nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

36. Geburt und Beckenboden

verfasst von : Annette Kuhn

Erschienen in: Die Geburtshilfe

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Hauptziel der Geburtshilfe ist die Reduktion der maternalen und perinatalen Mortalität und Morbidität. Ein perineales Trauma kann sich spontan oder sekundär trotz Episiotomien ereignen, deren protektiver Wert kontrovers beurteilt wird. Höhergradige Dammrisse erfordern besondere Aufmerksamkeit, weil nicht erkannte oder nicht adäquat versorgte Dammrisse, die den Kontinenzmechanismus einbeziehen, erhebliche Auswirkungen haben.

Vaginaloperative Geburten zeigen schlechtere Resultate hinsichtlich Beckenbodentraumata. Die elektive Sectio hat einen gewissen präventiven Wert, um Urininkontinenz unmittelbar postpartal zu reduzieren, die Langzeitresultate sind allerdings noch unklar. Wassergeburten haben weder einen positiven noch einen negativen Einfluss.

Eine definitive Beurteilung nach postpartalen Beckenbodenproblemen – auch bzgl. eventueller operativer Sanierung – sollte erst nach Abschluss der Stillzeit, wenn die Frau wieder regelmäßige Zyklen hat und hormonell kein Hypoöstrogenismus vorliegt.

Vorheriges Kapitel Pathologische Geburt und vaginaloperative Entbindung

Nächstes Kapitel Sectio caesarea

AETC Group (1993) Routine vs. selective episiotomy: a randomized trial. Lancet 342:1517–1518CrossRef

Aigmüller T, Umek W, Elenskala K et al (2013) Guidelines fort he management of third and fourth degree perineal tears after vaginal birth. Geburtsh Frauenheilkd 73:407–411CrossRef

Allen RE, Hosker GL, Smith AR, Warrell DW (1990) Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97:770–779PubMedCrossRef

Allen-Brady K, Norton PA, Farnham JM, Teerlink C, Cannon-Albright LA (2009) Significant linkage evidence for a predisposition gene for pelvic floor disorders on chromosome 9q21. Am J Hum Genet 84(5):678–682PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Angioli R, Gomez-Marin O, Cantuaria G, O´Sullivan MJ (2000) Severe perineal lacerations during vaginal delivery: the University of Miami experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182(5):1083–1085PubMedCrossRef

Anthuber C, Dimpfl T, Müller-Felber T, Schüssler B (1997) Parity and denervation of the external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle: a histomorphological study. Neurourol Urodyn 15:366–367

Arya LA, Jackson ND, Myers DL, Verma A (2001) Risk of new-onset urinary incontinence after forceps and vacuum delivery in primiparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185(6):1318–1323PubMedCrossRef

Bahl R, Strachan B, Murphy DL (2005) Pelvic floor morbidity at 3 years after instrumental delivery and cesaerean delivery in the second stage of labour and the impact f a subsequent delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192(3):789–794PubMedCrossRef

Beckmann MM, Garrett AJ (2006) Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syt Rev 25(1), CD005123

Bek KM, Laurberg S (1992) Risks of anal incontinence from subsequent vaginal delivery after a complete obstetric anal tear. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99(9):724–726PubMedCrossRef

Bö K, Fleten C, Nystad W (2009) Effect of antenatal pelvic floor muscle training on labor and birth. Obstet Gynecol 113(6):1279–1284PubMedCrossRef

Branham V (2007) Levator ani abnormality 6 weeks after delivery persists at 6 months. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197(1):65e1–65e6CrossRef

Bravo Guttierez Amadoff RD, Lowry AC, Parker SC, Buie WD, Bacter NN (2004) Long-term results of anal sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum 47(5):1055–1061

Brown S, Lumley J (1998) Maternal health after childbirth: results of an Australian population based survey. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105(2):156–161PubMedCrossRef

Burgio KL, Mattheus KA, Engel BT (1991) Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy middle-aged women. J Urol 146(5):1255–1259PubMed

Burgio KL, Borello France D, Richter HE (2007) Risk factors for fecal and urinary incontinence after childbirth: the childbirth and pelvic symptoms study. Am J Gastroenterol 102:1998–2004PubMedCrossRef

Burnett SJ, Speakman CT, Kamm MA et al (1991) Confirmation of endosonographic detection of external anal sphincter defects by simultaneous electromyographic mapping. Br J Surg 78:448–450PubMedCrossRef

Carroli G, Mignini l (2009) Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1, CD000081PubMed

Casey BM, Schaffer JI, Bloom SL, Heartwell SF, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ (2005) Obstetric antecedents for postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192(5):1655–1662PubMedCrossRef

Chaliha C, Kalia V, Stanton SL et al (1999) Antenatal prediction of postpartum urinary and fecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 94:689–694PubMed

Chen GD, Su TH, Lin LY (1997) Applicabiltity of perineal sonography in anatomical evaluation of bladder neck in women with and without genuine stress incontinence. Clin Ultrasound 25(4):189–194CrossRef

Chiarelli P, Cockburn J (2002) Promoting urinary incontinence in women after delivery: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 324:1241PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Coats PM, Chan KK, Wilkins M, Beard RJ (1980) A comparison between midline and mediolateral episiostomies. Br J Obstet Gynecol 87:408–412CrossRef

Cook TA, Mortensen NJ (1998) Management of faecal incontinence following obstetric injury. Br J Surg 85:293–299PubMedCrossRef

Cortes E, Basra R, Kelleher C (2009) Waterbirth: does delivering in water provide any protection to the perineum? Abstract 012, IUGA annual meeting, Como

Dahlen HG, Homer CS, Cooke M et al (2007) Perineal outcomes and maternal comfort related tot he application of perineal warm packs in the second stage of labour: a randomized controlled trial. Birth 34:282–290PubMedCrossRef

Dainer MJ (1999) Vaginal birth and natural outcome. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 11:499–502PubMedCrossRef

Dannecker C, Hillemanns P, Strauss A, Hasbargen U, Hepp H, Anthuber C (2004) Episiotomy and perineal tears presumed to be imminent: randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83(4):364–368PubMedCrossRef

Deen KI, Kumar D, Williams JG et al (1993) The prevalence of anal sphincter defects in faecal incontinence: a prospective study. Gut 34:685–688PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

DeLancey JO (1988) Structural aspects of the extrinsic continence mechanism. Obstet Gynecol 72:296–301PubMed

DeLancey JO (1993) Childbirth, continence, and the pelvic floor. N Engl J Med 329:1956–1957PubMedCrossRef

DeLancey JO (1994a) The anatomy of the pelvic floor. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 6:313–316PubMedCrossRef

DeLancey JO (1994b) Structural support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: the hammock hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1713–1723PubMedCrossRef

DeLancey JO (1999) Structural anatomy of the posterior pelvic compartment as it relates to rectocele. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:815–823PubMedCrossRef

Delancey JO, Toglia MR, Perucchini D (1997) Internal and external anal sphincter anatomy as it relates to midline obstetric lacerations. Obstet Gynecol 90:924–927PubMedCrossRef

DeLancey JO, Morgan DM, Fenner DE, Kearney R, Guire K, Miller JM, Hussain H, Umek W, Hsu Y, Ashton-Miller JA (2007) Comparison of levator ani muscle defects and function in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 109(2 Pt 1):295–302PubMedCrossRef

Demirci F, Ozden S, Alpay Z et al (2001) The effects of vaginal delivery and cesarean section on bladder neck mobility and stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 12:129–133CrossRef

Devreese A, Staes F, De Weerdt W, Feys H, Van Assche A, Penninckx F, Vereecken R (2004a) Clinical evaluation of pelvic floor muscle function in continent and incontinent women. Neurourol Urodyn 23(3):190–197PubMedCrossRef

Devreese A, Staes F, De Weerdt W et al (2004b) Clinical evaluation of pelvic floor muscle function in continent and incontinent women. Neurourol Urodyn 23:190–197PubMedCrossRef

Dietz HP (2004) Ultrasound imaging of the pelvic floor, pt II: three-dimensional of volume imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23(6):615–625PubMedCrossRef

Dietz HP, Hansell NK, Grace ME, Eldridge AM, Clarke B, Martin NG (2005) Bladder neck mobility is a heritable trait. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 112(3):334–339CrossRef

Dolan LM (2003) Stressincontinence and pelvic floor neurophysiology 15 years after the first delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 110(12):1107–1114CrossRef

Eason E, Labrecque M, Wells G et al (2000) Preventing perineal trauma during childbirth: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 95:464–471PubMed

Elenskaia K, Thakar R, Sultan AH, Scheer I, Beggs A (2011) The effect of pregnancy and childbirth on plevic floor muscle function. Int Urogynecol J 22:1421–1427PubMedCrossRef

Eliasson K, Nordlander I, Larson B et al (2005) Influence of physical activity on urinary leakage in primipareous women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 15:87–94PubMedCrossRef

Engel AF, Kamm MA, Sultan AH, Bartram CI, Nicholls RJ, Ritchi JK, Hawley PR, Thomson JP (1994) Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma. Br J Surg 81(8):1231–1234PubMedCrossRef

Eogan M, Daly L, O’Herlihy C (2006) The effect of regular antenatal perineal massage on postnatal pain and anal sphincter injury: a prospective observational study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 19(4):225–229PubMedCrossRef

Faltin DL, Boulvain M, Irion O et al (2000) Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography to predict fetal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 95:643–647PubMed

Faridi A, Willis S, Schelzig P, Schumpelick V, Rath W (2000) Occult sphincter defects due to childbirth: a prospective study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 91:19

Fenner DE, Genberg B, Brahma P, Marek L, De Lancey JO (2003) Fecal and urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery with anal sphincter disruption in an obstetrics unit in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(6):1543–1549PubMedCrossRef

Fernando RJ, Sultan AH, Kettle C, Radley S, Jones P, O’Brien PM (2006a) Repair techniques for obstetric anal sphincter injuries : a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 107(6):1261–1268PubMedCrossRef

Fernando R, Sultan AH, Kettle C, Thakar R, Radley S (2006b) Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 19(3), CD002866

Fitzpatrick M, Behan M, O’Connell PR, O’Herlihy C (2000) A randomized clinical trial comapring primary overlyp with approximation repair of third degree obstetric tears. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183(5):1220–1224PubMedCrossRef

Fleshmen JW, Peters WR, Shemesh El Fry RD, Kodner IJ (1991) Anal sphincter reconstruction : anterior overlapping muscle repair. Dis Colon Rectum 34(9):739–743CrossRef

Freeman RM (2013) Can we prevent childbirth related pelvic floor dysfunction? Br J Obstet Gynecol 120(2):137–140. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.1202CrossRef

Fynes M, Donnelly V, Behan M et al (1999) Effect of second vaginal delivery on anorectal physiology and faecal continence: a prospective study. Lancet 354:983–986PubMedCrossRef

Gilliland R, Altomare DF, Moreira H, Oliveira L, Gilliland JE, Wexner SD (1998) Pudendal neuropathy is predictive of failure following anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty. DisColon Rectum 41(12):1516–1522CrossRef

Gjessing H, Backe B, Sahlin k (1998) Third degree obstetric tears: outcome after primary repair. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 77(7):736–740PubMedCrossRef

Glazener C, McArthur C, Grant A, Wilson P (2005) Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence six year follow up. Br Med J 330:337CrossRef

Gousse Barbaric ZL, Safir MH (2000) Dynamic half fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating the feamle pelvis. J Urol 164:1606–1613PubMedCrossRef

Groutz A, Fait G, Lessing JB et al (1999) Incidence and obstetric risk factors of postpartum anal incontinence. Scand J Gastroenterol 34:315–318PubMed

Gyhagen M, Bullarbo M, Nielsen TF, Milsom I (2013) Prevalence and risk factors for pelvic organ prolapae 20 years after childbirth: a national cohort study in singleton pregnancies after vaginal or caesarean delivery. BJOG 120:152–160PubMedCrossRef

Haadem K, Dahlstrom JA, Lingman G (1990) Anal sphincter function after delivery: a prospective study in women with sphincter rupture and controls. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 35:7–13PubMedCrossRef

Handa VL, Harris TA, Ostergard DR (1996) Protecting the pelvic floor: obstetric management to prevent incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 88:470–478PubMedCrossRef

Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Sandvik H, Hunskaar S (2000) Norwegian EPINCONT study. A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence. Epidemiology of Incontinence in the County of Nord-Trøndelag. J Clin Epidemiol 53(11):1150–1157PubMedCrossRef

Hartmann K (2005) Outcomes and routine episiotomy: a systemativ review. JAMA 293(17):2141–2148PubMedCrossRef

Hillebrenner J, Wagenpfeil S, Schuchardt R et al (2001) Initial experiences with primiparous women using a new kind of Epino labor trainer. Z Geburtsh Neonatol 205:12–19CrossRef

Hjartardottir S, Nilsson J, Petersen C, Lingman G (1997) The female pelvic floor: a dome: not a basin. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76:567–571PubMedCrossRef

Hornemann A, Kamischke A, Luedders DW, Beyer DA, Diedrich K, Bohlmann MK (2009) Advanced age is a risk factor for higher grade perineal lacerations during delivery in primipareous women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 281(1):59–64 [Epub ahead of print, PMID 19333610]PubMedCrossRef

Howden NL, Weber AM, Meyn L (2004) Episiotomy use by resiedents and faculty compared to private practicioners. Obstet Gynecol 103:114–1148PubMedCrossRef

Hugosson C, Jorulf H, Lingman G, Jacobsson B (1991) Morphology of the pelvic floor [letter]. Lancet 337:367PubMedCrossRef

Hulley SB, Cummings SR, Brownder WS et al (2007) Designing clinical research, 3. Aufl. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

Hunskaar S, Lose G, Sykes D, Voss S (2004) The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women on four European countries. BJU Int 9(3):324–330CrossRef

Hunskaar S, Lose G, Sykes D et al (2011) The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in four European countries. BJU Int 93:324–330CrossRef

Hvidman L, Foldspang A, Mommen S, Bugge Nielsen J (2002) Correlates of urinary incontinence in pregnancy. Int Urogynaecol Pelvic Florr Dysfunct 13(5):278–283CrossRef

Iosif CS, Basra S, Ek A, Astedt B (1981) Estrogen receptors in the human female lower urinary tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 141:817–820PubMedCrossRef

Johanson RB, Menon BK (2000) Vacuum extraction versus forceps for assisted vaginal delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2, CD000224PubMed

Kamm MA (1994) Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence. Lancet 344:730–733PubMedCrossRef

Kammerer-Doak DN, Wesol AB, Rogers RG et al (1999) A prospective cohort study of women after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181:1317–1322PubMedCrossRef

Karoui S, Leroi AM, Koning E, Menard JF, Michot F, Denis P (2000) Results of sphincteroplasty in 86 patients with anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 43(6):813–820PubMedCrossRef

Kinchen KS, Burgio K, Diokno AC, Fultz NH, Bump R, Obenchain R (2003) Factors associated with womens’ decision to seek treatment for urinary incontinence. J Womens Health 12(7):687–698CrossRef

Klein MC, Gauthier RJ, Robbins JM et al (1994) Relationship of episiotomy to perineal trauma and morbidity, sexual dysfunction, and pelvic floor relaxation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:591–598PubMedCrossRef

Kovacs GT, Heath P, Heather C (2004) First Australian trial of the birth training device Epi-No: a highly significantly increased chance of an intact perineum. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 44(4):347–348PubMedCrossRef

Lal M, Mann C, Callender R, Radley S (2003) Does cesarean delivery prevent anal incontinence? Obstet Gynecol 101(2):305–312PubMed

Lauper M, Kuhn A, Gerber R, Luginbühl H, Radlinger L (2009) Pelvic floor stimulation: what are the good vibrations? Neurourol Urodyn 28(5):405–410PubMedCrossRef

Lavy Y, Sand PK, Kaniel CI, Hochner Celnikier D (2012) Can pelvic floor injury secondary to delivery be prevented? Int J Urogynecol 23:165–173CrossRef

Lee YM, D’Alton ME (2008) Cesarean delivery on maternal request: maternal and neonatal complications. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 20(6):597–601PubMed

Lien KC, Morgan DM, DeLancey JO, Ashton-Miller JA (2005) Pudendal nerve stretch during vaginal birth: A 3 D computer simulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192(5):1669–1676PubMedCrossRef

Lince SL, van Kempen LC, Vierhout ME, Kluivers KB (2012) A systematic review of clinical studies on hereditary factors in pelvic organ prolapse. Int Urogynecol J 23:1327–1336PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Londono-Schimmer EE, Garcia-Duperly R, Nicholls RJ, Ritchie JK, Hawley PR, Thomson JP (1994) Overlapping anal sphincter repair for faecal incontinence due to sphincter trauma: five-year follow-up functional results. Int J Colorectal Dis 9(2):110–113PubMedCrossRef

Low LK, Miller JM, Guo Y et al (2012) Spontaneous pushing to prevent postpartum urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Urogynecol. doi:I0.1007/s00192-012-1884-y

Lowenstein L, Bitzer J (2010) Pelvic floor disorder and sexual function: how are we doing? J Sex Med 7(9):2909–2912. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01981PubMedCrossRef

MacLennon AH, Taylor AW, Wilson DH, Wilson D (2000) The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity and mode of delivery. BJOG 107(12):1460–1470CrossRef

Mallett VT, Bump RC (1994) The epidemiology of female pelvic floor dysfunction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 6:308–312PubMedCrossRef

Mant J, Painter R, Vessey M (1997) Epidemiology of genital prolapse: oberservations from the Oxford Family Planning Association Study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104:579–585PubMedCrossRef

Mazouni C, Rouzier R, Colette E, Menard JP, Magnin G, Gamerre M, Deter R (2008) Development and validation of a nomogram to predict the risk of Cesarean delivery in macrosomia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 87:518–523PubMedCrossRef

Meyer S, Hohlfeld P, Achtari C, De Grandi P (2001) Pelvic floor education after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 97(5 Pt 1):673–677PubMed

Mistrangelo E, Gaggero CR, Nadalini C, Mncuso SG, Eposito F, Morano S, Constantini S (2007) Does water delivery affect pelvic floor? Ultrasound evalaution of perineal function. Arch Gynecol Obstet 276(2):133–1338PubMedCrossRef

Morkved S, Bo K (1999) Prevalence of urinary incontinence duriong pregnancy and postpartum. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 10:394–398PubMedCrossRef

Nicoll LM, Skupski DW (2008) Venous air embolism after using a birth training device. Obstet Gynecol 111:489–491PubMedCrossRef

Norderval S, Oian P, Revhaug A, Vonen B (2005) Anal incontinence after obstetric sphincter tears: outcome of anatomic primary repairs. Dis Colon Rectum 48(5):1055–1061PubMedCrossRef

Oberwalder M, Connor J, Wexner SD (2003) Meta – analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage. Br J Surg 90(11):1333–1337PubMedCrossRef

Oliveira L, Pfeifer J, Wexner SD (1996) Physiological and clinical outcome of anterior sphincteroplasty. Br J Surg 83(4):502–505PubMedCrossRef

Osterberg A, Edebol Eeg-Olofson K, Graf W (2000) Results of surgical treatment for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 87(11):1546–1552PubMedCrossRef

Persson J, Wolner Hansen P, Rydhstroem H (2000) Obstetric risk factors for stress urinary incontinence: a population based study. Obstet Gynecol 96(3):440–445PubMed

Peschers U, Schaer G, Anthuber C, Delancey JO, Schuessler B (1996) Changes in vesical neck mobility following vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 88:1001–1006PubMedCrossRef

Peschers UM, Schaer GN, DeLancey JO, Schuessler B (1997) Levator ani function before and after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104:1004–1008PubMedCrossRef

Pollack J, Nordenstam J, Brismar S, Lopez A, Altman D, Zetterstrom J (2004) Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery: a five year prospective cohort study. Obstet Gynecol 104(6):1397–1402PubMedCrossRef

Pregazzi R, Sartore A, Bortoli P, Grimaldi E, Troiano L, Guaschino S (2002) Perineal ultrasound evaluation of urthral angle and bladder neck mobility in women with stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 109(7):821–827CrossRef

Rao SS, Patel RS (1997) How useful are manometric tests of anorectal function in the management of defecation disorders? Am J Gastroenterol 92(3):469–475PubMed

Robinson JN, Norwitz ER, Cohen AP et al (2000) Predictors of episiotomy use at first spontaneous vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 96:214–218PubMed

Röckner G, Fianu-Jonasson A (1999) Changed pattern in the use of episiotomy in Sweden. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106(2):95–101PubMedCrossRef

Röckner G, Jonasson A, Olund A (1991) The effect of mediolateral episiotomy at delivery on pelvic floor muscle strength evaluated with vaginal cones. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 70:51–54PubMedCrossRef

Rortveit G, Hannestad YS, Daltveid AK, Hunskar S (2001) Age and type dependent effects of parity on urinary incontinence: the Norvegian EPICONT study. Obstet Gynecol 98(6):1004–1010PubMed

Rortveit G, Daltweit AK, Hannestad YS, Hunskaar S (2003) Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or caesarean section. N Engl J Med 348:900–907PubMedCrossRef

Royal college of obstetricians and Gynaecologists – RCOG (2004) Methods and materials used in perineal repair, RCOG guideline no 23. RCOG Press, London

Safarinejad MR, Kolahi AA, Hosseini L (2009) The effect of mode of delivery on the quality of life, sexual function and sexual satisfaction in primiparous women and their husbands. J Sex Med 6(6):1645–1667PubMedCrossRef

Salvesen K, Morkved S (2004) Randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy. BMJ 329:378–380PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Samuelson E, Ladfors L, Wennerholm UB et al (2000) Anal sphincter tears: prospective study of obstetric risk factors. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107:926–931CrossRef

Sandridge DA, Thorp JM (1995) Vaginal endosonography in the assessment of the anorectum. Obstet Gynecol 86:1007–1009PubMedCrossRef

Sartore A, De Seta F, Maso G, Pregazzi R, Grimaldi E, Guaschino S (2004) The effects of mediolateral episiotomy on pelvic floor function after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 103(4):669–673PubMedCrossRef

Sato T, Konishi F, Minakami H et al (2001) Pelvic floor disturbance after childbirth: vaginal delivery damages the upper levels of sphincter innervation. Dis Colon Rectum 44:1155–1161PubMedCrossRef

Saunders N (1997) Pregnancy in the 21st century: back to nature with a little assistance. Lancet 349:I7–I9CrossRef

Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U (1995) Perineal ultrasound for evaluating the bladder neck in urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 85:220–224PubMedCrossRef

Schaffer JI, Bloom SL, Casey BM (2005) A randomized trial oft he effects of coached vs uncoached maternal pushing during the second stage of labour on postpartum pelvic floor structure and function. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1692–1696PubMedCrossRef

Schiebler TH, Schmidt W, Zilles K (Hrsg) (1995) Becken und Beckeneingeweide. In: Anatomie, Kap. 15. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, S 613–683

Sleep J, Grant A (1987) West Berkshire perneal management trial: three year follow up. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295:749–751CrossRef

Snooks SJ, Setchell M, Swash M, Henry MM (1984) Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet 2:546–550PubMedCrossRef

Snooks SJ, Swash M, Henry MM, Setchell M (1986) Risk factors in childbirth causing damage to the pelvic floor innervation. Int J Colorectal Dis 1:20–24PubMedCrossRef

Snooks SJ, Swash M, Mathers SE, Henry MM (1990) Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: a 5-year follow-up. Br J Surg 77:1358–1360PubMedCrossRef

Stanton SL, Kerr-Wilson R, Harris VG (1980) The incidence of urological symptoms in normal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 87(10):897–900PubMedCrossRef

Stedenfeldt M, Pirhonen J, Blix E, Wilsgaard T, Vonen B, Olan P (2012) Episiotomy characteristics and risks for obstetric anal sphincter injuries: a case control study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 119:724–730CrossRef

Stelzner F (2006) Anatomie des Kontinenzorgans. In: Lange J, Mölle B, Girona J (Hrsg) Chirurgische Proktologie, Kap. 13. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, S 30–62

Sultan AH (1999) Obstetric perineal injury and anal incontinence. Clin Risk 5:193–195

Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Bartram CI, Hudson CN (1993a) Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 43:263–270PubMedCrossRef

Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CI (1993b) Effect of pregnancy on anal sphincter morphology and function. Int J Colorectal Dis 8:206–209PubMedCrossRef

Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN (1994a) Pudendal nerve damage during labour: prospective study before and after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101:22–28PubMedCrossRef

Sultan AH, Loder PB, Bartram CI, Kamm MA, Hudson CN (1994b) Vaginal endosonography. New approach to image the undisturbed anal sphincter. Dis Colon Rectum 37:1296–1299PubMedCrossRef

Sultan AH, Monga AK, Stanton SL (1996) The pelvic floor sequelae of childbirth. Br J Hosp Med 55:575–579PubMed

Sultan AH, Monga AK, Kumar D, Stanton SL (1999) Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106:318–323PubMedCrossRef

Sze EH, Sherard GB III, Dolezal JM (2002) Pregnancy, labor, delivery and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 100(5.1):981–986PubMed

Tan M, O’Hanlon DM, Cassidy M, O’Connell PR (2001) Advantages of a posterior fourchette incision in anal sphinter repair. Dis Colon Rectum 44(11):1624–1629PubMedCrossRef

Tetzschner T, Sorensen M, Rasmussen OO et al (1995) Pudendal nerve damage increases the risk of fecal incontinence in women with anal sphincter rupture after childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74:434–440PubMedCrossRef

Thacker SB, Banta HD (1980) Benefits and risks of episiotomy: an interpretive review of the English language literature, 1860–1980. Obstet Gynecol Surv 38:322–338CrossRef

Thomas TM, Egan M, Walgrove A (1984) The prevalence of faecal and double incontinence. Community Med 6(3):216–220PubMed

Thorp JM, Norton PA, Wall LL, Kuller JA, Eucker B, Wells E (1999) Urinary incontinence in pregnancy and puerperium: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181(2):266–273PubMedCrossRef

Toglia MR, DeLancey JO (1994) Anal incontinence and the obstetrician-gynecologist. Obstet Gynecol 84:731–740PubMed

Trowbridge ER, Morgan D, Trowbridge MJ, DeLacey JO, Fenner DE (2006) Sexual function, quality of life and severity of anal incontinence after anal sphincteroplasty. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195(6):1753–1757PubMedCrossRef

Tunn R, Petri E (2003) Introital and transvaginal ultrasound as the main tool in the assessment of urogenital and pelvic floor dysfunction: an imaging panel and practical approach. Ultrasoud Obstet Gynecol 22(2):205–213CrossRef

Viktrup L, Lose G (2001) The risk of stress incontinence 5 years after first delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:82–87PubMedCrossRef

Weber AM (2009) Episiotomy use has changed. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009:e17–e18CrossRef

Wesners S, Lose G (2013) Preventing urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum: a review. Int Urogynecol J 24:889–899CrossRef

Wesnes SL, Hunskaar S, Bo K et al (2009) The effect of urinary incontinence status during pregnancy and delivery mode on incontinence portpartum A cohort study. BJOG 116:700–707PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Williams A, Adams EJ, Tincello DG, Alfirevic Z, Walkinshaw SA, Richmond DH (2006) How to repair an anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery: results of a randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 113(2):201–207CrossRef

Wilson PD, Herbison RM, Herbison GP (1996) Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103:154–161PubMedCrossRef

Wisser J, Schaer G, Kurmanavicius J, Huch R, Huch A (1999) New approach to assess obstetrical trauma to the pelvic floor with 3-D ultrasound. Ultraschall in der Medizin 20:15–18PubMedCrossRef

Yalcin OT, Hassa H, Ozalp S (2000) Effectiveness of ultrasonografic parameters for documenting the severity of anatomic stress incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 79(5):421–426PubMedCrossRef

Zetterström JP, Lopez A, Anzen B, Dolk A, Norman M, Mellgren A (1999) Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery: a prospective study in primiparous women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106:324–330PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Geburt und Beckenboden
verfasst von: Annette Kuhn
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Die Geburtshilfe
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45063-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-45064-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45064-2_35

Springerpflege

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten