Drennan IR, Lin S, Sidalak DE, Morrison LJ (2014) Survival rates in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients transported without prehospital return of spontaneous circulation: an observational cohort study. Resuscitation 85:1488–1493

259.

Ong ME, Jaffey J, Stiell I, Nesbitt L (2006) Comparison of termination-of-resuscitation guidelines for basic life support: defibrillator providers in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 47:337–343

260.

Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, Vermeulen MJ et al (2007) Derivation and evaluation of a termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for advanced life support providers. Resuscitation 74:266–275

261.

Bailey ED, Wydro GC, Cone DC (2000) Termination of resuscitation in the prehospital setting for adult patients suffering nontraumatic cardiac arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:190–195

262.

Verbeek PR, Vermeulen MJ, Ali FH, Messenger DW, Summers J, Morrison LJ (2002) Derivation of a termination-of-resuscitation guideline for emergency medical technicians using automated external defibrillators. Acad Emerg Med 9:671–678

263.

Ong ME, Tan EH, Ng FS et al (2007) Comparison of termination-of-resuscitation guidelines for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Singapore EMS. Resuscitation 75:244–251

264.

Pircher IR, Stadlbauer KH, Severing AC (2009) et al A prediction model for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesth Analg 109:1196–1201

265.

Wampler DA, Collett L, Manifold CA, Velasquez C, McMullan JT (2012) Cardiac arrest survival is rare without prehospital return of spontaneous circulation. Prehosp Emerg Care 16:451–455

266.

Bosson N, Kaji AH, Koenig W et al (2014) Re-examining outcomes after unsuccessful out-of-hospital resuscitation in the era of field termination of resuscitation guidelines and regionalized post-resuscitation care. Resuscitation 85:915–919

267.

Stub D, Nehme Z, Bernard S, Lijovic M, Kaye DM, Smith K (2014) Exploring which patients without return of spontaneous circulation following ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest should be transported to hospital? Resuscitation 85:326–331

268.

van Walraven C, Forster AJ, Parish DC et al (2001) Validation of a clinical decision aid to discontinue in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations. JAMA 285:1602–1606

269.

van Walraven C, Forster AJ, Stiell IG (1999) Derivation of a clinical decision rule for the discontinuation of in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations. Arch Intern Med 159:129–134

270.

McCullough PA, Thompson RJ, Tobin KJ, Kahn JK, O’Neill WW (1998) Validation of a decision support tool for the evaluation of cardiac arrest victims. Clin Cardiol 21:195–200

271.

Goto Y, Maeda T, Goto YN (2013) Termination-of-resuscitation rule for emergency department physicians treating out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: an observational cohort study. Crit Care 17:R235

272.

Poppe M, Weiser C, Holzer M et al (2015) The incidence of „load & go“ out-of-hospital cardiac arrest candidates for emergency department utilization of emergency extracorporeal life support: a one-year review. Resuscitation 91:131–136

273.

Nolan JP, Soar J, Cariou A et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 5 Post Resuscitation Care. Resuscitation 95:202–222

274.

Kim TH, Shin SD, Kim YJ, Kim CH, Kim JE (2015) The scene time interval and basic life support termination of resuscitation rule in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Korean Med Sci 30:104–109

275.

Gabbott D, Smith G, Mitchell S et al (2005) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation standards for clinical practice and training in the UK. Resuscitation 64:13–19

276.

Dyson E, Smith GB (2002) Common faults in resuscitation equipment – guidelines for checking equipment and drugs used in adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 55:137–149

277.

Davies M, Couper K, Bradley J et al (2014) A simple solution for improving reliability of cardiac arrest equipment provision in hospital. Resuscitation 85:1523–1526

278.

Brennan RT, Braslow A (1998) Skill mastery in public CPR classes. Am J Emerg Med 16:653–657

279.

Chamberlain D, Smith A, Woollard M et al (2002) Trials of teaching methods in basic life support (3): comparison of simulated CPR performance after first training and at 6 months, with a note on the value of re-training. Resuscitation 53:179–187

280.

Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T, Wisser G, Doetsch S, Tzanova I (1996) Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation 33:107–116

281.

Lapostolle F, Le Toumelin P, Agostinucci JM, Catineau J, Adnet F (2004) Basic cardiac life support providers checking the carotid pulse: performance, degree of conviction, and influencing factors. Acad Emerg Med 11:878–880

282.

Liberman M, Lavoie A, Mulder D, Sampalis J (1999) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: errors made by pre-hospital emergency medical personnel. Resuscitation 42:47–55

283.

Moule P (2000) Checking the carotid pulse: diagnostic accuracy in students of the healthcare professions. Resuscitation 44:195–201

284.

Nyman J, Sihvonen M (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in nurses and nursing students. Resuscitation 47:179–184

285.

Perkins GD, Stephenson B, Hulme J, Monsieurs KG (2005) Birmingham assessment of breathing study (BABS). Resuscitation 64:109–113

286.

Ruppert M, Reith MW, Widmann JH et al (1999) Checking for breathing: evaluation of the diagnostic capability of emergency medical services personnel, physicians, medical students, and medical laypersons. Ann Emerg Med 34:720–729

287.

Tibballs J, Russell P (2009) Reliability of pulse palpation by healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:61–64

288.

Bång A, Herlitz J, Martinell S (2003) Interaction between emergency medical dispatcher and caller in suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls with focus on agonal breathing. A review of 100 tape recordings of true cardiac arrest cases. Resuscitation 56:25–34

289.

Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg J, Biber B, Engerstrom L, Svensson L (2007) Dispatcher-assisted telephone-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an underused lifesaving system. Eur J Emerg Med 14:256–259

290.

Bobrow BJ, Zuercher M, Ewy GA et al (2008) Gasping during cardiac arrest in humans is frequent and associated with improved survival. Circulation 118:2550–2554

291.

Vaillancourt C, Verma A, Trickett J et al (2007) Evaluating the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions. Acad Emerg Med 14:877–883

292.

Breckwoldt J, Schloesser S, Arntz HR (2009) Perceptions of collapse and assessment of cardiac arrest by bystanders of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA). Resuscitation 80:1108–1113

293.

Stecker EC, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A et al (2013) Relationship between seizure episode and sudden cardiac arrest in patients with epilepsy: a community-based study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 6:912–916

294.

White L, Rogers J, Bloomingdale M et al (2010) Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: risks for patients not in cardiac arrest. Circulation 121:91–97

295.

Sheak KR, Wiebe DJ, Leary M et al (2015) Quantitative relationship between end-tidal carbon dioxide and CPR quality during both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 89:149–154

296.

Perkins GD, Roberts C, Gao F (2002) Delays in defibrillation: influence of different monitoring techniques. Br J Anaesth 89:405–408

297.

Edelson DP, Robertson-Dick BJ, Yuen TC et al (2010) Safety and efficacy of defibrillator charging during ongoing chest compressions: a multi-center study. Resuscitation 81:1521–1526

298.

Hansen LK, Mohammed A, Pedersen M et al (2015) The Stop-Only-While-Shocking algorithm reduces hands-off time by 17 % during cardiopulmonary resuscitation – a simulation study. Eur J Emerg Med

299.

Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:305–310

300.

Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P et al (2005) Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 111:428–434

301.

Pokorna M, Necas E, Kratochvil J, Skripsky R, Andrlik M, Franek O (2010) A sudden increase in partial pressure end-tidal carbon dioxide (P(ET)CO(2)) at the moment of return of spontaneous circulation. J Emerg Med 38:614–621

302.

Heradstveit BE, Sunde K, Sunde GA, Wentzel-Larsen T, Heltne JK (2012) Factors complicating interpretation of capnography during advanced life support in cardiac arrest-a clinical retrospective study in 575 patients. Resuscitation 83:813–818

303.

Davis DP, Sell RE, Wilkes N et al (2013) Electrical and mechanical recovery of cardiac function following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:25–30

304.

Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field B et al (2004) Advanced cardiac life support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 351:647–656

305.

Olasveengen TM, Sunde K, Brunborg C, Thowsen J, Steen PA, Wik L (2009) Intravenous drug administration during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 302:2222–2229

306.

Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Wennerblom B, Axelsson A, Bang A, Holmberg S (1995) Adrenaline in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Does it make any difference? Resuscitation 29:195–201

307.

Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J (2002) Low chance of survival among patients requiring adrenaline (epinephrine) or intubation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Resuscitation 54:37–45

308.

Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Jelinek GA, Oxer HF, Thompson PL (2011) Effect of adrenaline on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Resuscitation 82:1138–1143

309.

Benoit JL, Gerecht RB, Steuerwald MT, McMullan JT (2015) Endotracheal intubation versus supraglottic airway placement in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. Resuscitation 93:20–26

310.

Perkins GD, Nolan JP (2014) Early adrenaline for cardiac arrest. BMJ 348:g3245

311.

Soar J, Nolan JP (2013) Airway management in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 19:181–187

312.

Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M et al (2014) Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-Amiodarone, Lidocaine or Placebo Study (ROC-ALPS): rationale and methodology behind an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest antiarrhythmic drug trial. Am Heart J 167:653–659e4

313.

Lexow K, Sunde K (2007) Why Norwegian 2005 guidelines differs slightly from the ERC guidelines. Resuscitation 72:490–492

314.

Goldberger ZD, Chan PS, Berg RA et al (2012) Duration of resuscitation efforts and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. Lancet 380:1473–1481

315.

Nolan JP, Soar J (2012) Duration of in-hospital resuscitation: when to call time? Lancet 380:1451–1453

316.

Bülow H-H, Sprung C, Reinhart K et al (2008) The world’s major religions’ points of viewon end-of-life decisions in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 34:423–430

317.

Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB, Indik JH, Halperin HR, Berg RA (2010) Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 38:101–108

318.

Nolan JP, Soar J, Smith GB et al (2014) Incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom National Cardiac Arrest Audit. Resuscitation 85:987–992

319.

De Regge M, Monsieurs KG, Vandewoude K, Calle PA (2012) Should we use automated external defibrillators in hospital wards? Acta Clin Belg 67:241–245

320.

Chan PS, Krumholz HM, Spertus JA et al (2010) Automated external defibrillators and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 304:2129–2136

321.

McNally B, Robb R, Mehta M et al (2011) Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Surveillance – Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), United States, October 1, 2005-December 31, 2010. MMWR Surveill Summ 60:1–19

322.

Bradley SM, Gabriel EE, Aufderheide TP et al (2010) Survival Increases with CPR by Emergency Medical Services before defibrillation of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: observations from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 81:155–162

323.

Hollenberg J, Herlitz J, Lindqvist J et al (2008) Improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with an increase in proportion of emergency crew – witnessed cases and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 118:389–396

324.

Iwami T, Nichol G, Hiraide A et al (2009) Continuous improvements in „chain of survival“ increased survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a large-scale population-based study. Circulation 119:728–734

325.

Hulleman M, Berdowski J, de Groot JR et al (2012) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have reduced the incidence of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by lethal arrhythmias. Circulation 126:815–821

326.

Nordseth T, Olasveengen TM, Kvaloy JT, Wik L, Steen PA, Skogvoll E (2012) Dynamic effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with initial pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Resuscitation 83:946–952

327.

Koster RW, Walker RG, Chapman FW (2008) Recurrent ventricular fibrillation during advanced life support care of patients with prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 78:252–257

328.

Morrison LJ, Henry RM, Ku V, Nolan JP, Morley P, Deakin CD (2013) Single-shock defibrillation success in adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 84:1480–1486

329.

Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J et al (2006) Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 71:137–145

330.

Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA (2002) Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 105:2270–2273

331.

Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Christenson J et al (2011) Perishock pause: an independent predictor of survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest. Circulation 124:58–66

332.

Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Verbeek PR,et al (2014) The impact of peri-shock pause on survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest during the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium PRIMED trial. Resuscitation 85:336–342

333.

Sunde K, Eftestol T, Askenberg C, Steen PA (1999) Quality assessment of defibrillation and advanced life support using data from the medical control module of the defibrillator. Resuscitation 41:237–247

334.

Rea TD, Shah S, Kudenchuk PJ, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2005) Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? Ann Emerg Med 46:132–141

335.

Pierce AE, Roppolo LP, Owens PC, Pepe PE, Idris AH (2015) The need to resume chest compressions immediately after defibrillation attempts: an analysis of post-shock rhythms and duration of pulselessness following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 89:162–168

336.

Conover Z, Kern KB, Silver AE, Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW, Indik JH (2014) Resumption of chest compressions after successful defibrillation and risk for recurrence of ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7:633–639

337.

van Alem AP, Sanou BT, Koster RW (2003) Interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the use of the automated external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 42:449–457

338.

Karlis G, Iacovidou N, Lelovas P et al (2014) Effects of early amiodarone administration during and immediately after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a swine model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:114–122

339.

Bhende MS, Thompson AE (1995) Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 95:395–399

340.

Sehra R, Underwood K, Checchia P (2003) End tidal CO2 is a quantitative measure of cardiac arrest. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 26:515–517

341.

Pytte M, Kramer-Johansen J, Eilevstjonn J et al (2006) Haemodynamic effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) depend on chest compression quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Resuscitation 71:369–378

342.

Giberson B, Uber A, Gaieski DF et al (2014) When to stop CPR and when to perform rhythm analysis: potential confusion among ACLS providers. J Intensive Care Med

343.

Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2004) Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 110:10–15

344.

Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO, Husoy JH, Steen PA (2000) Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 102:1523–1529

345.

Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2002) Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves ventricular fibrillation median frequency and myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Ann Emerg Med 40:563–570

346.

Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO, Husoy JH, Steen PA (2001) „Probability of successful defibrillation“ as a monitor during CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrested patients. Resuscitation 48:245–254

347.

Kolarova J, Ayoub IM, Yi Z, Gazmuri RJ (2003) Optimal timing for electrical defibrillation after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Crit Care Med 31:2022–2028

348.

Wagner H, Terkelsen CJ, Friberg H et al (2010) Cardiac arrest in the catheterisation laboratory: a 5-year experience of using mechanical chest compressions to facilitate PCI during prolonged resuscitation efforts. Resuscitation 81:383–387

349.

Amir O, Schliamser JE, Nemer S, Arie M (2007) Ineffectiveness of precordial thump for cardioversion of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 30:153–156

350.

Haman L, Parizek P, Vojacek J (2009) Precordial thump efficacy in termination of induced ventricular arrhythmias. Resuscitation 80:14–16

351.

Pellis T, Kette F, Lovisa D et al (2009) Utility of pre-cordial thump for treatment of out of hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective study. Resuscitation 80:17–23

352.

Kohl P, King AM, Boulin C (2005) Antiarrhythmic effects of acute mechanical stiumulation. In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (Hrsg) Cardiac mechano-electric feedback and arrhythmias: form pipette to patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, S 304–314

353.

Nehme Z, Andrew E, Bernard SA, Smith K (2013) Treatment of monitored out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia utilising the precordial thump. Resuscitation 84:1691–1696

354.

Caldwell G, Millar G, Quinn E, Vincent R, Chamberlain DA (1985) Simple mechanical methods for cardioversion: defence of the precordial thump and cough version. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 291:627–630

355.

Krijne R (1984) Rate acceleration of ventricular tachycardia after a precordial chest thump. Am J Cardiol 53:964–965

356.

Yeung J, Chilwan M, Field R, Davies R, Gao F, Perkins GD (2014) The impact of airway management on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an observational study in patients during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:898–904

357.

Emerman CL, Pinchak AC, Hancock D, Hagen JF (1988) Effect of injection site on circulation times during cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 16:1138–1141

358.

Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D, Losek JD, Smith DS (1993) Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Ann Emerg Med 22:1119–1124

359.

Santos D, Carron PN, Yersin B, Pasquier M (2013) EZ-IO(®) intraosseous device implementation in a pre-hospital emergency service: a prospective study and review of the literature. Resuscitation 84:440–445

360.

Olaussen A, Williams B (2012) Intraosseous access in the prehospital setting: literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med 27:468–472

361.

Weiser G, Hoffmann Y, Galbraith R, Shavit I (2012) Current advances in intraosseous infusion – a systematic review. Resuscitation 83:20–26

362.

Lee PM, Lee C, Rattner P, Wu X, Gershengorn H, Acquah S (2015) Intraosseous versus central venous catheter utilization and performance during inpatient medical emergencies. Crit Care Med 43:1233–1238

363.

Reades R, Studnek JR, Vandeventer S, Garrett J (2011) Intraosseous versus intravenous vascular access during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 58:509–516

364.

Leidel BA, Kirchhoff C, Bogner V, Braunstein V, Biberthaler P, Kanz KG (2012) Comparison of intraosseous versus central venous vascular access in adults under resuscitation in the emergency department with inaccessible peripheral veins. Resuscitation 83:40–45

365.

Helm M, Haunstein B, Schlechtriemen T, Ruppert M, Lampl L, Gassler M (2015) EZ-IO(®) intraosseous device implementation in German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Resuscitation 88:43–47

366.

Leidel BA, Kirchhoff C, Braunstein V, Bogner V, Biberthaler P, Kanz KG (2010) Comparison of two intraosseous access devices in adult patients under resuscitation in the emergency department: a prospective, randomized study. Resuscitation 81:994–999

367.

Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Augenstein S et al (1999) Intraosseous vasopressin improves coronary perfusion pressure rapidly during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Crit Care Med 27:1565–1569

368.

Hoskins SL, do Nascimento P Jr, Lima RM, Espana-Tenorio JM, Kramer GC (2012) Pharmacokinetics of intraosseous and central venous drug delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 83:107–112

369.

Burgert JM, Austin PN, Johnson A (2014) An evidence-based review of epinephrine administered via the intraosseous route in animal models of cardiac arrest. Mil Med 179:99–104

370.

Shavit I, Hoffmann Y, Galbraith R, Waisman Y (2009) Comparison of two mechanical intraosseous infusion devices: a pilot, randomized crossover trial. Resuscitation 80:1029–1033

371.

Myerburg RJ, Halperin H, Egan DA et al (2013) Pulseless electric activity: definition, causes, mechanisms, management, and research priorities for the next decade: report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. Circulation 128:2532–2541

372.

Nordseth T, Edelson DP, Bergum D et al (2014) Optimal loop duration during the provision of in-hospital advanced life support (ALS) to patients with an initial non-shockable rhythm. Resuscitation 85:75–81

373.

Narasimhan M, Koenig SJ, Mayo PH (2014) Advanced echocardiography for the critical care physician: part 1. Chest 145:129–134

374.

Flato UA, Paiva EF, Carballo MT, Buehler AM, Marco R, Timerman A (2015) Echocardiography for prognostication during the resuscitation of intensive care unit patients with non-shockable rhythm cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 92:1–6

375.

Breitkreutz R, Price S, Steiger HV et al (2010) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in life support and peri-resuscitation of emergency patients: a prospective trial. Resuscitation 81:1527–1533

376.

Price S, Uddin S, Quinn T (2010) Echocardiography in cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 16:211–215

377.

Memtsoudis SG, Rosenberger P, Loffler M et al (2006) The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography during intraoperative cardiac arrest in noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 102:1653–1657

378.

Comess KA, DeRook FA, Russell ML, Tognazzi-Evans TA, Beach KW (2000) The incidence of pulmonary embolism in unexplained sudden cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. Am J Med 109:351–356

379.

Niendorff DF, Rassias AJ, Palac R, Beach ML, Costa S, Greenberg M (2005) Rapid cardiac ultrasound of inpatients suffering PEA arrest performed by nonexpert sonographers. Resuscitation 67:81–87

380.

Tayal VS, Kline JA (2003) Emergency echocardiography to detect pericardial effusion in patients in PEA and near-PEA states. Resuscitation 59:315–318

381.

van der Wouw PA, Koster RW, Delemarre BJ, de Vos R, Lampe-Schoenmaeckers AJ, Lie KI (1997) Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:780–783

382.

Hernandez C, Shuler K, Hannan H, Sonyika C, Likourezos A, Marshall J (2008) C.A.U.S.E.: Cardiac arrest ultra-sound exam – a better approach to managing patients in primary non-arrhythmogenic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:198–206

383.

Steiger HV, Rimbach K, Muller E, Breitkreutz R (2009) Focused emergency echocardiography: lifesaving tool for a 14-year-old girl suffering out-of-hospital pulseless electrical activity arrest because of cardiac tamponade. Eur J Emerg Med 16:103–105

384.

Breitkreutz R, Walcher F, Seeger FH (2007) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm. Crit Care Med 35:S150–S161

385.

Blaivas M, Fox JC (2001) Outcome in cardiac arrest patients found to have cardiac standstill on the bedside emergency department echocardiogram. Acad Emerg Med 8:616–621

386.

Salen P, O’Connor R, Sierzenski P et al (2001) Can cardiac sonography and capnography be used independently and in combination to predict resuscitation outcomes? Acad Emerg Med 8:610–615

387.

Salen P, Melniker L, Chooljian C et al (2005) Does the presence or absence of sonographically identified cardiac activity predict resuscitation outcomes of cardiac arrest patients? Am J Emerg Med 23:459–462

388.

Prosen G, Krizmaric M, Zavrsnik J, Grmec S (2010) Impact of modified treatment in echocardiographically confirmed pseudo-pulseless electrical activity in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with constant end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure during compression pauses. J Int Med Res 38:1458–1467

389.

Olaussen A, Shepherd M, Nehme Z, Smith K, Bernard S, Mitra B (2014) Return of consciousness during ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation 86C:44–48

390.

Couper K, Salman B, Soar J, Finn J, Perkins GD (2013) Debriefing to improve outcomes from critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 39:1513–1523

391.

Couper K, Smyth M, Perkins GD (2015) Mechanical devices for chest compression: to use or not to use? Curr Opin Crit Care 21:188–194

392.

Deakin CD, Low JL (2000) Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral, and radial pulses: observational study. BMJ 321:673–674

393.

Connick M, Berg RA (1994) Femoral venous pulsations during open-chest cardiac massage. Ann Emerg Med 24:1176–1179

394.

Perkins GD, Travers AH, Considine J et al (2015) Part 3: Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation

395.

Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R, Grundler W, Falk JL, Griffel MI (1986) Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 315:153–156

396.

Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME et al (2013) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected] improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128:417–435

397.

Friess SH, Sutton RM, French B et al (2014) Hemodynamic directed CPR improves cerebral perfusion pressure and brain tissue oxygenation. Resuscitation 85:1298–1303

398.

Friess SH, Sutton RM, Bhalala U et al (2013) Hemodynamic directed cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves short-term survival from ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 41:2698–2704

399.

Sutton RM, Friess SH, Bhalala U et al (2013) Hemodynamic directed CPR improves short-term survival from asphyxia-associated cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:696–701

400.

Babbs CF (2013) We still need a real-time hemodynamic monitor for CPR. Resuscitation 84:1297–1298

401.

Fukuda T, Ohashi N, Nishida M et al (2014) Application of cerebral oxygen saturation to prediction of the futility of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients: a single-center, prospective, observational study: can cerebral regional oxygen saturation predict the futility of CPR? Am J Emerg Med 32:747–751 PubMedCrossRef

402.

Parnia S, Nasir A, Ahn A et al (2014) A feasibility study of cerebral oximetry during in-hospital mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation*. Crit Care Med 42:930–933 PubMedCrossRef

403.

Genbrugge C, Meex I, Boer W et al (2015) Increase in cerebral oxygenation during advanced life support in out-of-hospital patients is associated with return of spontaneous circulation. Crit Care 19:112 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

404.

Nolan JP (2014) Cerebral oximetry during cardiac arrest-feasible, but benefit yet to be determined*. Crit Care Med 42:1001–1002 PubMedCrossRef

405.

Hamrick JL, Hamrick JT, Lee JK, Lee BH, Koehler RC, Shaffner DH (2014) Efficacy of chest compressions directed by end-tidal CO2 feedback in a pediatric resuscitation model of basic life support. J Am Heart Assoc 3:e000450 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

406.

Lah K, Krizmaric M, Grmec S (2011) The dynamic pattern of end-tidal carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: difference between asphyxial cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R13 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

407.

Grmec S, Krizmaric M, Mally S, Kozelj A, Spindler M, Lesnik B (2007) Utstein style analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – bystander CPR and end expired carbon dioxide. Resuscitation 72:404–414 PubMedCrossRef

408.

Kolar M, Krizmaric M, Klemen P, Grmec S (2008) Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide successful predicts cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 12:R115 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

409.

Conseil francais de reanimation c, Societe francaise d’anesthesie et de r, Societe francaise de c et al (2009) Guidelines for indications for the use of extracorporeal life support in refractory cardiac arrest. French Ministry of Health. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 28:182–190 CrossRef

410.

Wallmuller C, Sterz F, Testori C et al (2013) Emergency cardio-pulmonary bypass in cardiac arrest: seventeen years of experience. Resuscitation 84:326–330 PubMedCrossRef

411.

Kagawa E, Dote K, Kato M et al (2012) Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiac arrest?: rapid-response extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intra-arrest percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 126:1605–1613 PubMedCrossRef

412.

Xie A, Phan K, Yi-Chin Tsai M, Yan TD, Forrest P (2015) Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 29:637–645 PubMedCrossRef

413.

Riggs KR, Becker LB, Sugarman J (2015) Ethics in the use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults. Resuscitation 91:73–75 PubMedCrossRef

414.

Chen YS, Lin JW, Yu HY et al (2008) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with assisted extracorporeal life-support versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study and propensity analysis. Lancet 372:554–561 PubMedCrossRef

415.

Stub D, Bernard S, Pellegrino V et al (2015) Refractory cardiac arrest treated with mechanical CPR, hypothermia, ECMO and early reperfusion (the CHEER trial). Resuscitation 86:88–94 PubMedCrossRef

416.

Shin TG, Choi JH, Jo IJ et al (2011) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with inhospital cardiac arrest: a comparison with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 39:1–7 PubMedCrossRef

417.

Lamhaut L, Jouffroy R, Soldan M et al (2013) Safety and feasibility of prehospital extra corporeal life support implementation by non-surgeons for out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1525–1529 PubMedCrossRef

418.

Maekawa K, Tanno K, Hase M, Mori K, Asai Y (2013) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin: a propensity-matched study and predictor analysis. Crit Care Med 41:1186–1196 PubMedCrossRef

419.

Dunne B, Christou E, Duff O, Merry C (2014) Extracorporeal-assisted rewarming in the management of accidental deep hypothermic cardiac arrest: a systematic review of the literature. Heart Lung Circ 23:1029–1035 PubMedCrossRef

420.

Sakamoto T, Morimura N, Nagao K et al (2014) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective observational study. Resuscitation 85:762–768 PubMedCrossRef

421.

Le Guen M, Nicolas-Robin A, Carreira S et al (2011) Extracorporeal life support following out-of-hospital refractory cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R29 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

422.

Kagawa E, Inoue I, Kawagoe T et al (2010) Assessment of outcomes and differences between in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation using extracorporeal life support. Resuscitation 81:968–973 PubMedCrossRef

423.

Haneya A, Philipp A, Diez C et al (2012) A 5-year experience with cardiopulmonary resuscitation using extracorporeal life support in non-postcardiotomy patients with cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:1331–1337 PubMedCrossRef

424.

Wang CH, Chou NK, Becker LB et al (2014) Improved outcome of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – a comparison with that for extracorporeal rescue for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:1219–1224 PubMedCrossRef

425.

Gundersen K, Kvaloy JT, Kramer-Johansen J, Steen PA, Eftestol T (2009) Development of the probability of return of spontaneous circulation in intervals without chest compressions during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study. BMC Med 7:6 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

426.

Sell RE, Sarno R, Lawrence B et al (2010) Minimizing pre- and post-defibrillation pauses increases the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Resuscitation 81:822–825 PubMedCrossRef

427.

Perkins GD, Davies RP, Soar J, Thickett DR (2007) The impact of manual defibrillation technique on no-flow time during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 73:109–114 PubMedCrossRef

428.

Olsen JA, Brunborg C, Steinberg M et al (2015) Pre-shock chest compression pause effects on termination of ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia and return of organized rhythm within mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 93:158–163 PubMedCrossRef

429.

Deakin CD, Lee-Shrewsbury V, Hogg K, Petley GW (2013) Do clinical examination gloves provide adequate electrical insulation for safe hands-on defibrillation? I: resistive properties of nitrile gloves. Resuscitation 84:895–899 PubMedCrossRef

430.

Miller PH (1972) Potential fire hazard in defibrillation. JAMA 221:192 PubMedCrossRef

431.

Hummel RS, 3rd, Ornato JP, Weinberg SM, Clarke AM (1988) Spark-generating properties of electrode gels used during defibrillation. A potential fire hazard. JAMA 260:3021–3024

432.

ECRI (1987) Defibrillation in oxygen-enriched environments [hazard]. Health Devices 16:113–114

433.

Lefever J, Smith A (1995) Risk of fire when using defibrillation in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Medical Devices Agency Safety Notices 3:1–3

434.

Ward ME (1996) Risk of fires when using defibrillators in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Resuscitation 31:173 PubMedCrossRef

435.

Theodorou AA, Gutierrez JA, Berg RA (2003) Fire attributable to a defibrillation attempt in a neonate. Pediatrics 112:677–679 PubMedCrossRef

436.

Manegold JC, Israel CW, Ehrlich JR et al (2007) External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in patients with implanted pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator systems: a randomized comparison of monophasic and biphasic shock energy application. Eur Heart J 28:1731–1738 PubMedCrossRef

437.

Alferness CA (1982) Pacemaker damage due to external countershock in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 5:457–458 PubMedCrossRef

438.

Pagan-Carlo LA, Spencer KT, Robertson CE, Dengler A, Birkett C, Kerber RE (1996) Transthoracic defibrillation: importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:449–452 PubMedCrossRef

439.

Deakin CD, Sado DM, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2003) Is the orientation of the apical defibrillation paddle of importance during manual external defibrillation? Resuscitation 56:15–18 PubMedCrossRef

440.

Kirchhof P, Eckardt L, Loh P et al (2002) Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode positions for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomised trial. Lancet 360:1275–1279 PubMedCrossRef

441.

Botto GL, Politi A, Bonini W, Broffoni T, Bonatti R (1999) External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements. Heart 82:726–730 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

442.

Alp NJ, Rahman S, Bell JA, Shahi M (2000) Randomised comparison of antero-lateral versus antero-posterior paddle positions for DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 75:211–216 PubMedCrossRef

443.

Mathew TP, Moore A, McIntyre M et al (1999) Randomised comparison of electrode positions for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart 81:576–579 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

444.

Kirkland S, Stiell I, AlShawabkeh T, Campbell S, Dickinson G, Rowe BH (2014) The efficacy of pad placement for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med 21:717–726 PubMedCrossRef

445.

Zhang B, Li X, Shen D, Zhen Y, Tao A, Zhang G (2014) Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode position for external electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 107:280–290 PubMedCrossRef

446.

Walsh SJ, McCarty D, McClelland AJ et al (2005) Impedance compensated biphasic waveforms for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a multi-centre comparison of antero-apical and antero-posterior pad positions. Eur Heart J 26(13):1298–1302 PubMedCrossRef

447.

Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW, Clewlow F, Dalrymple-Hay MJ (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance – implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37:9–12 PubMedCrossRef

448.

Callaway CW, Sherman LD, Mosesso VN Jr, Dietrich TJ, Holt E, Clarkson MC (2001) Scaling exponent predicts defibrillation success for out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation 103:1656–1661 PubMedCrossRef

449.

Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Dennis D, Ray R, Hallstrom AP, Copass MK (1985) Amplitude of ventricular fibrillation waveform and outcome after cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 102:53–55 PubMedCrossRef

450.

Brown CG, Dzwonczyk R (1996) Signal analysis of the human electrocardiogram during ventricular fibrillation: frequency and amplitude parameters as predictors of successful countershock. Ann Emerg Med 27:184–188 PubMedCrossRef

451.

Callaham M, Braun O, Valentine W, Clark DM, Zegans C (1993) Prehospital cardiac arrest treated by urban first-responders: profile of patient response and prediction of outcome by ventricular fibrillation waveform. Ann Emerg Med 22:1664–1677 PubMedCrossRef

452.

Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Brown CG (1997) Analysis of the ventricular fibrillation ECG signal amplitude and frequency parameters as predictors of countershock success in humans. Chest 111:584–589 PubMedCrossRef

453.

Strohmenger HU, Eftestol T, Sunde K et al (2001) The predictive value of ventricular fibrillation electrocardiogram signal frequency and amplitude variables in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 93:1428–1433 PubMedCrossRef

454.

Podbregar M, Kovacic M, Podbregar-Mars A, Brezocnik M (2003) Predicting defibrillation success by ‚genetic‘ programming in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 57:153–159 PubMedCrossRef

455.

Menegazzi JJ, Callaway CW, Sherman LD et al (2004) Ventricular fibrillation scaling exponent can guide timing of defibrillation and other therapies. Circulation 109:926–931 PubMedCrossRef

456.

Povoas HP, Weil MH, Tang W, Bisera J, Klouche K, Barbatsis A (2002) Predicting the success of defibrillation by electrocardiographic analysis. Resuscitation 53:77–82 PubMedCrossRef

457.

Noc M, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Pernat A, Bisera J (1999) Electrocardiographic prediction of the success of cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 27:708–714 PubMedCrossRef

458.

Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Keller A, Lindner IM, Pfenninger EG (1996) Spectral analysis of ventricular fibrillation and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 33:155–161 PubMedCrossRef

459.

Noc M, Weil MH, Gazmuri RJ, Sun S, Biscera J, Tang W (1994) Ventricular fibrillation voltage as a monitor of the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Lab Clin Med 124:421–426 PubMed

460.

Lightfoot CB, Nremt P, Callaway CW et al (2003) Dynamic nature of electrocardiographic waveform predicts rescue shock outcome in porcine ventricular fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 42:230–241 PubMedCrossRef

461.

Marn-Pernat A, Weil MH, Tang W, Pernat A, Bisera J (2001) Optimizing timing of ventricular defibrillation. Crit Care Med 29:2360–2365 PubMedCrossRef

462.

Hamprecht FA, Achleitner U, Krismer AC et al (2001) Fibrillation power, an alternative method of ECG spectral analysis for prediction of countershock success in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 50:287–296 PubMedCrossRef

463.

Amann A, Achleitner U, Antretter H et al (2001) Analysing ventricular fibrillation ECG-signals and predicting defibrillation success during cardiopulmonary resuscitation employing N(alpha)-histograms. Resuscitation 50:77–85 PubMedCrossRef

464.

Brown CG, Griffith RF, Van Ligten P et al (1991) Median frequency – a new parameter for predicting defibrillation success rate. Ann Emerg Med 20:787–789 PubMedCrossRef

465.

Amann A, Rheinberger K, Achleitner U et al (2002) The prediction of defibrillation outcome using a new combination of mean frequency and amplitude in porcine models of cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 95:716–722. (table of contents) PubMed

466.

Firoozabadi R, Nakagawa M, Helfenbein ED, Babaeizadeh S (2013) Predicting defibrillation success in sudden cardiac arrest patients. J Electrocardiol 46:473–479 PubMedCrossRef

467.

Ristagno G, Li Y, Fumagalli F, Finzi A, Quan W (2013) Amplitude spectrum area to guide resuscitation-a retrospective analysis during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 609 patients with ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:1697–1703 PubMedCrossRef

468.

Ristagno G, Mauri T, Cesana G et al (2015) Amplitude spectrum area to guide defibrillation: a validation on 1617 patients with ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 131:478–487 PubMedCrossRef

469.

Jacobs I, Sunde K, Deakin CDet al (2010) Part 6: Defibrillation: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 122:S325–S337 PubMedCrossRef

470.

Sunde K, Jacobs I, Deakin CD et al (2010) Part 6: Defibrillation: 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 81(Suppl 1):e71–e85 PubMedCrossRef

471.

Jost D, Degrange H, Verret C et al (2010) DEFI 2005: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of automated external defibrillator cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol on outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 121:1614–1622 PubMedCrossRef

472.

Berdowski J, Schulten RJ, Tijssen JG, van Alem AP, Koster RW (2010) Delaying a shock after takeover from the automated external defibrillator by paramedics is associated with decreased survival. Resuscitation 81:287–292 PubMedCrossRef

473.

Didon JP, Fontaine G, White RD, Jekova I, Schmid JJ, Cansell A (2008) Clinical experience with a low-energy pulsed biphasic waveform in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:350–353 PubMedCrossRef

474.

Li Y, Wang H, Cho JH et al (2009) Comparison of efficacy of pulsed biphasic waveform and rectilinear biphasic waveform in a short ventricular fibrillation pig model. Resuscitation 80:1047–1051 PubMedCrossRef

475.

Kerber RE (1984) External defibrillation: new technologies. Ann Emerg Med 13:794–797 PubMedCrossRef

476.

Joglar JA, Kessler DJ, Welch PJ et al (1999) Effects of repeated electrical defibrillations on cardiac troponin I levels. Am J Cardiol 83:270–272, A6 PubMedCrossRef

477.

Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kienzle MG et al (1988) Energy, current, and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: clinical studies using an automated impedance-based method of energy adjustment. Circulation 77:1038–1046 PubMedCrossRef

478.

van Alem AP, Chapman FW, Lank P, Hart AA, Koster RW (2003) A prospective, randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 58:17–24

479.

Martens PR, Russell JK, Wolcke B et al (2001) Optimal Response to Cardiac Arrest study: defibrillation waveform effects. Resuscitation 49:233–243 PubMedCrossRef

480.

Carpenter J, Rea TD, Murray JA, Kudenchuk PJ, Eisenberg MS (2003) Defibrillation waveform and post-shock rhythm in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 59:189–196 PubMedCrossRef

481.

Gliner BE, Jorgenson DB, Poole JE et al (1998) Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveform automatic external defibrillator. The LIFE Investigators. Biomed Instrum Technol 32:631–644 PubMed

482.

White RD, Blackwell TH, Russell JK, Snyder DE, Jorgenson DB (2005) Transthoracic impedance does not affect defibrillation, resuscitation or survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with a non-escalating biphasic waveform defibrillator. Resuscitation 64:63–69 PubMedCrossRef

483.

Stiell IG, Walker RG, Nesbitt LP et al (2007) BIPHASIC Trial: a randomized comparison of fixed lower versus escalating higher energy levels for defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 115:1511–1517 PubMedCrossRef

484.

Walsh SJ, McClelland AJ, Owens CG et al (2004) Efficacy of distinct energy delivery protocols comparing two biphasic defibrillators for cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 94:378–380 PubMedCrossRef

485.

Higgins SL, Herre JM, Epstein AE et al (2000) A comparison of biphasic and monophasic shocks for external defibrillation. Physio-Control Biphasic Investigators. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:305–313 PubMedCrossRef

486.

Berg RA, Samson RA, Berg MD et al (2005) Better outcome after pediatric defibrillation dosage than adult dosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:786–789 PubMedCrossRef

487.

Killingsworth CR, Melnick SB, Chapman FW et al (2002) Defibrillation threshold and cardiac responses using an external biphasic defibrillator with pediatric and adult adhesive patches in pediatric-sized piglets. Resuscitation 55:177–185 PubMedCrossRef

488.

Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S et al (2004) The effects of biphasic waveform design on post-resuscitation myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1228–1235 PubMedCrossRef

489.

Xie J, Weil MH, Sun S et al (1997) High-energy defibrillation increases the severity of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Circulation 96:683–658 PubMedCrossRef

490.

Walker RG, Koster RW, Sun C et al (2009) Defibrillation probability and impedance change between shocks during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:773–777 PubMedCrossRef

491.

Hess EP, Russell JK, Liu PY, White RD (2008) A high peak current 150-J fixed-energy defibrillation protocol treats recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) as effectively as initial VF. Resuscitation 79:28–33 PubMedCrossRef

492.

Deakin CD, Ambler JJ (2006) Post-shock myocardial stunning: a prospective randomised double-blind comparison of monophasic and biphasic waveforms. Resuscitation 68:329–333 PubMedCrossRef

493.

Khaykin Y, Newman D, Kowalewski M, Korley V, Dorian P (2003) Biphasic versus monophasic cardioversion in shock-resistant atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:868–872 PubMedCrossRef

494.

Koster RW, Dorian P, Chapman FW, Schmitt PW, O’Grady SG, Walker RG (2004) A randomized trial comparing monophasic and biphasic waveform shocks for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 147:e20 PubMedCrossRef

495.

Mittal S, Ayati S, Stein KM et al (2000) Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: comparison of rectilinear biphasic versus damped sine wave monophasic shocks. Circulation 101:1282–1287 PubMedCrossRef

496.

Kmec J (2006) Comparison the effectiveness of damped sine wave monophasic and rectilinear biphasic shocks in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Kardiologia 15:265–278

497.

Kosior DA, Szulec M, Torbicki A, Opolski G, Rabczenko D (2005) A decrease of enlarged left atrium following cardioversion of atrial fibrillationpredicts the long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm. Kardiol Pol 62:428–437 PubMed

498.

Rodriguez FJ, Rodriguez A, Mendoza-Londono R, Tamayo ML (2005) X-linked retinoschisis in three females from the same family: a phenotype-genotype correlation. Retina 25:69–74 PubMedCrossRef

499.

Kabukcu M, Demircioglu F, Yanik E, Minareci K, Ersel-Tuzuner F (2004) Simultaneous double external DC shock technique for refractory atrial fibrillation in concomitant heart disease. Jpn Heart J 45:929–936 PubMedCrossRef

500.

Hoch DH, Batsford WP, Greenberg SM et al (1994) Double sequential external shocks for refractory ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:1141–1145 PubMedCrossRef

501.

Gerstein NS, Shah MB, Jorgensen KM (2015) Simultaneous use of two defibrillators for the conversion of refractory ventricular fibrillation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 29:421–424 PubMedCrossRef

502.

Fender E, Tripuraneni A, Henrikson CA (2013) Dual defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation in a patient with a left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant 32:1144–1145 PubMedCrossRef

503.

Hess EP, Agarwal D, Myers LA, Atkinson EJ, White RD (2011) Performance of a rectilinear biphasic waveform in defibrillation of presenting and recurrent ventricular fibrillation: a prospective multicenter study. Resuscitation 82:685–689 PubMedCrossRef

504.

Eilevstjonn J, Kramer-Johansen J, Sunde K (2007) Shock outcome is related to prior rhythm and duration of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 75:60–67 PubMedCrossRef

505.

Lown B (1967) Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias. Br Heart J 29:469–489 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

506.

Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK et al (2002) Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1956–1963 PubMedCrossRef

507.

Ambler JJ, Deakin CD (2006) A randomized controlled trial of efficacy and ST change following use of the Welch-Allyn MRL PIC biphasic waveform versus damped sine monophasic waveform for external DC cardioversion. Resuscitation 71:146–151 PubMedCrossRef

508.

Ambler JJ, Deakin CD (2006) A randomised controlled trial of the effect of biphasic or monophasic waveform on the incidence and severity of cutaneous burns following external direct current cardioversion. Resuscitation 71:293–300 PubMedCrossRef

509.

Deakin CD, Connelly S, Wharton R, Yuen HM (2013) A comparison of rectilinear and truncated exponential biphasic waveforms in elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation 84:286–291 PubMedCrossRef

510.

Boodhoo L, Mitchell AR, Bordoli G, Lloyd G, Patel N, Sulke N (2007) DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation: a comparison of two protocols. Int J Cardiol 114:16–21 PubMedCrossRef

511.

Boos C, Thomas MD, Jones A, Clarke E, Wilbourne G, More RS (2003) Higher energy monophasic DC cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation: is it time to start at 360 joules? Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 8:121–126 PubMedCrossRef

512.

Glover BM, Walsh SJ, McCann CJ et al (2008) Biphasic energy selection for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. The BEST AF Trial. Heart 94:884–887 PubMedCrossRef

513.

Rashba EJ, Gold MR, Crawford FA, Leman RB, Peters RW, Shorofsky SR (2004) Efficacy of transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using a biphasic, truncated exponential shock waveform at variable initial shock energies. Am J Cardiol 94:1572–1574 PubMedCrossRef

514.

Pinski SL, Sgarbossa EB, Ching E, Trohman RG (1999) A comparison of 50-J versus 100-J shocks for direct-current cardioversion of atrial flutter. Am Heart J 137:439–442 PubMedCrossRef

515.

Alatawi F, Gurevitz O, White R (2005) Prospective, randomized comparison of two biphasic waveforms for the efficacy and safety of transthoracic biphasic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2:382–387 PubMedCrossRef

516.

Kerber RE, Kienzle MG, Olshansky B et al (1992) Ventricular tachycardia rate and morphology determine energy and current requirements for transthoracic cardioversion. Circulation 85:158–163 PubMedCrossRef

517.

Hedges JR, Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, Feero S, Easter R, Shultz B (1987) Prehospital trial of emergency transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Circulation 76:1337–1343 PubMedCrossRef

518.

Barthell E, Troiano P, Olson D, Stueven HA, Hendley G (1988) Prehospital external cardiac pacing: a prospective, controlled clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 17:1221–1226 PubMedCrossRef

519.

Cummins RO, Graves JR, Larsen MP et al (1993) Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 328:1377–1382 PubMedCrossRef

520.

Ornato JP, Peberdy MA (1996) The mystery of bradyasystole during cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 27:576–587 PubMedCrossRef

521.

Niemann JT, Adomian GE, Garner D, Rosborough JP (1985) Endocardial and transcutaneous cardiac pacing, calcium chloride, and epinephrine in postcountershock asystole and bradycardias. Crit Care Med 13:699–704 PubMedCrossRef

522.

Quan L, Graves JR, Kinder DR, Horan S, Cummins RO (1992) Transcutaneous cardiac pacing in the treatment of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrests. Ann Emerg Med 21:905–909 PubMedCrossRef

523.

Dalsey WC, Syverud SA, Hedges JR (1985) Emergency department use of transcutaneous pacing for cardiac arrests. Crit Care Med 13:399–401 PubMedCrossRef

524.

Knowlton AA, Falk RH (1986) External cardiac pacing during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 57:1295–1298 PubMedCrossRef

525.

Ornato JP, Carveth WL, Windle JR (1984) Pacemaker insertion for prehospital bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 13:101–103 PubMedCrossRef

526.

Chan L, Reid C, Taylor B (2002) Effect of three emergency pacing modalities on cardiac output in cardiac arrest due to ventricular asystole. Resuscitation 52:117–119 PubMedCrossRef

527.

Eich C, Bleckmann A, Schwarz SK (2007) Percussion pacing – an almost forgotten procedure for haemodynamically unstable bradycardias? A report of three case studies and review of the literature. Br J Anaesth 98:429–433 PubMedCrossRef

528.

Stockwell B, Bellis G, Morton G et al (2009) Electrical injury during „hands on“ defibrillation-a potential risk of internal cardioverter defibrillators? Resuscitation 80:832–834 PubMedCrossRef

529.

Monsieurs KG, Conraads VM, Goethals MP, Snoeck JP, Bossaert LL (1995) Semi-automatic external defibrillation and implanted cardiac pacemakers: understanding the interactions during resuscitation. Resuscitation 30:127–131 PubMedCrossRef

530.

Fouche PF, Simpson PM, Bendall J, Thomas RE, Cone DC, Doi SA (2014) Airways in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:244–256 PubMedCrossRef

531.

Voss S, Rhys M, Coates D et al (2014) How do paramedics manage the airway during out of hospital cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 85:1662–1666 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

532.

Boidin MP (1985) Airway patency in the unconscious patient. Br J Anaesth 57:306–310 PubMedCrossRef

533.

Nandi PR, Charlesworth CH, Taylor SJ, Nunn JF, Dore CJ (1991) Effect of general anaesthesia on the pharynx. Br J Anaesth 66:157–162 PubMedCrossRef

534.

Guildner CW (1976) Resuscitation: opening the airway. A comparative study of techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue. JACEP 5:588–590 PubMedCrossRef

535.

Safar P, Escarraga LA, Chang F (1959) Upper airway obstruction in the unconscious patient. J Appl Physiol 14:760–764 PubMed

536.

Greene DG, Elam JO, Dobkin AB, Studley CL (1961) Cinefluorographic study of hyperextension of the neck and upper airway patency. JAMA 176:570–573 PubMedCrossRef

537.

Morikawa S, Safar P, Decarlo J (1961) Influence of the headjaw position upon upper airway patency. Anesthesiology 22:265–270 PubMedCrossRef

538.

Ruben HM, Elam JO, Ruben AM, Greene DG (1961) Investigation of upper airway problems in resuscitation, 1: studies of pharyngeal x-rays and performance by laymen. Anesthesiology 22:271–279 PubMedCrossRef

539.

Elam JO, Greene DG, Schneider MA et al (1960) Head-tilt method of oral resuscitation. JAMA 172:812–815 CrossRef

540.

Majernick TG, Bieniek R, Houston JB, Hughes HG (1986) Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 15:417–420 PubMedCrossRef

541.

Lennarson PJ, Smith DW, Sawin PD, Todd MM, Sato Y, Traynelis VC (2001) Cervical spinal motion during intubation: efficacy of stabilization maneuvers in the setting of complete segmental instability. J Neurosurg Spine 94:265–270 CrossRef

542.

Spindelboeck W, Schindler O, Moser A et al (2013) Increasing arterial oxygen partial pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with improved rates of hospital admission. Resuscitation 84:770–775 PubMedCrossRef

543.

Kilgannon JH, Jones AE, Shapiro NI et al (2010) Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. JAMA 303:2165–2171 PubMedCrossRef

544.

Bellomo R, Bailey M, Eastwood GM et al (2011) Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care 15:R90 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

545.

Pilcher J, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, Bellomo R, Young P, Beasley R (2012) The effect of hyperoxia following cardiac arrest – a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal trials. Resuscitation 83:417–422 PubMedCrossRef

546.

Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al (2004) Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 109:1960–1965 PubMedCrossRef

547.

O’Neill JF, Deakin CD (2007) Do we hyperventilate cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation 73:82–85 PubMedCrossRef

548.

Gazmuri RJ, Ayoub IM, Radhakrishnan J, Motl J, Upadhyaya MP (2012) Clinically plausible hyperventilation does not exert adverse hemodynamic effects during CPR but markedly reduces end-tidal PCO(2). Resuscitation 83:259–264 PubMedCrossRef

549.

Doerges V, Sauer C, Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P (1999) Smaller tidal volumes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: comparison of adult and paediatric self-inflatable bags with three different ventilatory devices. Resuscitation 43:31–37 PubMedCrossRef

550.

Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P, Dorges V (2001) Effectiveness of various airway management techniques in a bench model simulating a cardiac arrest patient. J Emerg Med 20:7–12 PubMedCrossRef

551.

Stone BJ, Chantler PJ, Baskett PJ (1998) The incidence of regurgitation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a comparison between the bag valve mask and laryngeal mask airway. Resuscitation 38:3–6 PubMedCrossRef

552.

Hasegawa K, Hiraide A, Chang Y, Brown DF (2013) Association of prehospital advanced airway management with neurologic outcome and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 309:257–266 PubMedCrossRef

553.

Shin SD, Ahn KO, Song KJ, Park CB, Lee EJ (2012) Out-of-hospital airway management and cardiac arrest outcomes: a propensity score matched analysis. Resuscitation 83:313–319 PubMedCrossRef

554.

Hanif MA, Kaji AH, Niemann JT (2010) Advanced airway management does not improve outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 17:926–931 PubMedCrossRef

555.

Studnek JR, Thestrup L, Vandeventer S et al (2010) The association between prehospital endotracheal intubation attempts and survival to hospital discharge among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Acad Emerg Med 17:918–925 PubMedCrossRef

556.

Deakin CD, O’Neill JF, Tabor T (2007) Does compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate adequate passive ventilation during cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 75:53–59 PubMedCrossRef

557.

Saissy JM, Boussignac G, Cheptel E et al (2000) Efficacy of continuous insufflation of oxygen combined with active cardiac compression-decompression during out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. Anesthesiology 92:1523–1530 PubMedCrossRef

558.

Bertrand C, Hemery F, Carli P et al (2006) Constant flow insufflation of oxygen as the sole mode of ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 32:843–851 PubMedCrossRef

559.

Bobrow BJ, Ewy GA, Clark L et al (2009) Passive oxygen insufflation is superior to bag-valve-mask ventilation for witnessed ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 54:656–662 e1 PubMedCrossRef

560.

Lyon RM, Ferris JD, Young DM, McKeown DW, Oglesby AJ, Robertson C (2010) Field intubation of cardiac arrest patients: a dying art? Emerg Med J 27:321–323 PubMedCrossRef

561.

Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL, Somerville GG, Brizendine EJ (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11:707–709 PubMed

562.

Pelucio M, Halligan L, Dhindsa H (1997) Out-of-hospital experience with the syringe esophageal detector device. Acad Emerg Med 4:563–568 PubMedCrossRef

563.

Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH (2003) Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med 10:961–965 PubMedCrossRef

564.

Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37:32–37 PubMedCrossRef

565.

Nolan JP, Soar J (2008) Airway techniques and ventilation strategies. Curr Opin Crit Care 14:279–286 PubMedCrossRef

566.

Mohr S, Weigand MA, Hofer S et al (2013) Developing the skill of laryngeal mask insertion: prospective single center study. Anaesthesist 62:447–452 PubMedCrossRef

567.

Gatward JJ, Thomas MJ, Nolan JP, Cook TM (2008) Effect of chest compressions on the time taken to insert airway devices in a manikin. Br J Anaesth 100:351–356 PubMedCrossRef

568.

Cook TM, Kelly FE (2015) Time to abandon the ‚vintage‘ laryngeal mask airway and adopt second-generation supraglottic airway devices as first choice. Br J Anaesth

569.

Staudinger T, Brugger S, Watschinger B et al (1993) Emergency intubation with the Combitube: comparison with the endotracheal airway. Ann Emerg Med 22:1573–1575 PubMedCrossRef

570.

Tanigawa K, Shigematsu A (1998) Choice of airway devices for 12,020 cases of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in Japan. Prehosp Emerg Care 2:96–100 PubMedCrossRef

571.

Lefrancois DP, Dufour DG (2002) Use of the esophageal tracheal combitube by basic emergency medical technicians. Resuscitation 52:77–83 PubMedCrossRef

572.

Ochs M, Vilke GM, Chan TC, Moats T, Buchanan J (2000) Successful prehospital airway management by EMT-Ds using the combitube. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:333–337 PubMedCrossRef

573.

Vezina D, Lessard MR, Bussieres J, Topping C, Trepanier CA (1998) Complications associated with the use of the Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube. Can J Anaesth 45:76–80 PubMedCrossRef

574.

Richards CF (1998) Piriform sinus perforation during Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube placement. J Emerg Med 16:37–39 PubMedCrossRef

575.

Rumball C, Macdonald D, Barber P, Wong H, Smecher C (2004) Endotracheal intubation and esophageal tracheal Combitube insertion by regular ambulance attendants: a comparative trial. Prehosp Emerg Care 8:15–22 PubMedCrossRef

576.

Rabitsch W, Schellongowski P, Staudinger T et al (2003) Comparison of a conventional tracheal airway with the Combitube in an urban emergency medical services system run by physicians. Resuscitation 57:27–32 PubMedCrossRef

577.

Goldenberg IF, Campion BC, Siebold CM, McBride JW, Long LA (1986) Esophageal gastric tube airway vs endotracheal tube in prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest 90:90–96 PubMedCrossRef

578.

Kette F, Reffo I, Giordani G et al (2005) The use of laryngeal tube by nurses in out-of-hospital emergencies: preliminary experience. Resuscitation 66:21–25 PubMedCrossRef

579.

Wiese CH, Semmel T, Muller JU, Bahr J, Ocker H, Graf BM (2009) The use of the laryngeal tube disposable (LT-D) by paramedics during out-of-hospital resuscitation-an observational study concerning ERC guidelines 2005. Resuscitation 80:194–198 PubMedCrossRef

580.

Martin-Gill C, Prunty HA, Ritter SC, Carlson JN, Guyette FX (2015) Risk factors for unsuccessful prehospital laryngeal tube placement. Resuscitation 86:25–30 PubMedCrossRef

581.

Sunde GA, Brattebo G, Odegarden T, Kjernlie DF, Rodne E, Heltne JK (2012) Laryngeal tube use in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by paramedics in Norway. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20:84 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

582.

Gahan K, Studnek JR, Vandeventer S (2011) King LT-D use by urban basic life support first responders as the primary airway device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 82:1525–1528 PubMedCrossRef

583.

Schalk R, Byhahn C, Fausel F et al (2010) Out-of-hospital airway management by paramedics and emergency physicians using laryngeal tubes. Resuscitation 81:323–326 PubMedCrossRef

584.

Bernhard M, Beres W, Timmermann A et al (2014) Prehospital airway management using the laryngeal tube. An emergency department point of view. Anaesthesist 63:589–596 PubMedCrossRef

585.

Wharton NM, Gibbison B, Gabbott DA, Haslam GM, Muchatuta N, Cook TM (2008) I-gel insertion by novices in manikins and patients. Anaesthesia 63:991–995 PubMedCrossRef

586.

Gatward JJ, Cook TM, Seller C et al (2008) Evaluation of the size 4 i-gel airway in one hundred non-paralysed patients. Anaesthesia 63:1124–1130 PubMedCrossRef

587.

Duckett J, Fell P, Han K, Kimber C, Taylor C (2014) Introduction of the I-gel supraglottic airway device for prehospital airway management in a UK ambulance service. Emerg Med J 31:505–507 PubMedCrossRef

588.

Larkin C, King B, D’Agapeyeff A, Gabbott D (2012) iGel supraglottic airway use during hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 83:e141 PubMedCrossRef

589.

Bosch J, de Nooij J, de Visser M et al (2014) Prehospital use in emergency patients of a laryngeal mask airway by ambulance paramedics is a safe and effective alternative for endotracheal intubation. Emerg Med J 31:750–753 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

590.

Lecky F, Bryden D, Little R, Tong N, Moulton C (2008) Emergency intubation for acutely ill and injured patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001429 PubMed

591.

Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ et al (2000) Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA 283:783–790 PubMedCrossRef

592.

Kramer-Johansen J, Wik L, Steen PA (2006) Advanced cardiac life support before and after tracheal intubation – direct measurements of quality. Resuscitation 68:61–69 PubMedCrossRef

593.

Grmec S (2002) Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med 28:701–704 PubMedCrossRef

594.

Wang HE, Simeone SJ, Weaver MD, Callaway CW (2009) Interruptions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation from paramedic endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 54:645–652 e1 PubMedCrossRef

595.

Garza AG, Gratton MC, Coontz D, Noble E, Ma OJ (2003) Effect of paramedic experience on orotracheal intubation success rates. J Emerg Med 25:251–256 PubMedCrossRef

596.

Sayre MR, Sakles JC, Mistler AF, Evans JL, Kramer AT, Pancioli AM (1998) Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs. Ann Emerg Med 31:228–233 PubMedCrossRef

597.

Bradley JS, Billows GL, Olinger ML, Boha SP, Cordell WH, Nelson DR (1998) Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. Ann Emerg Med 32:26–32 PubMedCrossRef

598.

Bernhard M, Mohr S, Weigand MA, Martin E, Walther A (2012) Developing the skill of endotracheal intubation: implication for emergency medicine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 56:164–171 PubMedCrossRef

599.

Wang HE, Szydlo D, Stouffer JA et al (2012) Endotracheal intubation versus supraglottic airway insertion in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:1061–1066 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

600.

Tanabe S, Ogawa T, Akahane M et al (2013) Comparison of neurological outcome between tracheal intubation and supraglottic airway device insertion of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: a nationwide, population-based, observational study. J Emerg Med 44:389–397 PubMedCrossRef

601.

Bobrow BJ, Clark LL, Ewy GA et al (2008) Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 299:1158–1165 PubMedCrossRef

602.

Brown SP, Wang H, Aufderheide TP et al (2015) A randomized trial of continuous versus interrupted chest compressions in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: rationale for and design of the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Continuous Chest Compressions Trial. Am Heart J 169:334–341 e5 PubMedCrossRef

603.

Kory P, Guevarra K, Mathew JP, Hegde A, Mayo PH (2013) The impact of video laryngoscopy use during urgent endotracheal intubation in the critically ill. Anesth Analg 117:144–149 PubMedCrossRef

604.

De Jong A, Molinari N, Conseil M et al (2014) Video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for orotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 40:629–639 PubMed

605.

Park SO, Kim JW, Na JH et al (2015) Video laryngoscopy improves the first-attempt success in endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation among novice physicians. Resuscitation 89:188–194 PubMedCrossRef

606.

Astin J, Cook TM (2015) Videolaryngoscopy at cardiac arrest – the need to move from video-games to video-science. Resuscitation 89:A7–A9 PubMedCrossRef

607.

Lee DH, Han M, An JY et al (2015) Video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 89:195–199 PubMedCrossRef

608.

Takeda T, Tanigawa K, Tanaka H, Hayashi Y, Goto E, Tanaka K (2003) The assessment of three methods to identify tracheal tube placement in the emergency setting. Resuscitation 56(2):153–157 PubMedCrossRef

609.

Knapp S, Kofler J, Stoiser B et al (1999) The assessment of four different methods to verify tracheal tube placement in the critical care setting. Anesth Analg 88:766–770 PubMed

610.

Grmec S, Mally S (2004) Prehospital determination of tracheal tube placement in severe head injury. Emerg Med J 21:518–520 PubMedCentralPubMed

611.

Yao YX, Jiang Z, Lu XH, He JH, Ma XX, Zhu JH (2007) [A clinical study of impedance graph in verifying tracheal intubation]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 87:898–901 PubMed

612.

Oberly D, Stein S, Hess D, Eitel D, Simmons M (1992) An evaluation of the esophageal detector device using a cadaver model. Am J Emerg Med 10:317–320 PubMedCrossRef

613.

Takeda T, Tanigawa K, Tanaka H, Hayashi Y, Goto E, Tanaka K (2003) The assessment of three methods to verify tracheal tube placement in the emergency setting. Resuscitation 56:153–157 PubMedCrossRef

614.

Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K (2000) Accuracy and reliability of the self-inflating bulb to verify tracheal intubation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesthesiology 93:1432–1436 PubMedCrossRef

615.

Bozeman WP, Hexter D, Liang HK, Kelen GD (1996) Esophageal detector device versus detection of end-tidal carbon dioxide level in emergency intubation. Ann Emerg Med 27:595–599 PubMedCrossRef

616.

Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K (2001) The efficacy of esophageal detector devices in verifying tracheal tube placement: a randomized cross-over study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesth Analg 92:375–378 PubMedCrossRef

617.

Mehta KH, Turley A, Peyrasse P, Janes J, Hall JE (2002) An assessment of the ability of impedance respirometry distinguish oesophageal from tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 57:1090–1093 PubMedCrossRef

618.

Absolom M, Roberts R, Bahlmann UB, Hall JE, Armstrong T, Turley A (2006) The use of impedance respirometry to confirm tracheal intubation in children. Anaesthesia 61:1145–1148 PubMedCrossRef

619.

Kramer-Johansen J, Eilevstjonn J, Olasveengen TM, Tomlinson AE, Dorph E, Steen PA (2008) Transthoracic impedance changes as a tool to detect malpositioned tracheal tubes. Resuscitation 76:11–16 PubMedCrossRef

620.

Risdal M, Aase SO, Stavland M, Eftestol T (2007) Impedance-based ventilation detection during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54:2237–2245 PubMedCrossRef

621.

Pytte M, Olasveengen TM, Steen PA, Sunde K (2007) Misplaced and dislodged endotracheal tubes may be detected by the defibrillator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 51:770–772 PubMedCrossRef

622.

Chou HC, Tseng WP, Wang CH et al (2011) Tracheal rapid ultrasound exam (T.R.U.E.) for confirming endotracheal tube placement during emergency intubation. Resuscitation 82:1279–1284 PubMedCrossRef

623.

Zadel S, Strnad M, Prosen G, Mekis D (2015) Point of care ultrasound for orotracheal tube placement assessment in out-of hospital setting. Resuscitation 87:1–6 PubMedCrossRef

624.

Chou HC, Chong KM, Sim SS et al (2013) Real-time tracheal ultrasonography for confirmation of endotracheal tube placement during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 84:1708–1712 PubMedCrossRef

625.

Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM et al (1992) Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. Ann Emerg Med 21:518–523 PubMedCrossRef

626.

Hayden SR, Sciammarella J, Viccellio P, Thode H, Delagi R (1995) Colorimetric end-tidal CO ₂ detector for verification of endotracheal tube placement in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 2:499–502 PubMedCrossRef

627.

MacLeod BA, Heller MB, Gerard J, Yealy DM, Menegazzi JJ (1991) Verification of endotracheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection. Ann Emerg Med 20:267–270 PubMedCrossRef

628.

Anton WR, Gordon RW, Jordan TM, Posner KL, Cheney FW (1991) A disposable end-tidal CO ₂ detector to verify endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 20:271–275 PubMedCrossRef

629.

Sanders KC, Clum WB 3rd, Nguyen SS, Balasubramaniam S (1994) End-tidal carbon dioxide detection in emergency intubation in four groups of patients. J Emerg Med 12:771–777 PubMedCrossRef

630.

Li J (2001) Capnography alone is imperfect for endotracheal tube placement confirmation during emergency intubation. J Emerg Med 20:223–229 PubMedCrossRef

631.

Vukmir RB, Heller MB, Stein KL (1991) Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: a miniaturized infrared qualitative CO2 detector. Ann Emerg Med 20:726–729 PubMedCrossRef

632.

Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B et al (2005) The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 45:497–503 PubMedCrossRef

633.

Petito SP, Russell WJ (1988) The prevention of gastric inflation – a neglected benefit of cricoid pressure. Anaesth Intensive Care 16:139–143 PubMed

634.

Lawes EG, Campbell I, Mercer D (1987) Inflation pressure, gastric insufflation and rapid sequence induction. Br J Anaesth 59:315–318 PubMedCrossRef

635.

Salem MR, Wong AY, Mani M, Sellick BA (1974) Efficacy of cricoid pressure in preventing gastric inflation during bag- mask ventilation in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology 40:96–98 PubMedCrossRef

636.

Moynihan RJ, Brock-Utne JG, Archer JH, Feld LH, Kreitzman TR (1993) The effect of cricoid pressure on preventing gastric insufflation in infants and children. Anesthesiology 78:652–656 PubMedCrossRef

637.

Allman KG (1995) The effect of cricoid pressure application on airway patency. J Clin Anesth 7:197–199 PubMedCrossRef

638.

Hartsilver EL, Vanner RG (2000) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure. Anaesthesia 55:208–211 PubMedCrossRef

639.

Hocking G, Roberts FL, Thew ME (2001) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure and lateral tilt. Anaesthesia 56:825–828 PubMedCrossRef

640.

Mac GPJH, Ball DR (2000) The effect of cricoid pressure on the cricoid cartilage and vocal cords: an endoscopic study in anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia 55:263–268 CrossRef

641.

Ho AM, Wong W, Ling E, Chung DC, Tay BA (2001) Airway difficulties caused by improperly applied cricoid pressure. J Emerg Med 20:29–31 PubMedCrossRef

642.

Shorten GD, Alfille PH, Gliklich RE (1991) Airway obstruction following application of cricoid pressure. J Clin Anesth 3:403–405 PubMedCrossRef

643.

Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J, Fourth National Audit P (2011) Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. Br J Anaesth 106:632–642 PubMedCrossRef

644.

Nolan JP, Kelly FE (2011) Airway challenges in critical care. Anaesthesia 66(Suppl 2):81–92 PubMedCrossRef

645.

Olasveengen TM, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2012) Outcome when adrenaline (epinephrine) was actually given vs. not given – post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Resuscitation 83:327–332 PubMedCrossRef

646.

Hagihara A, Hasegawa M, Abe T, Nagata T, Wakata Y, Miyazaki S (2012) Prehospital epinephrine use and survival among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 307:1161–1168 PubMedCrossRef

647.

Nakahara S, Tomio J, Takahashi H et al (2013) Evaluation of pre-hospital administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) by emergency medical services for patients with out of hospital cardiac arrest in Japan: controlled propensity matched retrospective cohort study. BMJ 347:f6829

648.

Dumas F, Bougouin W, Geri G et al (2014) Is epinephrine during cardiac arrest associated with worse outcomes in resuscitated patients? J Am Coll Cardiol 64:2360–2367 PubMedCrossRef

649.

Fries M, Tang W, Chang YT, Wang J, Castillo C, Weil MH (2006) Microvascular blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is predictive of outcome. Resuscitation 71:248–253 PubMedCrossRef

650.

Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S, Gazmuri RJ, Bisera J (1993) Progressive myocardial dysfunction after cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 21:1046–1050 PubMedCrossRef

651.

Angelos MG, Butke RL, Panchal AR et al (2008) Cardiovascular response to epinephrine varies with increasing duration of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 77:101–110 PubMedCrossRef

652.

Ristagno G, Tang W, Huang L et al (2003) Epinephrine reduces cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 37:1408–1415 CrossRef

653.

Neset A, Nordseth T, Kramer-Johansen J, Wik L, Olasveengen TM (2013) Effects of adrenaline on rhythm transitions in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 57:1260–1267 PubMedCrossRef

654.

Patanwala AE, Slack MK, Martin JR, Basken RL, Nolan PE (2014) Effect of epinephrine on survival after cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol 80:831–843 PubMed

655.

Lin S, Callaway CW, Shah PS et al (2014) Adrenaline for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation 85:732–740 PubMedCrossRef

656.

Arrich J, Sterz F, Herkner H, Testori C, Behringer W (2012) Total epinephrine dose during asystole and pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrests is associated with unfavourable functional outcome and increased in-hospital mortality. Resuscitation 83:333–337 PubMedCrossRef

657.

Mayr VD, Wenzel V, Voelckel WG et al (2001) Developing a vasopressor combination in a pig model of adult asphyxial cardiac arrest. Circulation 104:1651–1656 PubMedCrossRef

658.

Turner DW, Attridge RL, Hughes DW (2014) Vasopressin associated with an increase in return of spontaneous circulation in acidotic cardiopulmonary arrest patients. Ann Pharmacother 48:986–991 PubMedCrossRef

659.

Lindner KH, Strohmenger HU, Ensinger H, Hetzel WD, Ahnefeld FW, Georgieff M (1992) Stress hormone response during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesthesiology 77:662–668 PubMedCrossRef

660.

Mukoyama T, Kinoshita K, Nagao K, Tanjoh K (2009) Reduced effectiveness of vasopressin in repeated doses for patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 80:755–761 PubMedCrossRef

661.

Lindner KH, Dirks B, Strohmenger HU, Prengel AW, Lindner IM, Lurie KG (1997) Randomised comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Lancet 349:535–537 PubMedCrossRef

662.

Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, Stadlbauer KH, Lindner KH (2004) A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 350:105–113 PubMedCrossRef

663.

Stiell IG, Hebert PC, Wells GA et al (2001) Vasopressin versus epinephrine for inhospital cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 358:105–109 PubMedCrossRef

664.

Ong ME, Tiah L, Leong BS et al (2012) A randomised, double-blind, multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest presenting to or in the Emergency Department. Resuscitation 83:953–960 PubMedCrossRef

665.

Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Siempos I, Malachias S, Ulmer H, Wenzel V (2012) Vasopressin for cardiac arrest: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation 83:32–39 PubMedCrossRef

666.

Callaway CW, Hostler D, Doshi AA et al (2006) Usefulness of vasopressin administered with epinephrine during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 98:1316–1321 PubMedCrossRef

667.

Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E et al (2008) Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 359:21–30 PubMedCrossRef

668.

Ducros L, Vicaut E, Soleil C et al (2011) Effect of the addition of vasopressin or vasopressin plus nitroglycerin to epinephrine on arterial blood pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. J Emerg Med 41:453–459 PubMedCrossRef

669.

Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Tzoufi M et al (2009) Vasopressin, epinephrine, and corticosteroids for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med 169:15–24 PubMedCrossRef

670.

Mentzelopoulos SD, Malachias S, Chamos C et al (2013) Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310:270–279 PubMedCrossRef

671.

Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK et al (1999) Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 341:871–878 PubMedCrossRef

672.

Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R, Barr A (2002) Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 346:884–890 PubMedCrossRef

673.

Masini E, Planchenault J, Pezziardi F, Gautier P, Gagnol JP (1985) Histamine-releasing properties of Polysorbate 80 in vitro and in vivo: correlation with its hypotensive action in the dog. Agents Actions 16:470–477 PubMedCrossRef

674.

Cushing DJ, Adams MP, Cooper WD, Agha B, Souney PF (2012) Comparative bioavailability of a premixed, ready-to-use formulation of intravenous amiodarone with traditional admixture in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 52:214–221 PubMedCrossRef

675.

Skrifvars MB, Kuisma M, Boyd J et al (2004) The use of undiluted amiodarone in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 48:582–587 PubMedCrossRef

676.

Petrovic T, Adnet F, Lapandry C (1998) Successful resuscitation of ventricular fibrillation after low-dose amiodarone. Ann Emerg Med 32:518–519 PubMedCrossRef

677.

Levine JH, Massumi A, Scheinman MM et al (1996) Intravenous amiodarone for recurrent sustained hypotensive ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Trial Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:67–75 PubMedCrossRef

678.

Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI et al (2002) Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 90:853–859 PubMedCrossRef

679.

Somberg JC, Timar S, Bailin SJ et al (2004) Lack of a hypotensive effect with rapid administration of a new aqueous formulation of intravenous amiodarone. Am J Cardiol 93:576–581 PubMedCrossRef

680.

Thel MC, Armstrong AL, McNulty SE, Califf RM, O’Connor CM (1997) Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Duke Internal Medicine Housestaff. Lancet 350:1272–1276 PubMedCrossRef

681.

Allegra J, Lavery R, Cody R et al (2001) Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 49:245–249 PubMedCrossRef

682.

Fatovich D, Prentice D, Dobb G (1998) Magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Lancet 351:446 PubMedCrossRef

683.

Hassan TB, Jagger C, Barnett DB (2002) A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation. Emerg Med J 19:57–62 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

684.

Miller B, Craddock L, Hoffenberg S et al (1995) Pilot study of intravenous magnesium sulfate in refractory cardiac arrest: safety data and recommendations for future studies. Resuscitation 30:3–14 PubMedCrossRef

685.

Longstreth WT Jr, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2002) Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology 59:506–514 PubMedCrossRef

686.

Matsusaka T, Hasebe N, Jin YT, Kawabe J, Kikuchi K (2002) Magnesium reduces myocardial infarct size via enhancement of adenosine mechanism in rabbits. Cardiovasc Res 54:568–575 PubMedCrossRef

687.

Harrison EE, Amey BD (1983) The use of calcium in cardiac resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 1:267–273 PubMedCrossRef

688.

Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Laupacis A, Weitzman BN (1995) Association of drug therapy with survival in cardiac arrest: limited role of advanced cardiac life support drugs. Acad Emerg Med 2:264–273 PubMedCrossRef

689.

Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH (1985) The effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory electromechanical dissociation. Ann Emerg Med 14:626–629 PubMedCrossRef

690.

Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH (1985) Lack of effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory asystole. Ann Emerg Med 14:630–632 PubMedCrossRef

691.

Stueven HA, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ (1984) Calcium chloride: reassessment of use in asystole. Ann Emerg Med 13:820–822 PubMedCrossRef

692.

Gando S, Tedo I, Tujinaga H, Kubota M (1988) Variation in serum ionized calcium on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Anesth 2:154–160 PubMedCrossRef

693.

Stueven H, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Darin JC (1983) Use of calcium in prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 12:136–139 PubMedCrossRef

694.

van Walraven C, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Vandemheen K (1998) Do advanced cardiac life support drugs increase resuscitation rates from in-hospital cardiac arrest? The OTAC Study Group. Ann Emerg Med 32:544–553 PubMedCrossRef

695.

Dybvik T, Strand T, Steen PA (1995) Buffer therapy during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 29:89–95 PubMedCrossRef

696.

Aufderheide TP, Martin DR, Olson DW et al (1992) Prehospital bicarbonate use in cardiac arrest: a 3-year experience. Am J Emerg Med 10:4–7 PubMedCrossRef

697.

Delooz H, Lewi PJ (1989) Are inter-center differences in EMS-management and sodium-bicarbonate administration important for the outcome of CPR? The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl):S199–S206 CrossRef

698.

Roberts D, Landolfo K, Light R, Dobson K (1990) Early predictors of mortality for hospitalized patients suffering cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest 97:413–419 PubMedCrossRef

699.

Suljaga-Pechtel K, Goldberg E, Strickon P, Berger M, Skovron ML (1984) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a hospitalized population: prospective study of factors associated with outcome. Resuscitation 12:77–95 PubMedCrossRef

700.

Weil MH, Trevino RP, Rackow EC (1985) Sodium bicarbonate during CPR. Does it help or hinder? Chest 88:487 PubMedCrossRef

701.

Vukmir RB, Katz L (2006) Sodium bicarbonate improves outcome in prolonged prehospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 24:156–161 PubMedCrossRef

702.

Weng YM, Wu SH, Li WC, Kuo CW, Chen SY, Chen JC (2013) The effects of sodium bicarbonate during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 31:562–565 PubMedCrossRef

703.

Bar-Joseph G, Abramson NS, Kelsey SF, Mashiach T, Craig MT, Safar P (2005) Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:6–15 PubMedCrossRef

704.

Weaver WD, Eisenberg MS, Martin JS et al (1990) Myocardial infarction triage and intervention project, phase I: patient characteristics and feasibility of prehospital initiation of thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:925–931 PubMedCrossRef

705.

Sandeman DJ, Alahakoon TI, Bentley SC (1997) Tricyclic poisoning – successful management of ventricular fibrillation following massive overdose of imipramine. Anaesth Intensive Care 25:542–545 PubMed

706.

Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G et al (2010) European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010 section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 81:1400–1433 PubMedCrossRef

707.

Lin SR (1978) The effect of dextran and streptokinase on cerebral function and blood flow after cardiac arrest. An experimental study on the dog. Neuroradiology 16:340–342 PubMedCrossRef

708.

Fischer M, Bottiger BW, Popov-Cenic S, Hossmann KA (1996) Thrombolysis using plasminogen activator and heparin reduces cerebral no-reflow after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an experimental study in the cat. Intensive Care Med 22:1214–1223 PubMedCrossRef

709.

Ruiz-Bailen M, Aguayo de Hoyos E, Serrano-Corcoles MC, Diaz-Castellanos MA, Ramos-Cuadra JA, Reina-Toral A (2001) Efficacy of thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 27:1050–1057 PubMedCrossRef

710.

Bottiger BW, Bode C, Kern S et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy after initially unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet 357:1583–1585 PubMedCrossRef

711.

Janata K, Holzer M, Kurkciyan I et al (2003) Major bleeding complications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the place of thrombolytic therapy in cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation 57:49–55 PubMedCrossRef

712.

Kurkciyan I, Meron G, Sterz F et al (2000) Pulmonary embolism as a cause of cardiac arrest: presentation and outcome. Arch Intern Med 160:1529–1535 PubMedCrossRef

713.

Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kroesen G, Baubin M (2001) Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 108 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 50:71–76 PubMedCrossRef

714.

Bozeman WP, Kleiner DM, Ferguson KL (2006) Empiric tenecteplase is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation and short term survival in cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to standard interventions. Resuscitation 69:399–406 PubMedCrossRef

715.

Stadlbauer KH, Krismer AC, Arntz HR et al (2006) Effects of thrombolysis during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Cardiol 97:305–308 PubMedCrossRef

716.

Fatovich DM, Dobb GJ, Clugston RA (2004) A pilot randomised trial of thrombolysis in cardiac arrest (The TICA trial). Resuscitation 61:309–313 PubMedCrossRef

717.

Tiffany PA, Schultz M, Stueven H (1998) Bolus thrombolytic infusions during CPR for patients with refractory arrest rhythms: outcome of a case series. Ann Emerg Med 31:124–126 PubMedCrossRef

718.

Abu-Laban RB, Christenson JM, Innes GD et al (2002) Tissue plasminogen activator in cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. N Engl J Med 346:1522–1528 PubMedCrossRef

719.

Bottiger BW, Arntz HR, Chamberlain DA et al (2008) Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 359:2651–2662 PubMedCrossRef

720.

Li X, Fu QL, Jing XL et al (2006) A meta-analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with and without the administration of thrombolytic agents. Resuscitation 70:31–36 PubMedCrossRef

721.

Fava M, Loyola S, Bertoni H, Dougnac A (2005) Massive pulmonary embolism: percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:119–123 PubMedCrossRef

722.

Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kinzl J, Kroesen G, Baubin M (2004) Long-term survival and neurological outcome of patients who received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:123–129 PubMedCrossRef

723.

Zahorec R (2002) Rescue systemic thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Bratisl Lek Listy 103:266–269 PubMed

724.

Konstantinov IE, Saxena P, Koniuszko MD, Alvarez J, Newman MA (2007) Acute massive pulmonary embolism with cardiopulmonary resuscitation: management and results. Tex Heart Inst J 34:41–45. (discussion 5–6) PubMedCentralPubMed

725.

Scholz KH, Hilmer T, Schuster S, Wojcik J, Kreuzer H, Tebbe U (1990) Thrombolysis in resuscitated patients with pulmonary embolism. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 115:930–935 PubMedCrossRef

726.

Gramann J, Lange-Braun P, Bodemann T, Hochrein H (1991) Der Einsatz von Thrombolytika in der Reanimation als Ultima ratio zur Überwindung des Herztodes. Intensiv Notfallbehandlung 16:134–137

727.

Klefisch F et al (1995) Praklinische ultima-ratio thrombolyse bei therapierefraktarer kardiopulmonaler reanimation. Intensivmedizin 32:155–162

728.

Böttiger BW, Martin E (2001) Thrombolytic therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the role of coagulation activation after cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 7:176–183 PubMedCrossRef

729.

Spöhr F, Böttiger BW (2003) Safety of thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Drug Saf 26:367–379 PubMedCrossRef

730.

Wu JP, Gu DY, Wang S, Zhang ZJ, Zhou JC, Zhang RF (2014) Good neurological recovery after rescue thrombolysis of presumed pulmonary embolism despite prior 100 min CPR. J Thorac Dis 6:E289–E293 PubMedCentralPubMed

731.

Langhelle A, Tyvold SS, Lexow K, Hapnes SA, Sunde K, Steen PA (2003) In-hospital factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A comparison between four regions in Norway. Resuscitation 56:247–263 PubMedCrossRef

732.

Calle PA, Buylaert WA, Vanhaute OA (1989) Glycemia in the post-resuscitation period. The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl):S181–S188. (discussion S99–206) PubMedCrossRef

733.

Longstreth WT Jr, Diehr P, Inui TS (1983) Prediction of awakening after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 308:1378–1382 PubMedCrossRef

734.

Longstreth WT Jr, Inui TS (1984) High blood glucose level on hospital admission and poor neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 15:59–63 PubMedCrossRef

735.

Longstreth WT Jr, Copass MK, Dennis LK, Rauch-Matthews ME, Stark MS, Cobb LA (1993) Intravenous glucose after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: a community-based randomized trial. Neurology 43:2534–2541 PubMedCrossRef

736.

Mackenzie CF (1975) A review of 100 cases of cardiac arrest and the relation of potassium, glucose, and haemoglobin levels to survival. West Indian Med J 24:39–45 PubMed

737.

Mullner M, Sterz F, Binder M, Schreiber W, Deimel A, Laggner AN (1997) Blood glucose concentration after cardiopulmonary resuscitation influences functional neurological recovery in human cardiac arrest survivors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:430–436 PubMedCrossRef

738.

Skrifvars MB, Pettila V, Rosenberg PH, Castren M (2003) A multiple logistic regression analysis of in-hospital factors related to survival at six months in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 59:319–328 PubMedCrossRef

739.

Peng TJ, Andersen LW, Saindon BZ et al (2015) The administration of dextrose during in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with increased mortality and neurologic morbidity. Crit Care 19:160 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

740.

Ditchey RV, Lindenfeld J (1984) Potential adverse effects of volume loading on perfusion of vital organs during closed-chest resuscitation. Circulation 69:181–189 PubMedCrossRef

741.

Voorhees WD, Ralston SH, Kougias C, Schmitz PM (1987) Fluid loading with whole blood or Ringer’s lactate solution during CPR in dogs. Resuscitation 15:113–123 PubMedCrossRef

742.

Yannopoulos D, Zviman M, Castro V et al (2009) Intra-cardiopulmonary resuscitation hypothermia with and without volume loading in an ischemic model of cardiac arrest. Circulation 120:1426–1435 PubMedCrossRef

743.

Gentile NT, Martin GB, Appleton TJ, Moeggenberg J, Paradis NA, Nowak RM (1991) Effects of arterial and venous volume infusion on coronary perfusion pressures during canine CPR. Resuscitation 22:55–63 PubMedCrossRef

744.

Kim F, Nichol G, Maynard C et al (2014) Effect of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia on survival and neurological status among adults with cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311:45–52 PubMedCrossRef

745.

Debaty G, Maignan M, Savary D et al (2014) Impact of intra-arrest therapeutic hypothermia in outcomes of prehospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 40:1832–1842 PubMedCrossRef

746.

Krep H, Breil M, Sinn D, Hagendorff A, Hoeft A, Fischer M (2004) Effects of hypertonic versus isotonic infusion therapy on regional cerebral blood flow after experimental cardiac arrest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Resuscitation 63:73–83 PubMedCrossRef

747.

Bender R, Breil M, Heister U et al (2007) Hypertonic saline during CPR: Feasibility and safety of a new protocol of fluid management during resuscitation. Resuscitation 72:74–81 PubMedCrossRef

748.

Breil M, Krep H, Heister U et al (2012) Randomised study of hypertonic saline infusion during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:347–352 PubMedCrossRef

749.

Hahn C, Breil M, Schewe JC et al (2014) Hypertonic saline infusion during resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a matched-pair study from the German Resuscitation Registry. Resuscitation 85:628–636 PubMedCrossRef

750.

Antonelli M, Sandroni C (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch for intravenous volume replacement: more harm than benefit. JAMA 309:723–724 PubMedCrossRef

751.

Soar J, Foster J, Breitkreutz R (2009) Fluid infusion during CPR and after ROSC – is it safe? Resuscitation 80:1221–1222 PubMedCrossRef

752.

Delguercio LR, Feins NR, Cohn JD, Coomaraswamy RP, Wollman SB, State D (1965) Comparison of blood flow during external and internal cardiac massage in man. Circulation 31(Suppl 1):171–180 PubMed

753.

Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:299–304 PubMedCrossRef

754.

Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H, Wik L et al (2006) Quality of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with real time automated feedback: a prospective interventional study. Resuscitation 71:283–292 PubMedCrossRef

755.

Sutton RM, Maltese MR, Niles D et al (2009) Quantitative analysis of chest compression interruptions during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents. Resuscitation 80:1259–1263 PubMedCrossRef

756.

Sutton RM, Niles D, Nysaether J et al (2009) Quantitative analysis of CPR quality during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents. Pediatrics 124:494–499 PubMedCrossRef

757.

Olasveengen TM, Wik L, Steen PA (2008) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation before and during transport in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:185–190 PubMedCrossRef

758.

Slattery DE, Silver A (2009) The hazards of providing care in emergency vehicles: an opportunity for reform. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:388–397 PubMedCrossRef

759.

Friberg H, Rundgren M (2009) Submersion, accidental hypothermia and cardiac arrest, mechanical chest compressions as a bridge to final treatment: a case report. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 17:7 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

760.

Zimmermann S, Rohde D, Marwan M, Ludwig J, Achenbach S (2014) Complete recovery after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with prolonged (59 min) mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mild therapeutic hypothermia and complex percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Heart Lung 43:62–65 PubMedCrossRef

761.

Forti A, Zilio G, Zanatta P et al (2014) Full recovery after prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation with mechanical chest compression device during helicopter transportation and percutaneous coronary intervention. J Emerg Med 47:632–634 PubMedCrossRef

762.

Wesley K, Wesley KD (2013) Mechanical CPR: it could save more than the patient’s life. JEMS 38:29 PubMed

763.

Govindarajan P, Lin L, Landman A et al (2012) Practice variability among the EMS systems participating in Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES). Resuscitation 83:76–80 PubMedCrossRef

764.

Wik L, Olsen JA, Persse D et al (2014) Manual vs. integrated automatic load-distributing band CPR with equal survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest. The randomized CIRC trial. Resuscitation 85:741–748 PubMedCrossRef

765.

Rubertsson S, Lindgren E, Smekal D et al (2014) Mechanical chest compressions and simultaneous defibrillation vs conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the LINC randomized trial. JAMA 311:53–61 PubMedCrossRef

766.

Perkins GD, Lall R, Quinn T et al (2015) Mechanical versus manual chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PARAMEDIC): a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 385:947–955 PubMedCrossRef

767.

Stiell IG, Brown SP, Nichol G et al (2014) What is the optimal chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation of adult patients? Circulation 130:1962–1970 PubMedCrossRef

768.

Wallace SK, Abella BS, Becker LB (2013) Quantifying the effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality on cardiac arrest outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 6:148–156 PubMedCrossRef

769.

Soar J, Nolan JP (2014) Manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest – with or without mechanical CPR? Resuscitation 85:705–706 PubMedCrossRef

770.

Spiro JR, White S, Quinn N et al (2015) Automated cardiopulmonary resuscitation using a load-distributing band external cardiac support device for in-hospital cardiac arrest: a single centre experience of AutoPulse-CPR. Int J Cardiol 180:7–14 PubMedCrossRef

771.

Ong ME, Quah JL, Annathurai A et al (2013) Improving the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by training dedicated cardiac arrest teams incorporating a mechanical load-distributing device at the emergency department. Resuscitation 84:508–514 PubMedCrossRef

772.

Lerner EB, Persse D, Souders CM et al (2011) Design of the Circulation Improving Resuscitation Care (CIRC) Trial: a new state of the art design for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest research. Resuscitation 82:294–299 PubMedCrossRef

773.

Brooks SC, Hassan N, Bigham BL, Morrison LJ (2014) Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD007260 PubMed

774.

Lu XG, Kang X, Gong DB (2010) [The clinical efficacy of Thumper modal 1007 cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective randomized control trial]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 22:496–497 PubMed

775.

Smekal D, Lindgren E, Sandler H, Johansson J, Rubertsson S (2014) CPR-related injuries after manual or mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS device: a multicentre study of victims after unsuccessful resuscitation. Resuscitation 85:1708–1712 PubMedCrossRef

776.

Smekal D, Johansson J, Huzevka T, Rubertsson S (2011) A pilot study of mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS device in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 82:702–706 PubMedCrossRef

777.

Hallstrom A, Rea TD, Sayre MR et al (2006) Manual chest compression vs use of an automated chest compression device during resuscitation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 295:2620–2628 PubMedCrossRef

778.

Steinmetz J, Barnung S, Nielsen SL, Risom M, Rasmussen LS (2008) Improved survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using new guidelines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:908–913 PubMedCrossRef

779.

Casner M, Anderson D et al (2005) Preliminary report of the impact of a new CPR assist device on the rate of return of spontaneous circulation in out of hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Med 9:61–67 CrossRef

780.

Ong ME, Ornato JP, Edwards DP et al (2006) Use of an automated, load-distributing band chest compression device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation. JAMA 295:2629–2637 PubMed

781.

Timerman S, Cardoso LF, Ramires JA, Halperin H (2004) Improved hemodynamic performance with a novel chest compression device during treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:273–280 PubMedCrossRef

782.

Boczar ME, Howard MA, Rivers EP et al (1995) A technique revisited: hemodynamic comparison of closed- and open-chest cardiac massage during human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 23:498–503 PubMedCrossRef

783.

Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P, Michalis A, Palatianos GM, Geroulanos S (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113:15–19 PubMedCrossRef

784.

Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre – Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52:269–272 PubMedCrossRef

785.

Kornhall DK, Dolven T (2014) Resuscitative thoracotomies and open chest cardiac compressions in non-traumatic cardiac arrest. World J Emerg Surg 9:54 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

786.

Lindner KH, Pfenninger EG, Lurie KG, Schurmann W, Lindner IM, Ahnefeld FW (1993) Effects of active compression-decompression resuscitation on myocardial and cerebral blood flow in pigs. Circulation 88:1254–1263 PubMedCrossRef

787.

Shultz JJ, Coffeen P, Sweeney M et al (1994) Evaluation of standard and active compression-decompression CPR in an acute human model of ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 89:684–693 PubMedCrossRef

788.

Chang MW, Coffeen P, Lurie KG, Shultz J, Bache RJ, White CW (1994) Active compression-decompression CPR improves vital organ perfusion in a dog model of ventricular fibrillation. Chest 106:1250–1259 PubMedCrossRef

789.

Orliaguet GA, Carli PA, Rozenberg A, Janniere D, Sauval P, Delpech P (1995) End-tidal carbon dioxide during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: comparison of active compression-decompression and standard CPR. Ann Emerg Med 25:48–51 PubMedCrossRef

790.

Guly UM, Mitchell RG, Cook R, Steedman DJ, Robertson CE (1995) Paramedics and technicians are equally successful at managing cardiac arrest outside hospital. BMJ 310:1091–1094 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

791.

Tucker KJ, Galli F, Savitt MA, Kahsai D, Bresnahan L, Redberg RF (1994) Active compression-decompression resuscitation: effect on resuscitation success after in-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 24:201–209 PubMedCrossRef

792.

Malzer R, Zeiner A, Binder M et al (1996) Hemodynamic effects of active compression-decompression after prolonged CPR. Resuscitation 31:243–253 PubMedCrossRef

793.

Lurie KG, Shultz JJ, Callaham ML et al (1994) Evaluation of active compression-decompression CPR in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 271:1405–1411 PubMedCrossRef

794.

Cohen TJ, Goldner BG, Maccaro PC et al (1993) A comparison of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrests occurring in the hospital. N Engl J Med 329:1918–1921 PubMedCrossRef

795.

Schwab TM, Callaham ML, Madsen CD, Utecht TA (1995) A randomized clinical trial of active compression-decompression CPR vs standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in two cities. JAMA 273:1261–1268 PubMedCrossRef

796.

Stiell I, H’ebert P, Well G et al (1996) Tne Ontario trial of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in-hospital and prehospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 275:1417–1423 PubMedCrossRef

797.

Mauer D, Schneider T, Dick W, Withelm A, Elich D, Mauer M (1996) Active compression-decompression resuscitation: a prospective, randomized study in a two-tiered EMS system with physicians in the field. Resuscitation 33:125–134 PubMedCrossRef

798.

Nolan J, Smith G, Evans R et al (1998) The United Kingdom pre-hospital study of active compression-decompression resuscitation. Resuscitation 37:119–125 PubMedCrossRef

799.

Luiz T, Ellinger K, Denz C (1996) Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation does not improve survival in patients with prehospital cardiac arrest in a physician-manned emergency medical system. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10:178–186 PubMedCrossRef

800.

Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E et al (1999) A comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation and active compression-decompression resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. French Active Compression-Decompression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Study Group. N Engl J Med 341:569–575 PubMedCrossRef

801.

Lafuente-Lafuente C, Melero-Bascones M (2013) Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD002751 PubMed

802.

Luo XR, Zhang HL, Chen GJ, Ding WS, Huang L (2013) Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) versus standard CPR for cardiac arrest patients: a meta-analysis. World J Emerg Med 4:266–272 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

803.

Baubin M, Rabl W, Pfeiffer KP, Benzer A, Gilly H (1999) Chest injuries after active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD-CPR) in cadavers. Resuscitation 43:9–15 PubMedCrossRef

804.

Rabl W, Baubin M, Broinger G, Scheithauer R (1996) Serious complications from active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Legal Med 109:84–89 PubMedCrossRef

805.

Hoke RS, Chamberlain D (2004) Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 63:327–338 PubMedCrossRef

806.

Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Payen D (2000) Inspiratory impedance during active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized evaluation in patients in cardiac arrest. Circulation 101:989–994 PubMedCrossRef

807.

Plaisance P, Soleil C, Lurie KG, Vicaut E, Ducros L, Payen D (2005) Use of an inspiratory impedance threshold device on a facemask and endotracheal tube to reduce intrathoracic pressures during the decompression phase of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 33:990–994 PubMedCrossRef

808.

Wolcke BB, Mauer DK, Schoefmann MF et al (2003) Comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus the combination of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation and an inspiratory impedance threshold device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 108:2201–2205 PubMedCrossRef

809.

Aufderheide TP, Pirrallo RG, Provo TA, Lurie KG (2005) Clinical evaluation of an inspiratory impedance threshold device during standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 33:734–740

810.

Aufderheide TP, Nichol G, Rea TD et al (2011) A trial of an impedance threshold device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 365:798–806

811.

Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E et al (2004) Evaluation of an impedance threshold device in patients receiving active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61:265–271 PubMedCrossRef

812.

Aufderheide TP, Frascone RJ, Wayne MA et al (2011) Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with augmentation of negative intrathoracic pressure for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised trial. Lancet 377:301–311 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

813.

Frascone RJ, Wayne MA, Swor RA et al (2013) Treatment of non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with active compression decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation plus an impedance threshold device. Resuscitation 84:1214–1222 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

814.

European Heart Rhythm A, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic S, Camm AJ et al (2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 31:2369–2429 PubMedCrossRef

815.

Delacretaz E (2006) Clinical practice. Supraventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med 354:1039–1051 PubMedCrossRef

816.

Dauchot P, Gravenstein JS (1971) Effects of atropine on the electrocardiogram in different age groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12:274–280

817.

Chamberlain DA, Turner P, Sneddon JM (1967) Effects of atropine on heart-rate in healthy man. Lancet 2:12–15

818.

Bernheim A, Fatio R, Kiowski W, Weilenmann D, Rickli H, Rocca HP (2004) Atropine often results in complete atrioventricular block or sinus arrest after cardiac transplantation: an unpredictable and dose-independent phenomenon. Transplantation 77:1181–1185

819.

Gulamhusein S, Ko P, Carruthers SG, Klein GJ (1982) Acceleration of the ventricular response during atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after verapamil. Circulation 65:348–354 PubMedCrossRef

820.

January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS et al (2014) AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:e1–e76 PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („adult advanced life support“)
Kapitel 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council
Autoren:: J. Soar
J.P. Nolan
B.W. Böttiger
G.D. Perkins
C. Lott
P. Carli
T. Pellis
C. Sandroni
M.B. Skrifvars
G.B. Smith
K. Sunde
C.D. Deakin
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-015-0085-x
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Zeitschrift: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin Zeitschrift für präklinische und innerklinische Notfallmedizin
Ausgabe 8/2015
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578

Springerpflege

Tipp

Weitere Artikel dieser Ausgabe durch Wischen aufrufen

Zu diesem Kapitel haben beigetragen:

Ohne Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2015

Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren

Die Versorgung und Reanimation des Neugeborenen

Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern („paediatric life support“)

Das initiale Management des akuten Koronarsyndroms

Kreislaufstillstand in besonderen Situationen

Kurzdarstellung