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Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 4/2023

05.05.2023 | Leitthema

Ruhigstellung der Halswirbelsäule in der Präklinik

verfasst von: Dr. Heiko Trentzsch

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin | Ausgabe 4/2023

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Zusammenfassung

Einleitung

Um die Immobilisation möglicher Wirbelsäulenverletzungen im Rahmen der prähospitalen Versorgung wird seit Jahren eine kontroverse Diskussion geführt. Insbesondere die Ruhigstellung der Halswirbelsäule (HWS) mit sogenannten rigiden HWS-Orthesen („C-collars“) steht im Zentrum der Kontroverse. Das vorliegende narrative Review fasst die Kernaussagen des Kapitels „Wirbelsäule“ der aktualisierten S3-Leitlinie (S3-LL) „Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung“ zusammen und kommentiert sie aus unfallchirurgischer Sicht.

Material und Methoden

Die Recherche zur S3-LL nach der Ottawa-Methode identifizierte keine neue Evidenz auf S3-Niveau. Die Kernempfehlungen wurden daher unverändert zur Vorversion bestätigt. Basis der Kommentierung ist eine nichtstrukturierte Literaturrecherche mit Fokus auf Indikationsstellung, Verfahrenswahl und mögliche Folgen.

Ergebnisse

Das Risiko von HWS-Verletzungen nimmt mit steigender Verletzungsschwere zu, weshalb die Immobilisation der Wirbelsäule bei Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten indiziert ist. „C-collars“ haben in der S3-LL unverändert einen Stellenwert, auch wenn zum Verfahren im Allgemeinen keine Kernempfehlungen ausgesprochen werden. Eine eventuelle Restbeweglichkeit im „C-collar“ kann durch Lagerung auf der Vakuummatratze zusätzlich reduziert werden. Die selektive Wirbelsäulenimmobilisation auf Basis der individuellen Risikoabschätzung wird erwähnt, scheint allerdings auf das Patientenkollektiv der S3-LL kaum anwendbar. Kritische Erwähnung findet die Anwendung des „C-collar“ bei Schädel-Hirn-Trauma und gleichzeitigem Verdacht auf eine HWS-Verletzung. Wegen möglicher intrakranieller Druckspitzen werden hier alternative Verfahren zur HWS-Immobilisation vorgeschlagen.

Schlussfolgerung

Bei schwer verletzten Patienten besteht aufgrund des erhöhten Verletzungsrisikos insbesondere im Bereich der HWS eine klare Indikation zur HWS-Immobilisation mit der Zielsetzung, weitere Schäden – auch bedingt durch nichtfachgerechte Immobilisationsmaßnahmen oder Unterlassungen – zu vermeiden. Nicht die Indikation, sondern das zu bevorzugende Verfahren bleibt im Fokus der kontroversen Diskussion, die mit Mitteln der evidenzbasierten Medizin derzeit nicht abschließend zu führen ist.
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Metadaten
Titel
Ruhigstellung der Halswirbelsäule in der Präklinik
verfasst von
Dr. Heiko Trentzsch
Publikationsdatum
05.05.2023
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin / Ausgabe 4/2023
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-023-01152-x

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