nach oben

Tipp

Weitere Kapitel dieses Buchs durch Wischen aufrufen

Erschienen in:

Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Plazentainsuffizienz/Plazentaassoziierte Erkrankungen

verfasst von : Berthold Huppertz, Ulrich Pecks, Holger Stepan

Erschienen in: Die Plazenta

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Kapitel werden zwei wichtige Plazenta-assoziierte Schwangerschaftserkrankungen beschrieben: die Präeklampsie und die fetale Wachstumsrestriktion (IUGR). Bei beiden Erkrankungen sind die Abfolgen der Entstehung noch weitestgehend ungeklärt. Daher wird im ersten Abschnitt versucht, die aktuellen Hypothesen zur Entstehung beider Syndrome zusammenzufassen und den alten Hypothesen entgegenzustellen. Dabei zeigt sich die entscheidende Rolle des Zusammenspiels zwischen Mutter und Plazenta. Der zweite Abschnitt beinhaltet die Diagnostik und das Management der fetalen Wachstumsrestriktion und welche große Studien augenblicklich laufen, um die beste Versorgung des Kindes zu ermitteln. Der letzte Abschnitt befasst sich mit der Diagnostik und dem Management der Präeklampsie. Hier finden sich auch Informationen zu prädiktiven Biomarkern, der Risikoabschätzung im ersten Trimenon und den Langzeiterkrankungen durch Präeklampsie.

Vorheriges Kapitel Störung der Frühschwangerschaft und Aborte

Nächstes Kapitel Die Plazenta bei Zwillingen

Bahlmann F, Fittschen M, Reinhard I, Wellek S, Steiner E (2012) Reference values for blood flow velocity in the uterine artery in normal pregnancies from 18 weeks to 42 weeks of gestation calculated by automatic Doppler waveform analysis. Ultraschall in Med 33:258–264 CrossRef

Burton GJ, Woods AW, Jauniaux E, Kingdom JC (2009) Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy. Placenta 30:473–482 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Chafetz I, Kuhnreich I, Sammar M, Tal Y, Gibor Y, Meiri H, Cuckle H, Wolf M (2007) First-trimester placental protein 13 screening for preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197:35.e1–7

Choudhury M, Friedman JE (2012) Epigenetics and microRNAs in preeclampsia. Clin Exp Hypertens 34:334–341 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Dadelszen P von, Magee LA, Roberts JM (2003) Subclassification of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 22:143–148 CrossRef

Davey DA, MacGillivray I (1988) The classification and definition of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:892–898 PubMedCrossRef

Douglas KA, Redman CW (1994) Eclampsia in the United Kingdom. BMJ 309:1395–1400 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Ehr J von, Versen-Höynck F von (2016) Implications of maternal conditions and pregnancy course on offspring’s medical problems in adult life. Arch Gynecol Obstet 294:673–679 CrossRef

Godfrey KM, Barker DJ (2001) Fetal programming and adult health. Pub Health Nutr 4:611–624 CrossRef

Goswami D, Tannetta DS, Magee LA, Fuchisawa A, Redman CW, Sargent IL, Dadelszen P von (2006) Excess syncytiotrophoblast microparticle shedding is a feature of early-onset pre-eclampsia, but not normotensive intrauterine growth restriction. Placenta 27:56–61 PubMedCrossRef

Hogg K, Blair JD, McFadden DE, Dadelszen P von, Robinson WP (2013) Early onset pre-eclampsia is associated with altered DNA methylation of cortisol-signalling and steroidogenic genes in the placenta. PLoS 8:e62969 CrossRef

Huppertz B (2008) Placental origins of preeclampsia: challenging the current hypothesis. Hypertension 51:970–975 PubMedCrossRef

Huppertz B (2010) IFPA Award in Placentology Lecture: biology of the placental syncytiotrophoblast–myths and facts. Placenta 31(Suppl):75–81 PubMedCrossRef

Huppertz B (2011) Trophoblast differentiation, fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 1:79–86 PubMedCrossRef

Huppertz B, Kadyrov M, Kingdom JC (2006) Apoptosis and its role in the trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195:29–39 PubMedCrossRef

Huppertz B, Gauster M, Orendi K, König J, Moser G (2009) Oxygen as modulator of trophoblast invasion. J Anat 215:14–20 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Huppertz B, Sammar M, Chefetz I, Neumaier-Wagner P, Bartz C, Meiri H (2008) Longitudinal determination of serum placental protein 13 during development of preeclampsia. Fetal Diagn Ther 24:230–236

Irgens HU, Reisaeter L, Irgens LM, Lie RT (2001) Long term mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study. BMJ 323:1213–1217 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Jauniaux E, Greenwold N, Hempstock J, Burton GJ (2003) Comparison of ultrasonographic and doppler mapping of the intervillous circulation in normal and abnormal early pregnancies. Fertil Steril 79:100–106 PubMedCrossRef

Jauniaux E, Watson AL, Hempstock J, Bao YP, Skepper JN, Burton GJ (2000) Onset of maternal arterial blood flow and placental oxidative stress; a possible factor in human early pregnancy failure. Am J Pathol 157:2111–2122 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Johansen M, Redman CW, Wilkins T, Sargent IL (1999) Trophoblast deportation in human pregnancy – its relevance for pre-eclampsia. Placenta 20:531–539 PubMedCrossRef

Kakogawa J, Sumimoto K, Kawamura T, Minoura S, Kanayama N (2010) Noninvasive monitoring of placental oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy. Am J Perinatol 27:463–468 PubMedCrossRef

Kaufmann P, Black S, Huppertz B (2003) Endovascular trophoblast invasion: implications for the pathogenesis of intrauterine growth retardation and preeclampsia. Biol Reprod 69:1–7 PubMedCrossRef

Kawamura T, Kakogawa J, Takeuchi Y, Takani S, Kimura S, Nishiguchi T, Sugimura M, Sumimoto K, Kanayama N (2007) Measurement of placental oxygenation by transabdominal near-infrared spectroscopy. Am J Perinatol 24:161–166 PubMedCrossRef

Kingdom JC, Kaufmann P (1997) Oxygen and placental villous development: origins of fetal hypoxia. Placenta 18:613–621 PubMedCrossRef

Konje JC, Kaufmann P, Bell SC, Taylor DJ (2001) A longitudinal study of quantitative uterine blood flow with the use of color power angiography in appropriate for gestational age pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:608–613 PubMedCrossRef

Levine RJ, Hauth JC, Curet LB, Sibai BM, Catalano PM, Morris CD, DerSimonian R, Esterlitz JR, Raymond EG, Bild DE, Clemens JD, Cutler JA (1997) Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 337:69–76 PubMedCrossRef

Lindheimer MD, Taler SJ, Cunningham FG; American Society of Hypertension (2009) ASH position paper: hypertension in pregnancy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 11:214–225 CrossRef

Longtine MS, Nelson DM (2011) Placental dysfunction and fetal programming: the importance of placental size, shape, histopathology, and molecular composition. Semin Reprod Med 29:187–196 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

MacKay AP, Berg CJ, Atrash HK (2001) Pregnancy-related mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 97:533–538 PubMed

Mongraw-Chaffin ML, Cirillo PM, Cohn BA (2010) Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease death: prospective evidence from the child health and development studies cohort. Hypertension 56:166–171 PubMedCrossRef

Moodley J, Kalane G (2006) A review of the management of eclampsia: practical issues. Hypertens Pregnancy 25:47–62 PubMedCrossRef

Myatt L, Miodovnik M (1999) Prediction of preeclampsia. Semin Perinatol 25:45–57 CrossRef

Nicolaides KH, Bindra R, Turan OM, Chefetz I, Sammar M, Meiri H, Tal J, Cuckle HS (2006) A novel approach to first-trimester screening for early pre-eclampsia combining serum PP-13 and Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 27:13–17 PubMedCrossRef

Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Hanssens M (2006) The uterine spiral arteries in human pregnancy: facts and controversies. Placenta 27:939–958 PubMedCrossRef

Pilalis A, Souka AP, Antsaklis P, Basayiannis K, Benardis P, Haidopoulos D, Papantoniou N, Mesogitis S, Antsaklis A (2007) Screening for pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age fetuses at the 11-14 weeks scan by uterine artery Dopplers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 86:530–534 PubMedCrossRef

Redman CW, Sargent IL (2000) Placental debris, oxidative stress and pre-eclampsia. Placenta 21:597–602 PubMedCrossRef

Roberts JM, Cooper DW (2001) Pathogenesis and genetics of preeclampsia. Lancet 357:53–56 PubMedCrossRef

Rodesch F, Simon P, Donner C, Jauniaux E (1992) Oxygen measurements in endometrial and trophoblastic tissues during early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 80:283–285 PubMed

Schaaps JP, Tsatsaris V, Goffin F, Brichant JF, Delbecque K, Tebache M, Collignon L, Retz MC, Foidart JM (2005) Shunting the intervillous space: new concepts in human uteroplacental vascularization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:323–332 PubMedCrossRef

Schaarschmidt W, Rana S, Stepan H (2013) The course of angiogenic factors in early- vs. late-onset preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. J Perinat Med 41:511–516 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Sibai BM (1990) Eclampsia. VI. Maternal-perinatal outcome in 254 consecutive cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:1049–1054 PubMedCrossRef

Sibai BM (2004) Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol 103:981–991 PubMedCrossRef

Sibai BN, Caritis SN, Thom E, Klebanoff M, McNellis D, Rocco L, Paul RH, Romero R, Witter F, Rosen M, Depp R (1993) Prevention of preeclampsia with low-dose aspirin in health. Nulliparous pregnant women. N Engl J Med 329:1213–1218 PubMedCrossRef

Sibley CP, Pardi G, Cetin I, Todros T, Piccoli E, Kaufmann P, Huppertz B, Bulfamante G, Cribiu FM, Ayuk P, Glazier J, Radaelli T (2002) Pathogenesis of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)-conclusions derived from a European Union Biomed 2 Concerted Action project ‘Importance of Oxygen Supply in Intrauterine Growth Restricted Pregnancies’ − a workshop report. Placenta 23 Suppl A:75–79 PubMedCrossRef

Smith GC, Pell JP, Walsh D (2001a) Pregnancy complications and maternal risk of ischaemic heart disease: a retrospective cohort study of 129,290 births. Lancet 357:2002–2006 PubMedCrossRef

Srinivas SK, Edlow AG, Neff PM, Sammel MD, Andrela CM, Elovitz MA (2009) Rethinking IUGR in preeclampsia: dependent or independent of maternal hypertension? J Perinatol 29:680–684 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Walker JJ (2000) Preeclampsia. Lancet 356:1260–1265 PubMedCrossRef

Arabin B, Siebert M, Jimenez E, Saling E (1988) Obstetrical characteristics of a loss of end-diastolic velocities in the fetal aorta and/or umbilical artery using Doppler ultrasound. Gynecol Obstet Invest 25:173–180 PubMedCrossRef

Arbeille P, Maulik D, Fignon A et al (1995) Assessment of the fetal PO2 changes by cerebral and umbilical Doppler on lamb fetuses during acute hypoxia. Ultrasound Med Biol 21:861–870 PubMedCrossRef

Aucott SW, Donohue PK, Northington FJ (2004) Increased morbidity in severe early intrauterine growth restriction. J Perinatol 24:435–440. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7211116 CrossRefPubMed

Baschat A (2013) Fetale Wachstumsrestriktion. Ultraschalldiagnostik in Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie. Springer, Berlin, S 519–539 CrossRef

Baschat AA (2011) Neurodevelopment following fetal growth restriction and its relationship with antepartum parameters of placental dysfunction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 37:501–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.9008 CrossRefPubMed

Baschat AA, Cosmi E, Bilardo CM et al (2007) Predictors of neonatal outcome in early-onset placental dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol 109:253–261. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000253215.79121.75 CrossRefPubMed

Blair EM, Nelson KB (2015) Fetal growth restriction and risk of cerebral palsy in singletons born after at least 35 weeks’ gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 212:520.e1–7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.10.1103 CrossRef

Boers KE, Vijgen SMC, Bijlenga D et al (2010) Induction versus expectant monitoring for intrauterine growth restriction at term: randomised equivalence trial (DIGITAT). BMJ 341:c7087–c7087. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c7087 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Butt K, Lim K, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (2014) Determination of gestational age by ultrasound. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 36:171–183 PubMedCrossRef

Campbell S, Thoms A (1977) Ultrasound measurement of the fetal head to abdomen circumference ratio in the assessment of growth retardation. Br J Obs Gynaecol 84:165–174 CrossRef

Chauhan SP, Taylor M, Shields D et al (2007) Intrauterine growth restriction and oligohydramnios among high-risk patients. Am J Perinatol 24:215–221 PubMedCrossRef

Cianfarani S, Agostoni C, Bedogni G et al (2012) Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on liver and long-term metabolic risk. Int J Obes (Lond) 36:1270–1277. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.54 CrossRef

Dashe JS, McIntire DD, Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ (2000) Effects of symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth on pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 96:321–327 PubMed

DeVore GR (2015) The importance of the cerebroplacental ratio in the evaluation of fetal well-being in SGA and AGA fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 213:5–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.024 CrossRefPubMed

Divon MY, Chamberlain PF, Sipos L et al (1986) Identification of the small for gestational age fetus with the use of gestational age-independent indices of fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155:1197–1201 PubMedCrossRef

Ferrazzi E, Bozzo M, Rigano S et al (2002) Temporal sequence of abnormal doppler changes in the peripheral and central circulatory systems of the severely growth-restricted fetus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 19:140–146. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0960-7692.2002.00627.x CrossRefPubMed

Flood K, Unterscheider J, Daly S et al (2014) The role of brain sparing in the prediction of adverse outcomes in intrauterine growth restriction: results of the multicenter PORTO Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 211:288.e1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.05.008 CrossRef

Frøen JF, Heazell AEP, Tveit JVH et al (2008) Fetal movement assessment. Semin Perinatol 32:243–246. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2008.04.004 CrossRefPubMed

Gardosi J, Clausson B, Francis A (2009) The value of customised centiles in assessing perinatal mortality risk associated with parity and maternal size. BJOG 116:1356–1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02245.x CrossRefPubMed

Gardosi J, Giddings S, Buller S et al (2014) Preventing stillbirths through improved antenatal recognition of pregnancies at risk due to fetal growth restriction. Public Health 128:698–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.06.022 CrossRefPubMed

Gardosi J, Madurasinghe V, Williams M et al (2013) Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: population based study. BMJ 346:f108–f108. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f108 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Getahun D, Ananth CV, Kinzler WL (2007) Risk factors for antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 196:499–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.09.017 CrossRefPubMed

Hadlock FP, Harrist RB, Sharman RS et al (1985) Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements–a prospective study. Am J Obs Gynecol 151:333–337 CrossRef

Haugen G, Kiserud T, Godfrey K et al (2004) Portal and umbilical venous blood supply to the liver in the human fetus near term. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 24:599–605. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.1744 CrossRefPubMed

Hay WW (2006) Recent observations on the regulation of fetal metabolism by glucose. J Physiol 572:17–24. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105072 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Hofstaetter C, Gudmundsson S, Hansmann M (2002) Venous doppler velocimetry in the surveillance of severely compromised fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 20:233–239. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00791.x CrossRefPubMed

Hübner J, Gast A-S, Müller AM et al (2015) Stillbirths in Germany: retrospective analysis of 168 cases between 2003 and 2011. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 219:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1395654 CrossRefPubMed

Jarvis S, Glinianaia SV, Torrioli M-G et al (2003) Cerebral palsy and intrauterine growth in single births: European collaborative study. Lancet 362:1106–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14466-2 CrossRefPubMed

Jong CL de, Francis A, Geijn HP van, Gardosi J (1999) Fetal growth rate and adverse perinatal events. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 13:86–89. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.13020086.x CrossRefPubMed

Khalil AA, Morales-Rosello J, Elsaddig M et al (2015) The association between fetal doppler and admission to neonatal unit at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 213:57.e1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.10.013 CrossRef

Khoury MJ, Erickson JD, Cordero JF, McCarthy BJ (1988) Congenital malformations and intrauterine growth retardation: a population study. Pediatrics 82:83–90 PubMed

Kiserud T, Kessler J, Ebbing C, Rasmussen S (2006) Ductus venosus shunting in growth-restricted fetuses and the effect of umbilical circulatory compromise. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 28:143–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.2784 CrossRefPubMed

Lee PA, Chernausek SD, Hokken-Koelega AC, Czernichow P (2003) International small for gestational age advisory board consensus development conference statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, april 24-october 1, 2001. Pediatrics 111:1253–1261 PubMedCrossRef

Lees C, Marlow N, Arabin B et al (2013) Perinatal morbidity and mortality in early-onset fetal growth restriction: cohort outcomes of the trial of randomized umbilical and fetal flow in Europe (TRUFFLE). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 42:400–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.13190 CrossRefPubMed

Lees CC, Marlow N, Wassenaer-Leemhuis A van et al (2015) 2 year neurodevelopmental and intermediate perinatal outcomes in infants with very preterm fetal growth restriction (TRUFFLE): a randomised trial. Lancet 385:2162–2172. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62049-3 CrossRefPubMed

Longo S, Borghesi A, Tzialla C, Stronati M (2014) IUGR and infections. Early Hum Dev 90(1):S42–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3782(14)70014-3 CrossRefPubMed

Lunde A, Melve KK, Gjessing HK et al (2007) Genetic and environmental influences on birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and gestational age by use of population-based parent-offspring data. Am J Epidemiol 165:734–741. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwk107 CrossRefPubMed

Manning FA (2002) Fetal biophysical profile: a critical appraisal. Clin Obstet Gynecol 45:975–985 PubMedCrossRef

McIntire DD, Bloom SL, Casey BM, Leveno KJ (1999) Birth weight in relation to morbidity and mortality among newborn infants. N Engl J Med 340:1234–1238. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199904223401603 CrossRefPubMed

Meher S, Hernandez-Andrade E, Basheer SN, Lees C (2015) Impact of cerebral redistribution on neurodevelopmental outcome in small-for-gestational-age or growth-restricted babies: a systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 46:398–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.14818 CrossRefPubMed

Mongelli M, Ek S, Tambyrajia R (1998) Screening for fetal growth restriction: a mathematical model of the effect of time interval and ultrasound error. Obs Gynecol 92:908–912

Morrow RJ, Adamson SL, Bull SB, Ritchie JW (1989) Effect of placental embolization on the umbilical arterial velocity waveform in fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:1055–1060 PubMedCrossRef

Nicolaides KH, Peters MT, Vyas S et al (1990) Relation of rate of urine production to oxygen tension in small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:387–391 PubMedCrossRef

Ott WJ (1988) The diagnosis of altered fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 15:237–263 PubMed

Ott WJ (1990) Comparison of dynamic image and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography for the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Ultrasound 18:3–7 PubMedCrossRef

Parra-Saavedra M, Crovetto F, Triunfo S et al (2014) Association of Doppler parameters with placental signs of underperfusion in late-onset small-for-gestational-age pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 44:330–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.13358 CrossRefPubMed

Pecks U, Brieger M, Schiessl B et al (2012) Maternal and fetal cord blood lipids in intrauterine growth restriction. J Perinat Med 40:287–296. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm.2011.135 CrossRefPubMed

Pecks U, Kirschner I, Wölter M et al (2014) Mass spectrometric profiling of cord blood serum proteomes to distinguish infants with intrauterine growth restriction from those who are small for gestational age and from control individuals. Transl Res 164:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2013.12.003 CrossRefPubMed

Pecks U, Rath W, Maass N et al (2016) Fetal gender and gestational age differentially affect PCSK9 levels in intrauterine growth restriction. Lipids Health Dis 15:193. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0365-6 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Pike K, Jane Pillow J, Lucas JS (2012) Long term respiratory consequences of intrauterine growth restriction. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 17:92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2012.01.003 CrossRefPubMed

Pilliod RA, Cheng YW, Snowden JM et al (2012) The risk of intrauterine fetal death in the small-for-gestational-age fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 207:318.e1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.039 CrossRef

Roma E, Arnau A, Berdala R et al (2015) Ultrasound screening for fetal growth restriction at 36 vs 32 weeks’ gestation: a randomized trial (ROUTE). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 46:391–397. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.14915 CrossRefPubMed

Savchev S, Figueras F, Sanz-Cortes M et al (2014) Evaluation of an optimal gestational age cut-off for the definition of early- and late-onset fetal growth restriction. Fetal Diagn Ther 36:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1159/000355525 CrossRefPubMed

Sheth T, Glantz JC (2016) Third-trimester fetal biometry and neonatal outcomes in term and preterm deliveries. J Ultrasound Med 35:103–110. https://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.15.02040 CrossRefPubMed

Simon NV, O’Connor TJ, Shearer DM (1990) Detection of intrauterine fetal growth retardation with abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight using cross-sectional growth curves. J Clin Ultrasound 18:685–690 PubMedCrossRef

Stampalija T, Arabin B, Wolf H et al (2017) Is middle cerebral artery doppler related to neonatal and 2-year infant outcome in early fetal growth restriction? Am J Obstet Gynecol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.001 CrossRefPubMed

Svensson AC, Pawitan Y, Cnattingius S et al (2006) Familial aggregation of small-for-gestational-age births: the importance of fetal genetic effects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:475–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.019 CrossRefPubMed

Thornton JG, Hornbuckle J, Vail A et al (2004) Infant wellbeing at 2 years of age in the Growth Restriction Intervention Trial (GRIT): multicentred randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364:513–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16809-8 CrossRefPubMed

Torrance HL, Bloemen MCT, Mulder EJH et al (2010) Predictors of outcome at 2 years of age after early intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 36:171–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.7627 CrossRefPubMed

Turan OM, Turan S, Gungor S et al (2008) Progression of doppler abnormalities in intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 32:160–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.5386 CrossRefPubMed

Tyson JE, Parikh NA, Langer J et al (2008) Intensive care for extreme prematurity – moving beyond gestational age. N Engl J Med 358:1672–1681. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa073059 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Unterscheider J, Daly S, Geary MP, et al (2013a) Optimizing the definition of intrauterine growth restriction: the multicenter prospective PORTO Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208:290.e1–290.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.02.007 CrossRef

Unterscheider J, Daly S, Geary MP, et al (2013b) Predictable progressive Doppler deterioration in IUGR: does it really exist? Am J Obstet Gynecol 209:539.e1–539.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.039 CrossRef

Van den Berg BJ, Yerushalmy J (1966) The relationship of the rate of intrauterine growth of infants of low birth weight to mortality, morbidity, and congenital anomalies. J Pediatr 69:531–545 PubMedCrossRef

Vergani P, Roncaglia N, Locatelli A et al (2005) Antenatal predictors of neonatal outcome in fetal growth restriction with absent end-diastolic flow in the umbilical artery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:1213–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.07.032 CrossRefPubMed

Visser GHA, Bilardo C, Derks JB et al (2016) The TRUFFLE study; fetal monitoring indications for delivery in 310 IUGR infants with 2 year’s outcome delivered before 32 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17361 CrossRef

Voigt M, Schneider KT, Jahrig K (1996) Analysis of a 1992 birth sample in Germany. 1: new percentile values of the body weight of newborn infants. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 56:550–558 PubMedCrossRef

Voigt M, Rochow N, Schneider KTM et al (2014) New percentile values for the anthropometric dimensions of singleton neonates: analysis of perinatal survey data of 2007−2011 from all 16 states of Germany. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 218:210–217. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1385857 CrossRefPubMed

Walker D-M, Marlow N, Upstone L et al (2011) The growth restriction intervention trial: long-term outcomes in a randomized trial of timing of delivery in fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204:34.e1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2010.09.019 CrossRef

Gembruch U, Hecher K, Steiner H (2013) Prädiktiver Ultraschall für Präeklampsie und intrauterine Wachstumsretardierung im II. Trimenon. In: Ultraschalldiagnostik in Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie. Springer, Berlin, S 467–478

Wyk L van, Boers KE, Post JAM van der et al (2012) Effects on (neuro)developmental and behavioral outcome at 2 years of age of induced labor compared with expectant management in intrauterine growth-restricted infants: long-term outcomes of the DIGITAT trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206:406.e1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.003 CrossRef

Akolekar R, Syngelaki A, Sarquis R, Zvanca M, Nicolaides KH (2011) Prediction of early, intermediate and late pre-eclampsia from maternal factors, biophysical and biochemical markers at 11–13 weeks. Prenat Diagn 31(1):66–74 PubMedCrossRef

Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) (2014) Hypertensive Schwangerschaftserkrankungen: Diagnostik und Therapie. AWMF Register-Nr. 015-018, 28.01.2014 redaktionell überarbeitet. http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/015-018l_S1_Diagnostik_Therapie_hypertensiver_Schwangerschaftserkrankungen_2014-01.pdf. Zugegriffen: 29. Nov. 2017

Chaiworapongsa T et al (2014) Pre-eclampsia part 1: current understanding of its pathophysiology. Nat Rev Nephrol 10:466–480 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Costantine MM, Cleary K, Hebert MF, Ahmed MS, Brown LM, Ren Z, Easterling TR, Haas DM, Haneline LS, Caritis SN, Venkataramanan R, West H, D’Alton M, Hankins G (2016) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Obstetric-Fetal Pharmacology Research Units Network. Safety and pharmacokinetics of pravastatin used for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 214(6):720.e1–720.e17 CrossRef

Craici I, Wagner S, Garovic VD (2008) Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular risk: formal risk factor or failed stress test? Therap Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2(4):249–259 CrossRef

Cruz MO et al (2012) What is the optimal time for delivery in women with gestational hypertension? Am J Obstet Gynecol 207:214.e1–214e.6 CrossRef

Dechend R et al (2004) AT1 receptor agonistic antibodies, hypertension, and preeclampsia. Semin Nephrol 24:571–579 PubMedCrossRef

Ferrer RL, Sibai BM, Multrow CD et al (2000) Management of mild chronic hypertension during pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol 96:849–860 PubMed

Garovic VD, Hayman SR (2007) Hypertension in pregnancy: an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3(11):613–622 PubMedCrossRef

Girouard J, Giguère Y, Moutquin JM et al (2007) Previous hypertensive disease of pregnancy is associated with alterations of markers of insulin resistance. Hypertension 49(5):1056–1062

Goldman-Wohl D, Yagel S (2002) Regulation of trophoblast invasion: from normal implantation to pre-eclampsia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 187:233–238 PubMedCrossRef

Hagmann H et al (2012) The promise of angiogenic markers for the early diagnosis and prediction of preeclampsia. Clin Chem 58:837–845 PubMedCrossRef

Helewa ME, Burrows RF, Smith J et al (1997) Report of the Canadian hypertension society consensus conference: 1. definitions, evaluations and classification of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. CMAJ 157:715 PubMedCentralPubMed

Lam C et al (2005) Circulating angiogenic factors in the pathogenesis and prediction of preeclampsia. Hypertension 46:1077–1085 PubMedCrossRef

Lefkou E, Mamopoulos A, Dagklis T, Vosnakis C, Rousso D, Girardi G (2016) Pravastatin improves pregnancy outcomes in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to antithrombotic therapy. J Clin Invest 126(8):2933–2940 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Levine RJ et al (2004) Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 350:672–683 PubMedCrossRef

Levine RJ et al (2006) Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 355:992–1005 PubMedCrossRef

Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ, Cunnningham FG (1995) A comparison of magnesium sulfate with phenytoin for the prevention of eclampsia. N Engl J Med 333:201 PubMedCrossRef

Mol BWJ et al (2016) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 387:999–1011 PubMedCrossRef

Poon LC, Maiz N, Valencia C, Plasencia W, Nicolaides KH (2009) First-trimester maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 33(1):23–33 PubMedCrossRef

Roberts JM et al (2003) Summary of the NHLBI working group on research on hypertension during pregnancy. Hypertension 41:437–444 PubMedCrossRef

Rodie VA, Freeman DJ, Sattar N et al (2004) Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease: metabolic syndrome of pregnancy? Atherosclerosis 175:189–202 PubMedCrossRef

Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LC et al (2017) Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 377(7):613–622 PubMedCrossRef

Schnettler WT et al (2013) Cost and resource implications with serum angiogenic factor estimation in the triage of pre-eclampsia. BJOG 120:1224–1232 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Smith GC, Pell JP, Walsh D (2001b) Pregnancy complications and maternal risk of ischaemic heart disease: a retrospective cohort study of 129,290 births. Lancet 357:2002–2006 PubMedCrossRef

Stepan H et al (2008) Circulatory soluble endoglin and its predictive value for preeclampsia in second-trimester pregnancies with abnormal uterine perfusion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198:175.e1–175.e6 CrossRef

Thadhani R, Solomon CG (2008) Preeclampsia – a glimpse into the future? N Engl J Med 359:858–860 PubMedCrossRef

Thadhani R, Kisner T, Hagmann H et al (2011) Pilot study of extracorporal removal of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 in preeclampsia. Circulation 124:940–950 PubMedCrossRef

Thadhani R, Hagmann H, Schaarschmidt W et al (2016) Removal of soluble Fms-Like tyrosine kinase-1 by dextran sulfate apheresis in preeclampsia. J Am Soc Nephrol 27(3):903–913 PubMedCrossRef

Verlohren S, Dudenhausen JW (2009) Präeklampsie und hypertensive Schwangerschaftserkrankungen. Frauenheilkunde up2date 3:461–472 CrossRef

Verlohren S et al (2010) An automated method for the determination of the sFlt-1/PIGF ratio in the assessment of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202:161.e1–161.e11 CrossRef

Verlohren S et al (2012) The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in different types of hypertensive pregnancy disorders and its prognostic potential in preeclamptic patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206(1):58.e1–8 CrossRef

Vikse BE, Irgens LM, Leivestad T et al (2008) Preeclampsia and the risk of end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 359:800–809 PubMedCrossRef

Woudstra DM, Chandra S, Hofmeyr GJ, Dowswell T (2010) Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: Sep 8(9):CD008148. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008148.pub2

Zeisler et al (2016) Predictive value of the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. NEJM 374:13 PubMedCrossRef

Zhou Y et al (1997) Human cytotrophoblasts adopt a vascular phenotype as they differentiate. A strategy for successful endovascular invasion? Clin Invest 99:2152–2164 CrossRef

Titel: Plazentainsuffizienz/Plazentaassoziierte Erkrankungen
verfasst von: Berthold Huppertz
Ulrich Pecks
Holger Stepan
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Die Plazenta
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-55621-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-55622-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55622-1_11

Home

Zeitschriften

Fortbildung

Klinik

Bücher

Kongresse & Live-Webinare

Jobs

Wissen

Abo

Springerpflege

Tipp

Weitere Kapitel dieses Buchs durch Wischen aufrufen

11. Plazentainsuffizienz/Plazentaassoziierte Erkrankungen

Zusammenfassung

Home

Zeitschriften

Fortbildung Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Klinik

Bücher

Kongresse & Live-Webinare

Jobs

Wissen Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Abo

Springerpflege

Tipp

Weitere Kapitel dieses Buchs durch Wischen aufrufen

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Fortbildung

Wissen