Skip to main content
Registrieren
Springerpflege
SUCHE
MENÜ 1 2 3 4
nach oben

Tipp

Weitere Artikel dieser Ausgabe durch Wischen aufrufen

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 8/2015

01.12.2015 | ERC Leitlinien

Das initiale Management des akuten Koronarsyndroms

Kapitel 8 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council

verfasst von: N.I. Nikolaou, Prof. Dr. H.R. Arntz, A. Bellou, F. Beygui, L.L. Bossaert, A. Cariou

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin | Ausgabe 8/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Das Folgende ist eine Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Neuerungen, die die Empfehlungen für Diagnostik und Behandlung des akuten Koronarsyndroms (ACS) seit den ERC Guidelines 2010 betreffen. …
Vorheriger Artikel Die Versorgung und Reanimation des Neugeborenen
Nächster Artikel Erste Hilfe
Fußnoten
1
Wegen der Gefahr von TF und VT darf darüber aber das EKG-Monitoring nicht vergessen werden.
 
2
In geringerem Umfang bei einer Kreatininclearance unter 30 ml/h auch Bivalirudin.
 
Literatur
1.
Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H et al (2012) European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 33:1635–1701 PubMedCrossRef
2.
Goodman SG, Huang W, Yan AT et al (2009) The expanded Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events: baseline characteristics, management practices, and hospital outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 158:193–201 e1–5 PubMedCrossRef
3.
Dudas K, Lappas G, Stewart S, Rosengren A (2011) Trends in out-of-hospital deaths due to coronary heart disease in Sweden (1991 to 2006). Circulation 123:46–52 PubMedCrossRef
4.
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS et al (2012) Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:1581–1598 PubMedCrossRef
5.
Task Force on the management of STseamiotESoC, Steg PG, James SK et al (2012) ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 33:2569–2619 PubMedCrossRef
6.
Roffi M (2015) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of actute coronary syndromes with and without ST-segment elevation. Circulation (im Druck)
7.
Henrikson CA, Howell EE, Bush DE et al (2003) Chest pain relief by nitroglycerin does not predict active coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 139:979–986 PubMedCrossRef
8.
American College of Emergency P, Society for Cardiovascular A, Interventions et al (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:e78–e140
9.
Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al (2014) 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 130:2354–2394 PubMedCrossRef
10.
Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG et al (2014) 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:e139–e228 PubMedCrossRef
11.
Canto JG, Rogers WJ, Bowlby LJ, French WJ, Pearce DJ, Weaver WD (1997) The prehospital electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction: is its full potential being realized? National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:498–505 PubMedCrossRef
12.
Terkelsen CJ, Lassen JF, Norgaard BL et al (2005) Reduction of treatment delay in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: impact of pre-hospital diagnosis and direct referral to primary percutanous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J 26:770–777 PubMedCrossRef
13.
Carstensen S, Nelson GC, Hansen PS et al (2007) Field triage to primary angioplasty combined with emergency department bypass reduces treatment delays and is associated with improved outcome. Eur Heart J 28:2313–2319 PubMedCrossRef
14.
Brown JP, Mahmud E, Dunford JV, Ben-Yehuda O (2008) Effect of prehospital 12-lead electrocardiogram on activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory and door-to-balloon time in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 101:158–161 PubMedCrossRef
15.
Martinoni A, De Servi S, Boschetti E et al (2011) Importance and limits of pre-hospital electrocardiogram in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 18:526–532 PubMedCrossRef
16.
Sorensen JT, Terkelsen CJ, Norgaard BL et al (2011) Urban and rural implementation of pre-hospital diagnosis and direct referral for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 32:430–436 PubMedCrossRef
17.
Chan AW, Kornder J, Elliott H et al (2012) Improved survival associated with pre-hospital triage strategy in a large regional ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction program. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 5:1239–1246 PubMedCrossRef
18.
Quinn T, Johnsen S, Gale CP et al (2014) Effects of prehospital 12-lead ECG on processes of care and mortality in acute coronary syndrome: a linked cohort study from the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project. Heart 100:944–950 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
Ong ME, Wong AS, Seet CM et al (2013) Nationwide improvement of door-to-balloon times in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction requiring primary percutaneous coronary intervention with out-of-hospital 12-lead ECG recording and transmission. Ann Emerg Med 61:339–347 PubMedCrossRef
20.
Swor R, Hegerberg S, McHugh-McNally A, Goldstein M, McEachin CC (2006) Prehospital 12-lead ECG: efficacy or effectiveness? Prehosp Emerg Care 10:374–377 PubMedCrossRef
21.
Masoudi FA, Magid DJ, Vinson DR et al (2006) Implications of the failure to identify high-risk electrocardiogram findings for the quality of care of patients with acute myocardial infarction: results of the Emergency Department Quality in Myocardial Infarction (EDQMI) study. Circulation 114:1565–1571 PubMedCrossRef
22.
Kudenchuk PJ, Ho MT, Weaver WD et al (1991) Accuracy of computer-interpreted electrocardiography in selecting patients for thrombolytic therapy. MITI Project Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 17:1486–1491 PubMedCrossRef
23.
Dhruva VN, Abdelhadi SI, Anis A et al (2007) ST-Segment Analysis Using Wireless Technology in Acute Myocardial Infarction (STAT-MI) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:509–513 PubMedCrossRef
24.
Bhalla MC, Mencl F, Gist MA, Wilber S, Zalewski J (2013) Prehospital electrocardiographic computer identification of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Prehosp Emerg Care 17:211–216 PubMedCrossRef
25.
Clark EN, Sejersten M, Clemmensen P, Macfarlane PW (2010) Automated electrocardiogram interpretation programs versus cardiologists’ triage decision making based on teletransmitted data in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol 106:1696–1702 PubMedCrossRef
26.
de Champlain F, Boothroyd LJ, Vadeboncoeur A et al (2014) Computerized interpretation of the prehospital electrocardiogram: predictive value for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and impact on on-scene time. CJEM 16:94–105 PubMed
27.
Squire BT, Tamayo-Sarver JH, Rashi P, Koenig W, Niemann JT (2014) Effect of prehospital cardiac catheterization lab activation on door-to-balloon time, mortality, and false-positive activation. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:1–8 PubMedCrossRef
28.
Youngquist ST, Shah AP, Niemann JT, Kaji AH, French WJ (2008) A comparison of door-to-balloon times and false-positive activations between emergency department and out-of-hospital activation of the coronary catheterization team. Acad Emerg Med 15:784–787 PubMedCrossRef
29.
van ’t Hof AW, Rasoul S, van de Wetering H et al (2006) Feasibility and benefit of prehospital diagnosis, triage, and therapy by paramedics only in patients who are candidates for primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 151:1255e1–5
30.
Layfield C, Rose J, Alford A et al (2015) Effectiveness of practices for improving the diagnostic accuracy of Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency Department: a laboratory medicine best practices systematic review. Clin Biochem 48:204–212 PubMedCrossRef
31.
Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S et al (2011) ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 32:2999–3054 PubMedCrossRef
32.
Keller T, Zeller T, Peetz D et al (2009) Sensitive troponin I assay in early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 361:868–877 PubMedCrossRef
33.
Pope JH, Aufderheide TP, Ruthazer R et al (2000) Missed diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 342:1163–1170 PubMedCrossRef
34.
Collinson PO, Premachandram S, Hashemi K (2000) Prospective audit of incidence of prognostically important myocardial damage in patients discharged from emergency department. BMJ 320:1702–1705 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
Aldous SJ, Richards M, Cullen L, Troughton R, Than M (2012) A 2-hour thrombolysis in myocardial infarction score outperforms other risk stratification tools in patients presenting with possible acute coronary syndromes: comparison of chest pain risk stratification tools. Am Heart J 164:516–523 PubMedCrossRef
36.
Than M, Cullen L, Reid CM et al (2011) A 2-h diagnostic protocol to assess patients with chest pain symptoms in the Asia-Pacific region (ASPECT): a prospective observational validation study. Lancet 377:1077–1084 PubMedCrossRef
37.
Than M, Cullen L, Aldous S et al (2012) 2-Hour accelerated diagnostic protocol to assess patients with chest pain symptoms using contemporary troponins as the only biomarker: the ADAPT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:2091–2098 PubMedCrossRef
38.
Reichlin T, Schindler C, Drexler B et al (2012) One-hour rule-out and rule-in of acute myocardial infarction using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Arch Intern Med 172:1211–1218 PubMedCrossRef
39.
Meller B, Cullen L, Parsonage WA et al (2015) Accelerated diagnostic protocol using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in acute chest pain patients. Int J Cardiol 184:208–215 PubMedCrossRef
40.
Nikolaou N, Welsford M, Beygui F et al (2015) Part 5: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation (im Druck)
41.
Renaud B, Maison P, Ngako A et al (2008) Impact of point-of-care testing in the emergency department evaluation and treatment of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. Acad Emerg Med 15:216–224 PubMedCrossRef
42.
Mitchell AM, Garvey JL, Kline JA (2006) Multimarker panel to rule out acute coronary syndromes in low-risk patients. Acad Emerg Med 13:803–806 PubMedCrossRef
43.
Sorensen JT, Terkelsen CJ, Steengaard C et al (2011) Prehospital troponin T testing in the diagnosis and triage of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 107:1436–1440 PubMedCrossRef
44.
Loewenstein D, Stake C, Cichon M (2013) Assessment of using fingerstick blood sample with i-STAT point-of-care device for cardiac troponin I assay. Am J Emerg Med 31:1236–1239 PubMedCrossRef
45.
D’Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Moretti C et al (2012) TIMI, GRACE and alternative risk scores in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of 40 derivation studies on 216,552 patients and of 42 validation studies on 31,625 patients. Contemp Clin Trials 33:507–514 CrossRef
46.
Cullen L, Greenslade J, Hammett CJ et al (2013) Comparison of three risk stratification rules for predicting patients with acute coronary syndrome presenting to an Australian emergency department. Heart Lung Circ 22:844–851 PubMedCrossRef
47.
Lin A, Devlin G, Lee M, Kerr AJ (2014) Performance of the GRACE scores in a New Zealand acute coronary syndrome cohort. Heart 100:1960–1966 PubMedCrossRef
48.
Tymchak W, Armstrong PW, Westerhout CM et al (2011) Mode of hospital presentation in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: implications for strategic management. Am Heart J 162:436–443 PubMedCrossRef
49.
Fox KA, Fitzgerald G, Puymirat E et al (2014) Should patients with acute coronary disease be stratified for management according to their risk? Derivation, external validation and outcomes using the updated GRACE risk score. BMJ Open 4:e004425 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
Farkouh ME, Smars PA, Reeder GS et al (1989) A clinical trial of a chest-pain observation unit for patients with unstable angina. Chest Pain Evaluation in the Emergency Room (CHEER) Investigators. N Engl J Med 339:1882–1888 CrossRef
51.
Hermann LK, Newman DH, Pleasant WA et al (2013) Yield of routine provocative cardiac testing among patients in an emergency department-based chest pain unit. JAMA Intern Med 173:1128–1133 PubMedCrossRef
52.
Ramakrishna G, Milavetz JJ, Zinsmeister AR et al (2005) Effect of exercise treadmill testing and stress imaging on the triage of patients with chest pain: CHEER substudy. Mayo Clin Proc 80:322–329 PubMedCrossRef
53.
Goldstein JA, Gallagher MJ, O’Neill WW, Ross MA, O’Neil BJ, Raff GL (2007) A randomized controlled trial of multi-slice coronary computed tomography for evaluation of acute chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:863–871 PubMedCrossRef
54.
Forberg JL, Hilmersson CE, Carlsson M et al (2009) Negative predictive value and potential cost savings of acute nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging in low risk patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a prospective single blinded study. BMC Emerg Med 9:12 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
55.
Nucifora G, Badano LP, Sarraf-Zadegan N et al (2007) Comparison of early dobutamine stress echocardiography and exercise electrocardiographic testing for management of patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. Am J Cardiol 100:1068–1073 PubMedCrossRef
56.
Wei K (2010) Utility contrast echocardiography in the emergency department. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 3:197–203 PubMedCrossRef
57.
Gaibazzi N, Squeri A, Reverberi C et al (2011) Contrast stress-echocardiography predicts cardiac events in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome but nondiagnostic electrocardiogram and normal 12-hour troponin. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24:1333–1341 PubMedCrossRef
58.
Douglas PS, Khandheria B, Stainback RF et al (2007) ACCF/ASE/ACEP/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2007 appropriateness criteria for transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American Society of Echocardiography, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:187–204 PubMedCrossRef
59.
Hoffmann U, Bamberg F, Chae CU et al (2009) Coronary computed tomography angiography for early triage of patients with acute chest pain: the ROMICAT (Rule Out Myocardial Infarction using Computer Assisted Tomography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:1642–1650 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
60.
Hoffmann U, Nagurney JT, Moselewski F et al (2006) Coronary multidetector computed tomography in the assessment of patients with acute chest pain. Circulation 114:2251–2260 PubMedCrossRef
61.
Hollander JE, Chang AM, Shofer FS, McCusker CM, Baxt WG, Litt HI (2009) Coronary computed tomographic angiography for rapid discharge of low-risk patients with potential acute coronary syndromes. Ann Emerg Med 53:295–304 PubMedCrossRef
62.
Pundziute G, Schuijf JD, Jukema JW et al (2007) Prognostic value of multislice computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:62–70 PubMedCrossRef
63.
Rubinshtein R, Halon DA, Gaspar T et al (2007) Impact of 64-slice cardiac computed tomographic angiography on clinical decision-making in emergency department patients with chest pain of possible myocardial ischemic origin. Am J Cardiol 100:1522–1526 PubMedCrossRef
64.
Janne d’Othee B, Siebert U, Cury R, Jadvar H, Dunn EJ, Hoffmann U (2008) A systematic review on diagnostic accuracy of CT-based detection of significant coronary artery disease. Eur J Radiol 65:449–461 CrossRef
65.
Sirol M, Sanz J, Henry P, Rymer R, Leber A (2009) Evaluation of 64-slice MDCT in the real world of cardiology: a comparison with conventional coronary angiography. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 102:433–449 PubMedCrossRef
66.
Galperin-Aizenberg M, Cook TS, Hollander JE Litt HI (2015) Cardiac CT angiography in the emergency department. AJR Am J Roentgenol 204:463–474 PubMedCrossRef
67.
Cury RC, Feuchtner GM, Batlle JC et al (2013) Triage of patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department: implementation of coronary CT angiography in a large urban health care system. AJR Am J Roentgenol 200:57–65 PubMedCrossRef
68.
Gruettner J, Henzler T, Sueselbeck T, Fink C, Borggrefe M, Walter T (2012) Clinical assessment of chest pain and guidelines for imaging. Eur J Radiol 81:3663–3668 PubMedCrossRef
69.
Samad Z, Hakeem A, Mahmood SS et al (2012) A meta-analysis and systematic review of computed tomography angiography as a diagnostic triage tool for patients with chest pain presenting to the emergency department. J Nucl Cardiol 19:364–376 PubMedCrossRef
70.
Werns SW (2007) Are nitrates safe in patients who use sildenafil? Maybe. Crit Care Med 35:1988–1990 PubMedCrossRef
71.
O’Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD et al (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 127:e362–e425 CrossRef
72.
Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C (2006) Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 332:1302–1308 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
73.
74.
Wijesinghe M, Perrin K, Ranchord A, Simmonds M, Weatherall M, Beasley R (2009) Routine use of oxygen in the treatment of myocardial infarction: systematic review. Heart 95:198–202 PubMedCrossRef
75.
Stub D, Smith K, Bernard S et al (2015) Air versus oxygen in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 131(24):2143–2150
76.
Cabello JB, Burls A, Emparanza JI, Bayliss S, Quinn T (2013) Oxygen therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD007160 PubMed
77.
Nolan JP, Soar J, Cariou A et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 5 Post Resuscitation Care. Resuscitation (im Druck)
78.
Freimark D, Matetzky S, Leor J et al (2002) Timing of aspirin administration as a determinant of survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. Am J Cardiol 89:381–385 PubMedCrossRef
79.
Frilling B, Schiele R, Gitt AK et al (2001) Characterization and clinical course of patients not receiving aspirin for acute myocardial infarction: results from the MITRA and MIR studies. Am Heart J 141:200–205 PubMedCrossRef
80.
O’Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD et al (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 127:529–555 CrossRef
81.
Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al (2007) Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 357:2001–2015 PubMedCrossRef
82.
Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A et al (2009) Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 361:1045–1057 PubMedCrossRef
83.
Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK (2001) Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 345:494–502 PubMedCrossRef
84.
Montalescot G, Bolognese L, Dudek D et al (2013) Pretreatment with prasugrel in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 369:999–1010 PubMedCrossRef
85.
86.
Ducci K, Grotti S, Falsini G et al (2013) Comparison of pre-hospital 600 mg or 900 mg vs. peri-interventional 300 mg clopidogrel in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary angioplasty. The Load & Go randomized trial. Int J Cardiol 168:4814–4816 PubMedCrossRef
87.
Bellemain-Appaix A, O’Connor SA, Silvain J et al (2012) Association of clopidogrel pretreatment with mortality, cardiovascular events, and major bleeding among patients undergoing percutacoronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 308:2507–2516
88.
Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP et al (2005) Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 366:1607–1621 PubMedCrossRef
89.
Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM et al (2005) Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 352:1179–1189 PubMedCrossRef
90.
Verheugt FW, Montalescot G, Sabatine MS et al (2007) Prehospital fibrinolysis with dual antiplatelet therapy in ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: a substudy of the randomized double blind CLARITY-TIMI 28 trial. J Thromb Thrombolysis 23:173–179 PubMedCrossRef
91.
Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E et al (2009) Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (TRITON-TIMI 38): double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 373:723–731 PubMedCrossRef
92.
Montalescot G, van ’t Hof AW, Lapostolle F et al (2014) Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 371:1016–1027 PubMedCrossRef
93.
Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ et al (2002) Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomised clinical trials. [erratum appears in Lancet 2002 Jun 15;359(9323):2120]. Lancet 359:189–198 PubMedCrossRef
94.
Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL (2006) Comparison of primary and facilitated percutaneous coronary interventions for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: quantitative review of randomised trials. Lancet 367:579–588 PubMedCrossRef
95.
ten Berg JM, van ’t Hof AW, Dill T et al (2010) Effect of early, pre-hospital initiation of high bolus dose tirofiban in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on short- and long-term clinical outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:2446–2455 PubMedCrossRef
96.
DE Luca G, Bellandi F, Huber K et al (2011) Early glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors in primary angioplasty-abciximab long-term results (EGYPT-ALT) cooperation: individual patient’s data meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 9:2361–2370 PubMedCrossRef
97.
Mehilli J, Kastrati A, Schulz S et al (2009) Abciximab in patients with acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel loading: a randomized double-blind trial. Circulation 119:1933–1940 PubMedCrossRef
98.
Steg PG, van ’t Hof A, Hamm CW et al (2013) Bivalirudin started during emergency transport for primary PCI. N Engl J Med 369:2207–2217 PubMedCrossRef
99.
Montalescot G, Zeymer U, Silvain J et al (2011) Intravenous enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the international randomised open-label ATOLL trial. Lancet 378:693–703 PubMedCrossRef
100.
Sejersten M, Nielsen SL, Engstrom T, Jorgensen E, Clemmensen P (2009) Feasibility and safety of prehospital administration of bivalirudin in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 103:1635–1640 PubMedCrossRef
101.
Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD et al (2012) Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 366:9–19 PubMedCrossRef
102.
TIMI-11B Investigators, Antman EM, McCabe CH et al (1999) Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation 100:1593–1601 PubMedCrossRef
103.
Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP et al (1997) A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group. N Engl J Med 337:447–452 PubMedCrossRef
104.
Moscucci M, Fox KA, Cannon CP et al (2003) Predictors of major bleeding in acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Eur Heart J 24:1815–1823 PubMedCrossRef
105.
Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S et al (2006) Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 354:1464–1476 PubMedCrossRef
106.
Mehta SR, Boden WE, Eikelboom JW et al (2008) Antithrombotic therapy with fondaparinux in relation to interventional management strategy in patients with ST- and non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: an individual patient-level combined analysis of the Fifth and Sixth Organization to Assess Strategies in Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS5 and 6) randomized trials. Circulation 118:2038–2046 PubMedCrossRef
107.
Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA et al (2006) Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 355:2203–2216 PubMedCrossRef
108.
Ferguson JJ, Califf RM, Antman EM et al (2004) Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial. JAMA 292:45–54 PubMed
109.
Wallentin L, Goldstein P, Armstrong PW et al (2003) Efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in combination with the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in the prehospital setting: the Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Regimen (ASSENT)-3 PLUS randomized trial in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 108:135–142 PubMedCrossRef
110.
Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH et al (2006) Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 354:1477–1488 PubMedCrossRef
111.
Hirschl MM, Mayr H, Erhart F et al (2012) Prehospital treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction with bivalirudin. Am J Emerg Med 30:12–17 PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zijlstra F, Ernst N, De Boer M-J et al (2002) Influence of prehospital administration of aspirin and heparin on initial patency of the infarct-related artery in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1733–1737 PubMedCrossRef
113.
Zeymer U, Gitt A, Zahn R et al (2009) Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin in combination with and without GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in unselected patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. EuroIntervention 4:524–528 PubMedCrossRef
114.
Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G et al (2008) Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 358:2218–2230 PubMedCrossRef
115.
Mehran R, Lansky AJ, Witzenbichler B et al (2009) Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374:1149–1159 PubMedCrossRef
116.
Schulz S, Richardt G, Laugwitz KL et al (2014) Prasugrel plus bivalirudin vs. clopidogrel plus heparin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 35:2285–2294 PubMedCrossRef
117.
Shahzad A, Kemp I, Mars C et al (2014) Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): an open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 384:1849–1858 PubMedCrossRef
118.
White HD, Aylward PE, Frey MJ et al (1997) Randomized, double-blind comparison of hirulog versus heparin in patients receiving streptokinase and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction (HERO). Hirulog Early Reperfusion/Occlusion (HERO) Trial Investigators. Circulation 96:2155–161 PubMedCrossRef
119.
Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW et al (2004) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction – executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation 110:588–636 PubMedCrossRef
120.
Bassand JP, Hamm CW, Ardissino D et al (2007) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 28:1598–1660 PubMedCrossRef
121.
Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM et al (2007) ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons: endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Circulation 116:e148–e304 PubMedCrossRef
122.
Kushner FG, Hand M, Smith SC Jr et al (2009) 2009 Focused Updates: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (updating the 2004 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (updating the 2005 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 120:2271–2306. (Erratum in: Circulation. 010 Mar 30;121(12):e257. Dosage error in article text) PubMedCrossRef
123.
Castaigne AD, Herve C, Duval-Moulin AM et al (1989) Prehospital use of APSAC: results of a placebo-controlled study. Am J Cardiol 64:30A–3A (discussion 41A–2A) PubMedCrossRef
124.
Schofer J, Buttner J, Geng G et al (1990) Prehospital thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 66:1429–1433 PubMedCrossRef
125.
Weaver WD, Cerqueira M, Hallstrom AP et al (1993) Prehospital-initiated vs hospital-initiated thrombolytic therapy. The Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Trial. JAMA 270:1211–1216 PubMedCrossRef
126.
Welsh RC, Travers A, Senaratne M, Williams R, Armstrong PW (2006) Feasibility and applicability of paramedic-based prehospital fibrinolysis in a large North American center. Am Heart J 152:1007–1014 PubMedCrossRef
127.
Armstrong PW, Gershlick AH, Goldstein P et al (2013) Fibrinolysis or primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 368:1379–1387 PubMedCrossRef
128.
Larson DM, Duval S, Sharkey SW et al (2012) Safety and efficacy of a pharmaco-invasive reperfusion strategy in rural ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with expected delays due to long-distance transfers. Eur Heart J 33:1232–1240 PubMedCrossRef
129.
Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL (2003) Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 361:13–20 PubMedCrossRef
130.
Bonnefoy E, Steg PG, Boutitie F et al (2009) Comparison of primary angioplasty and pre-hospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction (CAPTIM) trial: a 5-year follow-up. Eur Heart J 30:1598–1606 PubMedCrossRef
131.
Kalla K, Christ G, Karnik R et al (2006) Implementation of guidelines improves the standard of care: the Viennese registry on reperfusion strategies in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (Vienna STEMI registry). Circulation 113:2398–2405 PubMedCrossRef
132.
Terkelsen CJ, Sorensen JT, Maeng M et al (2010) System delay and mortality among patients with STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 304:763–771 PubMedCrossRef
133.
Pinto DS, Kirtane AJ, Nallamothu BK et al (2006) Hospital delays in reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: implications when selecting a reperfusion strategy. Circulation 114:2019–2025 PubMedCrossRef
134.
Madsen MM, Busk M, Sondergaard HM et al (2005) Does diabetes mellitus abolish the beneficial effect of primary coronary angioplasty on long-term risk of reinfarction after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction compared with fibrinolysis? (A DANAMI-2 substudy). Am J Cardiol 96:1469–1475 PubMedCrossRef
135.
Le May MR, So DY, Dionne R et al (2008) A citywide protocol for primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 358:231–240 PubMedCrossRef
136.
Bradley EH, Herrin J, Wang Y et al (2006) Strategies for reducing the door-to-balloon time in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 355:2308–2320 PubMedCrossRef
137.
Bonnefoy E, Lapostolle F, Leizorovicz A et al (2002) Primary angioplasty versus prehospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a randomised study. Lancet 360:825–829 PubMedCrossRef
138.
Armstrong PW (2006) A comparison of pharmacologic therapy with/without timely coronary intervention vs. primary percutaneous intervention early after ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the WEST (Which Early ST-elevation myocardial infarction Therapy) study. Eur Heart J 27:1530–1538 PubMedCrossRef
139.
Thiele H, Eitel I, Meinberg C et al (2011) Randomized comparison of pre-hospital-initiated facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction very early after symptom onset: the LIPSIA-STEMI trial (Leipzig immediate prehospital facilitated angioplasty in ST-segment myocardial infarction). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 4:605–614 PubMedCrossRef
140.
Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Rasmussen K et al (2003) A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 349:733–742 PubMedCrossRef
141.
Dieker HJ, van Horssen EV, Hersbach FM et al (2006) Transport for abciximab facilitated primary angioplasty versus on-site thrombolysis with a liberal rescue policy: the randomised Holland Infarction Study (HIS). J Thromb Thrombolysis 22:39–45 PubMedCrossRef
142.
Dobrzycki S, Kralisz P, Nowak K et al (2007) Transfer with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban for primary percutaneous coronary intervention vs. on-site thrombolysis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): a randomized open-label study for patients admitted to community hospitals. Eur Heart J 28:2438–2448 PubMedCrossRef
143.
Grines CL, Westerhausen DR Jr, Grines LL et al (2002) A randomized trial of transfer for primary angioplasty versus on-site thrombolysis in patients with high-risk myocardial infarction: the Air Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction study. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1713–1719 PubMedCrossRef
144.
Svensson L, Aasa M, Dellborg M et al (2006) Comparison of very early treatment with either fibrinolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention facilitated with abciximab with respect to ST recovery and infarct-related artery epicardial flow in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the Swedish Early Decision (SWEDES) reperfusion trial. Am Heart J 151:798 e1–7 PubMed
145.
Vermeer F, Oude Ophuis AJ, vd Berg EJ et al (1999) Prospective randomised comparison between thrombolysis, rescue PTCA, and primary PTCA in patients with extensive myocardial infarction admitted to a hospital without PTCA facilities: a safety and feasibility study. Heart 82:426–431 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
146.
Widimsky P, Groch L, Zelizko M, Aschermann M, Bednar F, Suryapranata H (2000) Multicentre randomized trial comparing transport to primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis vs combined strategy for patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to a community hospital without a catheterization laboratory. The PRAGUE study. Eur Heart J 21:823–831 PubMedCrossRef
147.
Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D et al (2003) Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Final results of the randomized national multicentre trial–PRAGUE-2. Eur Heart J 24:94–104 PubMedCrossRef
148.
Van de Werf F, Barron HV, Armstrong PW et al (2001) Incidence and predictors of bleeding events after fibrinolytic therapy with fibrin-specific agents: a comparison of TNK-tPA and rt-PA. Eur Heart J 22:2253–2261 PubMedCrossRef
149.
Ellis SG, Tendera M, de Belder MA et al (2008) Facilitated PCI in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 358:2205–2217 PubMedCrossRef
150.
Itoh T, Fukami K, Suzuki T et al (2010) Comparison of long-term prognostic evaluation between pre-intervention thrombolysis and primary coronary intervention: a prospective randomized trial: five-year results of the IMPORTANT study. Circ J 74:1625–1634 PubMedCrossRef
151.
Kurihara H, Matsumoto S, Tamura R et al (2004) Clinical outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention with antecedent mutant t-PA administration for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 147:E14 PubMedCrossRef
152.
Thiele H, Scholz M, Engelmann L et al (2006) ST-segment recovery and prognosis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction reperfused by prehospital combination fibrinolysis, prehospital initiated facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention, or primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 98:1132–1139 PubMedCrossRef
153.
Gershlick AH, Stephens-Lloyd A, Hughes S et al (2005) Rescue angioplasty after failed thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 353:2758–2768 PubMedCrossRef
154.
Scheller B, Hennen B, Hammer B et al (2003) Beneficial effects of immediate stenting after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:634–641 PubMedCrossRef
155.
Fernandez-Aviles F, Alonso JJ, Castro-Beiras A et al (2004) Routine invasive strategy within 24 hours of thrombolysis versus ischaemia-guided conservative approach for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (GRACIA-1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364:1045–1053 PubMedCrossRef
156.
Le May MR, Wells GA, Labinaz M et al (2005) Combined angioplasty and pharmacological intervention versus thrombolysis alone in acute myocardial infarction (CAPITAL AMI study). J Am Coll Cardiol 46:417–424 PubMedCrossRef
157.
Cantor WJ, Fitchett D, Borgundvaag B et al (2009) Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 360:2705–2718 PubMedCrossRef
158.
Bohmer E, Hoffmann P, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H, Halvorsen S (2010) Efficacy and safety of immediate angioplasty versus ischemia-guided management after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction in areas with very long transfer distances results of the NORDISTEMI (NORwegian study on DIstrict treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 55:102–110 PubMedCrossRef
159.
Fernandez-Aviles F, Alonso JJ, Pena G et al (2007) Primary angioplasty vs. early routine post-fibrinolysis angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation: the GRACIA-2 non-inferiority, randomized, controlled trial. Eur Heart J 28:949–960 PubMedCrossRef
160.
Danchin N, Coste P, Ferrieres J et al (2008) Comparison of thrombolysis followed by broad use of percutaneous coronary intervention with primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment-elevation acute myocardial infarction: data from the french registry on acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (FAST-MI). Circulation 118:268–276 PubMedCrossRef
161.
Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ et al (2012) Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 367:1287–1296 PubMedCrossRef
162.
Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG et al (2006) Early revascularization and long-term survival in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 295:2511–2515 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
163.
Larsen JM, Ravkilde J (2012) Acute coronary angiography in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 83:1427–1433 PubMedCrossRef
164.
Spaulding CM, Joly LM, Rosenberg A et al (1997) Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 336:1629–1633 PubMedCrossRef
165.
Camuglia AC, Randhawa VK, Lavi S, Walters DL (2014) Cardiac catheterization is associated with superior outcomes for survivors of out of hospital cardiac arrest: review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 85:1533–1540 PubMedCrossRef
166.
Rab T, Kern KB, Tamis-Holland JE et al (2015) Cardiac arrest: a treatment algorithm for emergent invasive cardiac procedures in the resuscitated comatose patient. J Am Coll Cardiol 66:62–73 PubMedCrossRef
167.
Dumas F, Manzo-Silberman S, Fichet J et al (2012) Can early cardiac troponin I measurement help to predict recent coronary occlusion in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors? Crit care Med 40:1777–1784 PubMedCrossRef
168.
Dumas F, Cariou A, Manzo-Silberman S et al (2010) Immediate percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with better survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insights from the PROCAT (Parisian Region Out of hospital Cardiac ArresT) registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 3:200–207 PubMedCrossRef
169.
Bro-Jeppesen J, Kjaergaard J, Wanscher M et al (2012) Emergency coronary angiography in comatose cardiac arrest patients: do real-life experiences support the guidelines? Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 1:291–301 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
170.
Hollenbeck RD, McPherson JA, Mooney MR et al (2014) Early cardiac catheterization is associated with improved survival in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest without STEMI. Resuscitation 85:88–95 PubMedCrossRef
171.
Dankiewicz J, Nielsen N, Annborn M et al (2015) Survival in patients without acute ST elevation after cardiac arrest and association with early coronary angiography: a post hoc analysis from the TTM trial. Intensive Care Med 41:856–864 PubMedCrossRef
172.
Noc M, Fajadet J, Lassen JF et al (2014) Invasive coronary treatment strategies for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a consensus statement from the European association for percutaneous cardiovascular interventions (EAPCI)/stent for life (SFL) groups. EuroIntervention 10:31–37 PubMedCrossRef
173.
Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P (1985) Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 27:335–371 PubMedCrossRef
174.
Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP et al (2005) Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 366:1622–1632 PubMedCrossRef
175.
Teo KK, Yusuf S, Furberg CD (1993) Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from randomized controlled trials. JAMA 270:1589–1595 PubMedCrossRef
176.
Hine LK, Laird N, Hewitt P, Chalmers TC (1989) Meta-analytic evidence against prophylactic use of lidocaine in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 149:2694–2698 PubMedCrossRef
177.
Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, Rasmussen K, Ryden L, Wedel H (1992) Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med 327:678–684 PubMedCrossRef
178.
(1995) ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 345:669–685
179.
(1998) Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of individual data from 100,000 patients in randomized trials. ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Circulation 97:2202–2212
180.
Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ et al (2003) Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 349:1893–1906 PubMedCrossRef
181.
Patti G, Pasceri V, Colonna G et al (2007) Atorvastatin pretreatment improves outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ARMYDA-ACS randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:1272–1278 PubMedCrossRef
182.
Hulten E, Jackson JL, Douglas K, George S, Villines TC (2006) The effect of early, intensive statin therapy on acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 166:1814–1821 PubMedCrossRef
183.
Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Laufs U, Snapinn S, Bohm M, White HD (2002) Withdrawal of statins increases event rates in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 105:1446–1452 PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Das initiale Management des akuten Koronarsyndroms
Kapitel 8 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council
verfasst von
N.I. Nikolaou
Prof. Dr. H.R. Arntz
A. Bellou
F. Beygui
L.L. Bossaert
A. Cariou
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin / Ausgabe 8/2015
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-015-0084-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2015

Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 8/2015 Zur Ausgabe

ERC Leitlinien

Kreislaufstillstand in besonderen Situationen

ERC Leitlinien

Ethik der Reanimation und Entscheidungen am Lebensende

ERC Leitlinien

Postreanimationsbehandlung

ERC Leitlinien

Kurzdarstellung

Einführung zum Thema

Leitlinien
 zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council

ERC Leitlinien

Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren