Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Notfall +  Rettungsmedizin 1/2006

01.02.2006 | Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen

Abschnitt 7 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2005 des European Resuscitation Council

verfasst von: J. Soar, C. D. Deakin, J. P. Nolan, G. Abbas, A. Alfonzo, A. J. Handley, D. Lockey, G. D. Perkins, K. Thies, B. W. Böttiger, B. Dirks, V. Dörges, H. Domanovits, PD Dr. H. Gervais

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin | Ausgabe 1/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Elektrolytstörungen können Herzrhythmusstörungen und einen Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand auslösen. Lebensbedrohliche Rhythmusstörungen sind gewöhnlich mit Störungen des Kaliumhaushalts, insbesondere Hyperkaliämien und weniger häufig mit Entgleisungen der Serumkalzium- und Magnesiumspiegel assoziiert. In manchen Situationen sollte die Therapie einer lebensbedrohlichen Elektrolytstörung bereits vor dem Eintreffen der Laborwerte eingeleitet werden. …
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (2000) International Consensus on Science. Part 8: Advanced challenges in resuscitation. Section 1: Life-threatening electrolyte abnormalities. Circulation 102: 217–I22 Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (2000) International Consensus on Science. Part 8: Advanced challenges in resuscitation. Section 1: Life-threatening electrolyte abnormalities. Circulation 102: 217–I22
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Niemann JT, Cairns CB (1999) Hyperkalemia and ionized hypocalcemia during cardiac arrest and resuscitation: possible culprits for postcountershock arrhythmias? Ann Emerg Med 34: 1–7PubMed Niemann JT, Cairns CB (1999) Hyperkalemia and ionized hypocalcemia during cardiac arrest and resuscitation: possible culprits for postcountershock arrhythmias? Ann Emerg Med 34: 1–7PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmed J, Weisberg LS (2001) Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14: 348–356PubMed Ahmed J, Weisberg LS (2001) Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14: 348–356PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahoney B, Smith W, Lo D, Tsoi K, Tonelli M, Clase C (2005) Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003235 Mahoney B, Smith W, Lo D, Tsoi K, Tonelli M, Clase C (2005) Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003235
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ngugi NN, McLigeyo SO, Kayima JK (1997) Treatment of hyperkalaemia by altering the transcellular gradient in patients with renal failure: effect of various therapeutic approaches. East Afr Med J 74: 503–509PubMed Ngugi NN, McLigeyo SO, Kayima JK (1997) Treatment of hyperkalaemia by altering the transcellular gradient in patients with renal failure: effect of various therapeutic approaches. East Afr Med J 74: 503–509PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Allon M, Shanklin N (1996) Effect of bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in dialysis patients: interactions with insulin and albuterol. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 508–514PubMed Allon M, Shanklin N (1996) Effect of bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in dialysis patients: interactions with insulin and albuterol. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 508–514PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Rastegar A, Soleimani M (2001) Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia. Postgrad Med J 77: 759–764PubMed Rastegar A, Soleimani M (2001) Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia. Postgrad Med J 77: 759–764PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant LM (2000) New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern 160: 2429–2436 Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant LM (2000) New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern 160: 2429–2436
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Litovitz TL, Felberg L, White S, Klein-Schwartz W (1996) 1995 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 14: 487–537PubMed Litovitz TL, Felberg L, White S, Klein-Schwartz W (1996) 1995 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 14: 487–537PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat McCaig LF, Burt CW (1999) Poisoning-related visits to emergency departments in the United States, 1993–1996. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37: 817–826PubMed McCaig LF, Burt CW (1999) Poisoning-related visits to emergency departments in the United States, 1993–1996. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37: 817–826PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W et al. (2004) 2003 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 22: 335–404PubMed Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W et al. (2004) 2003 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 22: 335–404PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmerman JL (2003) Poisonings and overdoses in the intensive care unit: General and specific management issues. Crit Care Med 31: 2794–2801PubMed Zimmerman JL (2003) Poisonings and overdoses in the intensive care unit: General and specific management issues. Crit Care Med 31: 2794–2801PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Suntres ZE (2002) Role of antioxidants in paraquat toxicity. Toxicology 180: 65–77PubMed Suntres ZE (2002) Role of antioxidants in paraquat toxicity. Toxicology 180: 65–77PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (1993) Facility assessment guidelines for regional toxicology treatment centers. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 31: 211–217 American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (1993) Facility assessment guidelines for regional toxicology treatment centers. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 31: 211–217
16.
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Emergency Physicians (1996) Poison information and treatment systems. Ann Emerg Med 28: 384 American College of Emergency Physicians (1996) Poison information and treatment systems. Ann Emerg Med 28: 384
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2005) Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43: 61–87 Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2005) Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43: 61–87
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Vale JA, Kulig K (2004) Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42: 933–943PubMed Vale JA, Kulig K (2004) Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42: 933–943PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Krenzelok EP (2005) Ipecac syrup-induced emesis no evidence of benefit. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43: 11–12 Krenzelok EP (2005) Ipecac syrup-induced emesis no evidence of benefit. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43: 11–12
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Position paper (2004) Cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42: 243–253 Position paper (2004) Cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42: 243–253
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Position paper (2004) Whole bowel irrigation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42: 843–854 Position paper (2004) Whole bowel irrigation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42: 843–854
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2004) Position Paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42: 1–26PubMed Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2004) Position Paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42: 1–26PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Golper TA, Bennett WM (1988) Drug removal by continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration. A review of the evidence in poisoned patients. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 3: 341–349PubMed Golper TA, Bennett WM (1988) Drug removal by continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration. A review of the evidence in poisoned patients. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 3: 341–349PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Pitetti RD, Singh S, Pierce MC (2003) Safe and efficacious use of procedural sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists in a pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157: 1090–1096PubMed Pitetti RD, Singh S, Pierce MC (2003) Safe and efficacious use of procedural sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists in a pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157: 1090–1096PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Osterwalder JJ (1996) Naloxone — for intoxications with intravenous heroin and heroin mixtures–harmless or hazardous? A prospective clinical study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34: 409–416PubMed Osterwalder JJ (1996) Naloxone — for intoxications with intravenous heroin and heroin mixtures–harmless or hazardous? A prospective clinical study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34: 409–416PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Sporer KA, Firestone J, Isaacs SM (1996) Out-of-hospital treatment of opioid overdoses in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med 3: 660–667PubMed Sporer KA, Firestone J, Isaacs SM (1996) Out-of-hospital treatment of opioid overdoses in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med 3: 660–667PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Wanger K, Brough L, Macmillan I, Goulding J, MacPhail I, Christenson JM (1998) Intravenous vs subcutaneous naloxone for out-of-hospital management of presumed opioid overdose. Acad Emerg Med 5: 293–299PubMed Wanger K, Brough L, Macmillan I, Goulding J, MacPhail I, Christenson JM (1998) Intravenous vs subcutaneous naloxone for out-of-hospital management of presumed opioid overdose. Acad Emerg Med 5: 293–299PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasan RA, Benko AS, Nolan BM, Campe J, Duff J, Zureikat GY (2003) Cardiorespiratory effects of naloxone in children. Ann Pharmacother 37: 1587–1592PubMed Hasan RA, Benko AS, Nolan BM, Campe J, Duff J, Zureikat GY (2003) Cardiorespiratory effects of naloxone in children. Ann Pharmacother 37: 1587–1592PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Sporer KA (1999) Acute heroin overdose. Ann Intern Med 130: 584–590PubMed Sporer KA (1999) Acute heroin overdose. Ann Intern Med 130: 584–590PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneir AB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Offerman SR et al. (2002) Massive OxyContin ingestion refractory to naloxone therapy. Ann Emerg Med 40: 425–428PubMed Schneir AB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Offerman SR et al. (2002) Massive OxyContin ingestion refractory to naloxone therapy. Ann Emerg Med 40: 425–428PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly AM, Kerr D, Dietze P, Patrick I, Walker T, Koutsogiannis Z (2005) Randomised trial of intranasal versus intramuscular naloxone in prehospital treatment for suspected opioid overdose. Med J Aust 182: 24–27PubMed Kelly AM, Kerr D, Dietze P, Patrick I, Walker T, Koutsogiannis Z (2005) Randomised trial of intranasal versus intramuscular naloxone in prehospital treatment for suspected opioid overdose. Med J Aust 182: 24–27PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown TC (1976) Sodium bicarbonate treatment for tricyclic antidepressant arrhythmias in children. Med J Aust 2: 380–382PubMed Brown TC (1976) Sodium bicarbonate treatment for tricyclic antidepressant arrhythmias in children. Med J Aust 2: 380–382PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffman JR, Votey SR, Bayer M, Silver L (1993) Effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate-to-severe cyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Emerg Med 11: 336–341PubMed Hoffman JR, Votey SR, Bayer M, Silver L (1993) Effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate-to-severe cyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Emerg Med 11: 336–341PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Knudsen K, Abrahamsson J (1997) Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning. Crit Care Med 25: 669–674PubMed Knudsen K, Abrahamsson J (1997) Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning. Crit Care Med 25: 669–674PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Nattel S, Mittleman M (1984) Treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias resulting from amitriptyline toxicity in dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231: 430–435PubMed Nattel S, Mittleman M (1984) Treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias resulting from amitriptyline toxicity in dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231: 430–435PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Nattel S, Keable H, Sasyniuk BI (1984) Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: electrophysiologic manifestations and management. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6: 83–89PubMed Nattel S, Keable H, Sasyniuk BI (1984) Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: electrophysiologic manifestations and management. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 6: 83–89PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Pentel P, Benowitz N (1984) Efficacy and mechanism of action of sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of desipramine toxicity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230: 12–19PubMed Pentel P, Benowitz N (1984) Efficacy and mechanism of action of sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of desipramine toxicity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230: 12–19PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown TC, Barker GA, Dunlop ME, Loughnan PM (1973) The use of sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant-induced arrhythmias. Anaesth Intensive Care 1: 203–210PubMed Brown TC, Barker GA, Dunlop ME, Loughnan PM (1973) The use of sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant-induced arrhythmias. Anaesth Intensive Care 1: 203–210PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown TC (1976) Tricyclic antidepressant overdosage: experimental studies on the management of circulatory complications. Clin Toxicol 9: 255–272PubMed Brown TC (1976) Tricyclic antidepressant overdosage: experimental studies on the management of circulatory complications. Clin Toxicol 9: 255–272PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Hedges JR, Baker PB, Tasset JJ, Otten EJ, Dalsey WC, Syverud SA (1985) Bicarbonate therapy for the cardiovascular toxicity of amitriptyline in an animal model. J Emerg Med 3: 253–260PubMed Hedges JR, Baker PB, Tasset JJ, Otten EJ, Dalsey WC, Syverud SA (1985) Bicarbonate therapy for the cardiovascular toxicity of amitriptyline in an animal model. J Emerg Med 3: 253–260PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V, Valois M (1986) Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate. Ann Emerg Med 15: 1052–1059PubMed Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V, Valois M (1986) Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate. Ann Emerg Med 15: 1052–1059PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Stone CK, Kraemer CM, Carroll R, Low R (1995) Does a sodium-free buffer affect QRS width in experimental amitriptyline overdose? Ann Emerg Med 26: 58–64PubMed Stone CK, Kraemer CM, Carroll R, Low R (1995) Does a sodium-free buffer affect QRS width in experimental amitriptyline overdose? Ann Emerg Med 26: 58–64PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat McCabe JL, Cobaugh DJ, Menegazzi JJ, Fata J (1998) Experimental tricyclic antidepressant toxicity: a randomized, controlled comparison of hypertonic saline solution, sodium bicarbonate, and hyperventilation. Ann Emerg Med 32: 329–333PubMed McCabe JL, Cobaugh DJ, Menegazzi JJ, Fata J (1998) Experimental tricyclic antidepressant toxicity: a randomized, controlled comparison of hypertonic saline solution, sodium bicarbonate, and hyperventilation. Ann Emerg Med 32: 329–333PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V (1984) Mechanism of reversal of toxic effects of amitriptyline on cardiac Purkinje fibers by sodium bicarbonate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231: 387–394PubMed Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V (1984) Mechanism of reversal of toxic effects of amitriptyline on cardiac Purkinje fibers by sodium bicarbonate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231: 387–394PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V (1986) Frequency-dependent effects of amitriptyline on Vmax in canine purkinje fibers and its alteration by alkalosis. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society 29: 73–75 Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V (1986) Frequency-dependent effects of amitriptyline on Vmax in canine purkinje fibers and its alteration by alkalosis. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society 29: 73–75
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Bou-Abboud E, Nattel S (1998) Molecular mechanisms of the reversal of imipramine-induced sodium channel blockade by alkalinization in human cardiac myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 38: 395–404PubMed Bou-Abboud E, Nattel S (1998) Molecular mechanisms of the reversal of imipramine-induced sodium channel blockade by alkalinization in human cardiac myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 38: 395–404PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Levitt MA, Sullivan JB Jr, Owens SM, Burnham L, Finley PR (1986) Amitriptyline plasma protein binding: effect of plasma pH and relevance to clinical overdose. Am J Emerg Med 4: 121–125PubMed Levitt MA, Sullivan JB Jr, Owens SM, Burnham L, Finley PR (1986) Amitriptyline plasma protein binding: effect of plasma pH and relevance to clinical overdose. Am J Emerg Med 4: 121–125PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat McKinney PE, Rasmussen R (2003) Reversal of severe tricyclic antidepressant-induced cardiotoxicity with intravenous hypertonic saline solution. Ann Emerg Med 42: 20–24PubMed McKinney PE, Rasmussen R (2003) Reversal of severe tricyclic antidepressant-induced cardiotoxicity with intravenous hypertonic saline solution. Ann Emerg Med 42: 20–24PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Brogan WCI, Lange RA, Kim AS, Moliterno DJ, Hillis LD (1991) Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by nitroglycerin. J Am Coll Cardiol 18: 581–586PubMed Brogan WCI, Lange RA, Kim AS, Moliterno DJ, Hillis LD (1991) Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by nitroglycerin. J Am Coll Cardiol 18: 581–586PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW Jr et al. (1989) Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 321: 1557–1562PubMed Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW Jr et al. (1989) Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 321: 1557–1562PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED et al. (1990) Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med 112: 897–903PubMed Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED et al. (1990) Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med 112: 897–903PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Boehrer JD, Moliterno DJ, Willard JE, Hillis LD, Lange RA (1993) Influence of labetalol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Am J Med 94: 608–610PubMed Boehrer JD, Moliterno DJ, Willard JE, Hillis LD, Lange RA (1993) Influence of labetalol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Am J Med 94: 608–610PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosse GM, Pope TM (1994) Recurrent digoxin overdose and treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. J Emerg Med 12: 179–185PubMed Bosse GM, Pope TM (1994) Recurrent digoxin overdose and treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. J Emerg Med 12: 179–185PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan et al. (2000) Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 355: 967–972PubMed Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan et al. (2000) Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 355: 967–972PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Dasgupta A, Szelei-Stevens KA (2004) Neutralization of free digoxin-like immunoreactive components of oriental medicines Dan Shen and Lu-Shen-Wan by the Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody (Digibind). Am J Clin Pathol 121: 276–281PubMed Dasgupta A, Szelei-Stevens KA (2004) Neutralization of free digoxin-like immunoreactive components of oriental medicines Dan Shen and Lu-Shen-Wan by the Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody (Digibind). Am J Clin Pathol 121: 276–281PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Bailey B (2003) Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41: 595–602PubMed Bailey B (2003) Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41: 595–602PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Dewitt CR, Waksman JC (2004) Pharmacology, Pathophysiology and Management of Calcium Channel Blocker and beta-Blocker Toxicity. Toxicol Rev 23: 223–238PubMed Dewitt CR, Waksman JC (2004) Pharmacology, Pathophysiology and Management of Calcium Channel Blocker and beta-Blocker Toxicity. Toxicol Rev 23: 223–238PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Wax PM, Erdman AR, Chyka PA et al. (2005) Beta-blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43: 131–146 Wax PM, Erdman AR, Chyka PA et al. (2005) Beta-blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43: 131–146
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Peden MM, McGee K (2003) The epidemiology of drowning worldwide. Inj Control Saf Promot 10: 195–199PubMed Peden MM, McGee K (2003) The epidemiology of drowning worldwide. Inj Control Saf Promot 10: 195–199PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Driscoll TR, Harrison JA, Steenkamp M (2004) Review of the role of alcohol in drowning associated with recreational aquatic activity. Inj Prev 10: 107–113PubMedPubMedCentral Driscoll TR, Harrison JA, Steenkamp M (2004) Review of the role of alcohol in drowning associated with recreational aquatic activity. Inj Prev 10: 107–113PubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Papa L, Hoelle R, Idris A (2005) Systematic review of definitions for drowning incidents. Resuscitation 65: 255–264PubMed Papa L, Hoelle R, Idris A (2005) Systematic review of definitions for drowning incidents. Resuscitation 65: 255–264PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al. (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: The „Utstein style“. Resuscitation 59: 45–57PubMed Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al. (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: The „Utstein style“. Resuscitation 59: 45–57PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson RS, Cummings P, Quan L, Bratton S, Weiss NS (2001) Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims. J Trauma 51: 658–662PubMed Watson RS, Cummings P, Quan L, Bratton S, Weiss NS (2001) Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims. J Trauma 51: 658–662PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Dodd FM, Simon E, McKeown D, Patrick MR (1995) The effect of a cervical collar on the tidal volume of anaesthetised adult patients. Anaesthesia 50: 961–963PubMed Dodd FM, Simon E, McKeown D, Patrick MR (1995) The effect of a cervical collar on the tidal volume of anaesthetised adult patients. Anaesthesia 50: 961–963PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2005) International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 67 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2005) International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 67
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Golden FS, Hervey GR, Tipton MJ (1991) Circum-rescue collapse: collapse, sometimes fatal, associated with rescue of immersion victims. J R Nav Med Serv 77: 139–149PubMed Golden FS, Hervey GR, Tipton MJ (1991) Circum-rescue collapse: collapse, sometimes fatal, associated with rescue of immersion victims. J R Nav Med Serv 77: 139–149PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Goh SH, Low BY (1999) Drowning and near-drowning — some lessons learnt. Ann Acad Med Singapore 28: 183–188PubMed Goh SH, Low BY (1999) Drowning and near-drowning — some lessons learnt. Ann Acad Med Singapore 28: 183–188PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK (1990) Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics 86: 586–593PubMed Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK (1990) Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics 86: 586–593PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Szpilman D, Soares M (2004) In-water resuscitation — is it worthwhile? Resuscitation 63: 25–31PubMed Szpilman D, Soares M (2004) In-water resuscitation — is it worthwhile? Resuscitation 63: 25–31PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins GD (2005) In-water resuscitation: a pilot evaluation. Resuscitation 65: 321–324PubMed Perkins GD (2005) In-water resuscitation: a pilot evaluation. Resuscitation 65: 321–324PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosen P, Stoto M, Harley J (1995) The use of the Heimlich maneuver in near-drowning: Institute of Medicine report. J Emerg Med 13: 397–405PubMed Rosen P, Stoto M, Harley J (1995) The use of the Heimlich maneuver in near-drowning: Institute of Medicine report. J Emerg Med 13: 397–405PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat March NF, Matthews RC (1980) New techniques in external cardiac compressions. Aquatic cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 244: 1229–1232PubMed March NF, Matthews RC (1980) New techniques in external cardiac compressions. Aquatic cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 244: 1229–1232PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat March NF, Matthews RC (1980) Feasibility study of CPR in the water. Undersea Biomed Res 7: 141–148PubMed March NF, Matthews RC (1980) Feasibility study of CPR in the water. Undersea Biomed Res 7: 141–148PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas R, Cahill CJ (2000) Successful defibrillation in profound hypothermia (core body temperature 25.6 degrees C). Resuscitation 47: 317–320PubMed Thomas R, Cahill CJ (2000) Successful defibrillation in profound hypothermia (core body temperature 25.6 degrees C). Resuscitation 47: 317–320PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Manolios N, Mackie I (1988) Drowning and near-drowning on Australian beaches patrolled by life-savers: a 10-year study, 1973–1983. Med J Aust 148: 165–171PubMed Manolios N, Mackie I (1988) Drowning and near-drowning on Australian beaches patrolled by life-savers: a 10-year study, 1973–1983. Med J Aust 148: 165–171PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Modell JH, Calderwood HW, Ruiz BC, Downs JB, Chapman R Jr (1974) Effects of ventilatory patterns on arterial oxygenation after near-drowning in sea water. Anesthesiology 40: 376–384PubMed Modell JH, Calderwood HW, Ruiz BC, Downs JB, Chapman R Jr (1974) Effects of ventilatory patterns on arterial oxygenation after near-drowning in sea water. Anesthesiology 40: 376–384PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Golden FS, Tipton MJ, Scott RC (1997) Immersion, near-drowning and drowning. Br J Anaesth 79: 214–225PubMed Golden FS, Tipton MJ, Scott RC (1997) Immersion, near-drowning and drowning. Br J Anaesth 79: 214–225PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Wyatt JP, Tomlinson GS, Busuttil A (1999) Resuscitation of drowning victims in south-east Scotland. Resuscitation 41: 101–104PubMed Wyatt JP, Tomlinson GS, Busuttil A (1999) Resuscitation of drowning victims in south-east Scotland. Resuscitation 41: 101–104PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt U, Fritz KW, Kasperczyk W, Tscherne H (1995) Successful resuscitation of a child with severe hypothermia after cardiac arrest of 88 minutes. Prehospital Disaster Med 10: 60–62PubMed Schmidt U, Fritz KW, Kasperczyk W, Tscherne H (1995) Successful resuscitation of a child with severe hypothermia after cardiac arrest of 88 minutes. Prehospital Disaster Med 10: 60–62PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS, Thorne JK, Corneli HM (1988) The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 minutes. JAMA 260: 377–379PubMed Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS, Thorne JK, Corneli HM (1988) The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 minutes. JAMA 260: 377–379PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342: 1301–1308 The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342: 1301–1308
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Moran I, Zavala E, Fernandez R, Blanch L, Mancebo J (2003) Recruitment manoeuvres in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J 42 [Suppl]: 37–42 Moran I, Zavala E, Fernandez R, Blanch L, Mancebo J (2003) Recruitment manoeuvres in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J 42 [Suppl]: 37–42
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, Hickey RW (2003) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. An advisory statement by the Advancement Life support Task Force of the International Liaison committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57: 231–235PubMed Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, Hickey RW (2003) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. An advisory statement by the Advancement Life support Task Force of the International Liaison committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57: 231–235PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Holzer M, Behringer W, Schorkhuber W et al. (1997) Mild hypothermia and outcome after CPR. Hypothermia for Cardiac Arrest (HACA) Study Group. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand [Suppl] 111: 55–58 Holzer M, Behringer W, Schorkhuber W et al. (1997) Mild hypothermia and outcome after CPR. Hypothermia for Cardiac Arrest (HACA) Study Group. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand [Suppl] 111: 55–58
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Sterz F, Safar P, Tisherman S, Radovsky A, Kuboyama K, Oku K (1991) Mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves outcome after prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. Crit Care Med 19: 379–389PubMed Sterz F, Safar P, Tisherman S, Radovsky A, Kuboyama K, Oku K (1991) Mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves outcome after prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. Crit Care Med 19: 379–389PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Farstad M, Andersen KS, Koller ME, Grong K, Segadal L, Husby P (2001) Rewarming from accidental hypothermia by extracorporeal circulation. A retrospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20: 58–64PubMed Farstad M, Andersen KS, Koller ME, Grong K, Segadal L, Husby P (2001) Rewarming from accidental hypothermia by extracorporeal circulation. A retrospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20: 58–64PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider SM (1992) Hypothermia: from recognition to rewarming. Emerg Med Rep 13: 1–20 Schneider SM (1992) Hypothermia: from recognition to rewarming. Emerg Med Rep 13: 1–20
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A, Nilsen PÅ, Solbø JP (2000) Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7ºC with circulatory arrest. Lancet 355: 375–376PubMed Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A, Nilsen PÅ, Solbø JP (2000) Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7ºC with circulatory arrest. Lancet 355: 375–376PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Danzl DF, Pozos RS, Auerbach PS et al. (1987) Multicenter hypothermia survey. Ann Emerg Med 16: 1042–1055PubMed Danzl DF, Pozos RS, Auerbach PS et al. (1987) Multicenter hypothermia survey. Ann Emerg Med 16: 1042–1055PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Reuler JB (1978) Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Ann Intern Med 89: 519–527PubMed Reuler JB (1978) Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Ann Intern Med 89: 519–527PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefrant JY, Muller L, de La Coussaye JE et al. (2003) Temperature measurement in intensive care patients: comparison of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal methods versus pulmonary artery core method. Intensive Care Med 29: 414–418PubMed Lefrant JY, Muller L, de La Coussaye JE et al. (2003) Temperature measurement in intensive care patients: comparison of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal methods versus pulmonary artery core method. Intensive Care Med 29: 414–418PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson J, Charlton J, Seal R, Spady D, Joffres MR (1998) Oesophageal, rectal, axillary, tympanic and pulmonary artery temperatures during cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 45: 317–323PubMed Robinson J, Charlton J, Seal R, Spady D, Joffres MR (1998) Oesophageal, rectal, axillary, tympanic and pulmonary artery temperatures during cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 45: 317–323PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Krismer AC, Lindner KH, Kornberger R et al. (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during severe hypothermia in pigs: does epinephrine or vasopressin increase coronary perfusion pressure? Anesth Analg 90: 69–73PubMed Krismer AC, Lindner KH, Kornberger R et al. (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during severe hypothermia in pigs: does epinephrine or vasopressin increase coronary perfusion pressure? Anesth Analg 90: 69–73PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Kornberger E, Lindner KH, Mayr VD et al. (2001) Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Resuscitation 50: 301–308PubMed Kornberger E, Lindner KH, Mayr VD et al. (2001) Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Resuscitation 50: 301–308PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Stoner J, Martin G, O’Mara K, Ehlers J, Tomlanovich M (2003) Amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in a canine model. Acad Emerg Med 10: 187–191PubMed Stoner J, Martin G, O’Mara K, Ehlers J, Tomlanovich M (2003) Amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in a canine model. Acad Emerg Med 10: 187–191PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattu A, Brady WJ, Perron AD (2002) Electrocardiographic manifestations of hypothermia. Am J Emerg Med 20: 314–326PubMed Mattu A, Brady WJ, Perron AD (2002) Electrocardiographic manifestations of hypothermia. Am J Emerg Med 20: 314–326PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Southwick FS, Dalglish PH Jr (1980) Recovery after prolonged asystolic cardiac arrest in profound hypothermia: a case report and literature review. JAMA 243: 1250–1253PubMed Southwick FS, Dalglish PH Jr (1980) Recovery after prolonged asystolic cardiac arrest in profound hypothermia: a case report and literature review. JAMA 243: 1250–1253PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Ujhelyi MR, Sims JJ, Dubin SA, Vender J, Miller AW (2001) Defibrillation energy requirements and electrical heterogeneity during total body hypothermia. Crit Care Med 29: 1006–1011PubMed Ujhelyi MR, Sims JJ, Dubin SA, Vender J, Miller AW (2001) Defibrillation energy requirements and electrical heterogeneity during total body hypothermia. Crit Care Med 29: 1006–1011PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Kornberger E, Schwarz B, Lindner KH, Mair P (1999) Forced air surface rewarming in patients with severe accidental hypothermia. Resuscitation 41: 105–111PubMed Kornberger E, Schwarz B, Lindner KH, Mair P (1999) Forced air surface rewarming in patients with severe accidental hypothermia. Resuscitation 41: 105–111PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Roggla M, Frossard M, Wagner A, Holzer M, Bur A, Roggla G (2002) Severe accidental hypothermia with or without hemodynamic instability: rewarming without the use of extracorporeal circulation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114: 315–320PubMed Roggla M, Frossard M, Wagner A, Holzer M, Bur A, Roggla G (2002) Severe accidental hypothermia with or without hemodynamic instability: rewarming without the use of extracorporeal circulation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114: 315–320PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinberg AD, Hamlet MP, Paturas JL, White RD, McAninch GW (1990) Cold Weather Emergencies: Principles of Patient Management. American Medical Publishing Co., Branford, CN Weinberg AD, Hamlet MP, Paturas JL, White RD, McAninch GW (1990) Cold Weather Emergencies: Principles of Patient Management. American Medical Publishing Co., Branford, CN
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Zell SC, Kurtz KJ (1985) Severe exposure hypothermia: a resuscitation protocol. Ann Emerg Med 114: 339–345 Zell SC, Kurtz KJ (1985) Severe exposure hypothermia: a resuscitation protocol. Ann Emerg Med 114: 339–345
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Althaus U, Aeberhard P, Schupbach P, Nachbur BH, Muhlemann W (1982) Management of profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest. Ann Surg 195: 492–495PubMedPubMedCentral Althaus U, Aeberhard P, Schupbach P, Nachbur BH, Muhlemann W (1982) Management of profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest. Ann Surg 195: 492–495PubMedPubMedCentral
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Walpoth BH, Walpoth-Aslan BN, Mattle HP et al. (1997) Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming. N Engl J Med 337: 1500–1505PubMed Walpoth BH, Walpoth-Aslan BN, Mattle HP et al. (1997) Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming. N Engl J Med 337: 1500–1505PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Silfvast T, Pettila V (2003) Outcome from severe accidental hypothermia in Southern Finland--a 10-year review. Resuscitation 59: 285–290PubMed Silfvast T, Pettila V (2003) Outcome from severe accidental hypothermia in Southern Finland--a 10-year review. Resuscitation 59: 285–290PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Moss J (1986) Accidental severe hypothermia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 162: 501–513PubMed Moss J (1986) Accidental severe hypothermia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 162: 501–513PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Safar P (1993) Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: research initiatives and future directions. Ann Emerg Med 22: 324–349PubMed Safar P (1993) Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: research initiatives and future directions. Ann Emerg Med 22: 324–349PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchama A, Knochel JP (2002) Heat stroke. N Engl J Med 346: 1978–1988PubMed Bouchama A, Knochel JP (2002) Heat stroke. N Engl J Med 346: 1978–1988PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Wappler F (2001) Malignant hyperthermia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18: 632–652PubMed Wappler F (2001) Malignant hyperthermia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18: 632–652PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali SZ, Taguchi A, Rosenberg H (2003) Malignant hyperthermia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 17: 519–533PubMed Ali SZ, Taguchi A, Rosenberg H (2003) Malignant hyperthermia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 17: 519–533PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchama A (2004) The 2003 European heat wave. Intensive Care Med 30: 1–3PubMed Bouchama A (2004) The 2003 European heat wave. Intensive Care Med 30: 1–3PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Coris EE, Ramirez AM, Van Durme DJ (2004) Heat illness in athletes: the dangerous combination of heat, humidity and exercise. Sports Med 34: 9–16PubMed Coris EE, Ramirez AM, Van Durme DJ (2004) Heat illness in athletes: the dangerous combination of heat, humidity and exercise. Sports Med 34: 9–16PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Grogan H, Hopkins PM (2002) Heat stroke: implications for critical care and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 88: 700–707PubMed Grogan H, Hopkins PM (2002) Heat stroke: implications for critical care and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 88: 700–707PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchama A, De Vol EB (2001) Acid-base alterations in heatstroke. Intensive Care Med 27: 680–685PubMed Bouchama A, De Vol EB (2001) Acid-base alterations in heatstroke. Intensive Care Med 27: 680–685PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Akhtar MJ, al-Nozha M, al-Harthi S, Nouh MS (1993) Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with heat stroke. Chest 104: 411–414PubMed Akhtar MJ, al-Nozha M, al-Harthi S, Nouh MS (1993) Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with heat stroke. Chest 104: 411–414PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat el-Kassimi FA, Al-Mashhadani S, Abdullah AK, Akhtar J (1986) Adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating heat stroke. Chest 90: 571–574PubMed el-Kassimi FA, Al-Mashhadani S, Abdullah AK, Akhtar J (1986) Adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating heat stroke. Chest 90: 571–574PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Berger J, Hart J, Millis M, Baker AL (2000) Fulminant hepatic failure from heat stroke requiring liver transplantation. J Clin Gastroenterol 30: 429–431PubMed Berger J, Hart J, Millis M, Baker AL (2000) Fulminant hepatic failure from heat stroke requiring liver transplantation. J Clin Gastroenterol 30: 429–431PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Huerta-Alardin AL, Varon J, Marik PE (2005) Bench-to-bedside review: Rhabdomyolysis — an overview for clinicians. Crit Care 9: 158–169PubMed Huerta-Alardin AL, Varon J, Marik PE (2005) Bench-to-bedside review: Rhabdomyolysis — an overview for clinicians. Crit Care 9: 158–169PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolff ED, Driessen OMJ (1977) Theophylline intoxication in a child. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 121: 896–901PubMed Wolff ED, Driessen OMJ (1977) Theophylline intoxication in a child. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 121: 896–901PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Sidor K, Mikolajczyk W, Horwath-Stolarczyk A (2002) Acute poisoning in children hospitalized at the Medical University Hospital No 3 in Warsaw, between 1996 and 2000. Pediatria Polska 77: 509–516 Sidor K, Mikolajczyk W, Horwath-Stolarczyk A (2002) Acute poisoning in children hospitalized at the Medical University Hospital No 3 in Warsaw, between 1996 and 2000. Pediatria Polska 77: 509–516
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyer EW, Shannon M (2005) The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 352: 1112–1120PubMed Boyer EW, Shannon M (2005) The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 352: 1112–1120PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhanushali MJ, Tuite PJ (2004) The evaluation and management of patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neurol Clin 22: 389–411PubMed Bhanushali MJ, Tuite PJ (2004) The evaluation and management of patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neurol Clin 22: 389–411PubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Abraham E, Matthay MA, Dinarello CA et al. (2000) Consensus conference definitions for sepsis, septic shock, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome: time for a reevaluation. Crit Care Med 28: 232–235PubMed Abraham E, Matthay MA, Dinarello CA et al. (2000) Consensus conference definitions for sepsis, septic shock, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome: time for a reevaluation. Crit Care Med 28: 232–235PubMed
125.
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadad E, Weinbroum AA, Ben-Abraham R (2003) Drug-induced hyperthermia and muscle rigidity: a practical approach. Eur J Emerg Med 10: 149–154PubMed Hadad E, Weinbroum AA, Ben-Abraham R (2003) Drug-induced hyperthermia and muscle rigidity: a practical approach. Eur J Emerg Med 10: 149–154PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Halloran LL, Bernard DW (2004) Management of drug-induced hyperthermia. Curr Opin Pediatr 16: 211–215PubMed Halloran LL, Bernard DW (2004) Management of drug-induced hyperthermia. Curr Opin Pediatr 16: 211–215PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Armstrong LE, Crago AE, Adams R, Roberts WO, Maresh CM (1996) Whole-body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies. Am J Emerg Med 14: 355–358PubMed Armstrong LE, Crago AE, Adams R, Roberts WO, Maresh CM (1996) Whole-body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies. Am J Emerg Med 14: 355–358PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Horowitz BZ (1989) The golden hour in heat stroke: use of iced peritoneal lavage. Am J Emerg Med 7: 616–619PubMed Horowitz BZ (1989) The golden hour in heat stroke: use of iced peritoneal lavage. Am J Emerg Med 7: 616–619PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K (2003) Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 56: 9–13PubMed Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K (2003) Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 56: 9–13PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmutzhard E, Engelhardt K, Beer R et al. (2002) Safety and efficacy of a novel intravascular cooling device to control body temperature in neurologic intensive care patients: a prospective pilot study. Crit Care Med 30: 2481–2488PubMed Schmutzhard E, Engelhardt K, Beer R et al. (2002) Safety and efficacy of a novel intravascular cooling device to control body temperature in neurologic intensive care patients: a prospective pilot study. Crit Care Med 30: 2481–2488PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC et al. (2004) A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the CoolGard System and Icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 62: 143–150PubMed Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC et al. (2004) A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the CoolGard System and Icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 62: 143–150PubMed
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Behringer W, Safar P, Wu X et al. (2002) Veno-venous extracorporeal blood shunt cooling to induce mild hypothermia in dog experiments and review of cooling methods. Resuscitation 54: 89–98PubMed Behringer W, Safar P, Wu X et al. (2002) Veno-venous extracorporeal blood shunt cooling to induce mild hypothermia in dog experiments and review of cooling methods. Resuscitation 54: 89–98PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadad E, Cohen-Sivan Y, Heled Y, Epstein Y (2005) Clinical review: Treatment of heat stroke: should dantrolene be considered? Crit Care 9: 86–91PubMed Hadad E, Cohen-Sivan Y, Heled Y, Epstein Y (2005) Clinical review: Treatment of heat stroke: should dantrolene be considered? Crit Care 9: 86–91PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Krause T, Gerbershagen MU, Fiege M, Weisshorn R, Wappler F (2004) Dantrolene — a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments. Anaesthesia 59: 364–373PubMed Krause T, Gerbershagen MU, Fiege M, Weisshorn R, Wappler F (2004) Dantrolene — a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments. Anaesthesia 59: 364–373PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Eshel G, Safar P, Sassano J, Stezoski W (1990) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in dogs and monkeys. Resuscitation 20: 129–143PubMed Eshel G, Safar P, Sassano J, Stezoski W (1990) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in dogs and monkeys. Resuscitation 20: 129–143PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Eshel G, Safar P, Radovsky A, Stezoski SW (1997) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in monkeys: limited efficacy of standard CPR. Aviat Space Environ Med 68: 415–420PubMed Eshel G, Safar P, Radovsky A, Stezoski SW (1997) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in monkeys: limited efficacy of standard CPR. Aviat Space Environ Med 68: 415–420PubMed
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al. (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161: 2007–2012PubMed Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al. (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161: 2007–2012PubMed
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R (2004) The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 59: 469–478PubMed Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R (2004) The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 59: 469–478PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (2003) British guideline on the management of asthma. Thorax 58 [Suppl I]: 1–94 British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (2003) British guideline on the management of asthma. Thorax 58 [Suppl I]: 1–94
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Kokturk N, Demir N, Kervan F, Dinc E, Koybasioglu A, Turktas H (2004) A subglottic mass mimicking near-fatal asthma: a challenge of diagnosis. J Emerg Med 26: 57–60PubMed Kokturk N, Demir N, Kervan F, Dinc E, Koybasioglu A, Turktas H (2004) A subglottic mass mimicking near-fatal asthma: a challenge of diagnosis. J Emerg Med 26: 57–60PubMed
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Ratto D, Alfaro C, Sipsey J, Glovsky MM, Sharma OP (1988) Are intravenous corticosteroids required in status asthmaticus? JAMA 260: 527–529PubMed Ratto D, Alfaro C, Sipsey J, Glovsky MM, Sharma OP (1988) Are intravenous corticosteroids required in status asthmaticus? JAMA 260: 527–529PubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Aaron SD (2001) The use of ipratropium bromide for the management of acute asthma exacerbation in adults and children: a systematic review. J Asthma 38: 521–530PubMed Aaron SD (2001) The use of ipratropium bromide for the management of acute asthma exacerbation in adults and children: a systematic review. J Asthma 38: 521–530PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrigo G, Rodrigo C, Burschtin O (1999) A meta-analysis of the effects of ipratropium bromide in adults with acute asthma. Am J Med 107: 363–370PubMed Rodrigo G, Rodrigo C, Burschtin O (1999) A meta-analysis of the effects of ipratropium bromide in adults with acute asthma. Am J Med 107: 363–370PubMed
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Munro A, Jacobs M (2004) Best evidence topic reports. Is intravenous aminophylline better than intravenous salbutamol in the treatment of moderate to severe asthma? Emerg Med J 21: 78–80PubMedPubMedCentral Munro A, Jacobs M (2004) Best evidence topic reports. Is intravenous aminophylline better than intravenous salbutamol in the treatment of moderate to severe asthma? Emerg Med J 21: 78–80PubMedPubMedCentral
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowe BH, Bretzlaff JA, Bourdon C, Bota GW, Camargo CA Jr (2000) Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001490 Rowe BH, Bretzlaff JA, Bourdon C, Bota GW, Camargo CA Jr (2000) Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001490
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Cydulka R, Davison R, Grammer L, Parker M, Mathews J IV (1988) The use of epinephrine in the treatment of older adult asthmatics. Ann Emerg Med 17: 322–326PubMed Cydulka R, Davison R, Grammer L, Parker M, Mathews J IV (1988) The use of epinephrine in the treatment of older adult asthmatics. Ann Emerg Med 17: 322–326PubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1977) Comparison of subcutaneous terbutaline with epinephrine in the treatment of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 59: 128–135 Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1977) Comparison of subcutaneous terbutaline with epinephrine in the treatment of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 59: 128–135
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1989) Comparison between epinephrine and terbutaline injections in the acute management of asthma. J Asthma 26: 287–290PubMed Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1989) Comparison between epinephrine and terbutaline injections in the acute management of asthma. J Asthma 26: 287–290PubMed
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Pollack CV, Rowe B (2003) Use of helium-oxygen mixtures in the treatment of acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 123: 891–896PubMed Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Pollack CV, Rowe B (2003) Use of helium-oxygen mixtures in the treatment of acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 123: 891–896PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Petrillo TM, Fortenberry JD, Linzer JF, Simon HK (2001) Emergency department use of ketamine in pediatric status asthmaticus. J Asthma 38: 657–664PubMed Petrillo TM, Fortenberry JD, Linzer JF, Simon HK (2001) Emergency department use of ketamine in pediatric status asthmaticus. J Asthma 38: 657–664PubMed
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Howton JC, Rose J, Duffy S, Zoltanski T, Levitt MA (1996) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous ketamine in acute asthma. Ann Emerg Med 27: 170–175PubMed Howton JC, Rose J, Duffy S, Zoltanski T, Levitt MA (1996) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous ketamine in acute asthma. Ann Emerg Med 27: 170–175PubMed
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Antonelli M, Pennisi MA, Montini L (2005) Clinical review: Noninvasive ventilation in the clinical setting — experience from the past 10 years. Crit Care 9: 98–103PubMed Antonelli M, Pennisi MA, Montini L (2005) Clinical review: Noninvasive ventilation in the clinical setting — experience from the past 10 years. Crit Care 9: 98–103PubMed
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Ram FS, Wellington S, Rowe BH, Wedzicha JA (2005) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004360 Ram FS, Wellington S, Rowe BH, Wedzicha JA (2005) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004360
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Leatherman JW, McArthur C, Shapiro RS (2004) Effect of prolongation of expiratory time on dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Crit Care Med 32: 1542–1545PubMed Leatherman JW, McArthur C, Shapiro RS (2004) Effect of prolongation of expiratory time on dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Crit Care Med 32: 1542–1545PubMed
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowman FP, Menegazzi JJ, Check BD, Duckett TM (1995) Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 26: 216–219PubMed Bowman FP, Menegazzi JJ, Check BD, Duckett TM (1995) Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 26: 216–219PubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Lapinsky SE, Leung RS (1996) Auto-PEEP and electromechanical dissociation. N Engl J Med 335: 674PubMed Lapinsky SE, Leung RS (1996) Auto-PEEP and electromechanical dissociation. N Engl J Med 335: 674PubMed
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Rogers PL, Schlichtig R, Miro A, Pinsky M (1991) Auto-PEEP during CPR. An „occult“ cause of electromechanical dissociation? Chest 99: 492–493PubMed Rogers PL, Schlichtig R, Miro A, Pinsky M (1991) Auto-PEEP during CPR. An „occult“ cause of electromechanical dissociation? Chest 99: 492–493PubMed
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosengarten PL, Tuxen DV, Dziukas L, Scheinkestel C, Merrett K, Bowes G (1991) Circulatory arrest induced by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in a patient with severe asthma. Anaesth Intensive Care 19: 118–121PubMed Rosengarten PL, Tuxen DV, Dziukas L, Scheinkestel C, Merrett K, Bowes G (1991) Circulatory arrest induced by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in a patient with severe asthma. Anaesth Intensive Care 19: 118–121PubMed
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Sprung J, Hunter K, Barnas GM, Bourke DL (1994) Abdominal distention is not always a sign of esophageal intubation: cardiac arrest due to „auto-PEEP“. Anesth Analg 78: 801–804PubMed Sprung J, Hunter K, Barnas GM, Bourke DL (1994) Abdominal distention is not always a sign of esophageal intubation: cardiac arrest due to „auto-PEEP“. Anesth Analg 78: 801–804PubMed
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW, Clewlow F, Dalrymple-Hay MJ (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance — implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37: 9–12PubMed Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW, Clewlow F, Dalrymple-Hay MJ (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance — implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37: 9–12PubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Mazzeo AT, Spada A, Pratico C, Lucanto T, Santamaria LB (2004) Hypercapnia: what is the limit in paediatric patients? A case of near-fatal asthma successfully treated by multipharmacological approach. Paediatr Anaesth 14: 596–603PubMed Mazzeo AT, Spada A, Pratico C, Lucanto T, Santamaria LB (2004) Hypercapnia: what is the limit in paediatric patients? A case of near-fatal asthma successfully treated by multipharmacological approach. Paediatr Anaesth 14: 596–603PubMed
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Mertes PM, Laxenaire MC, Alla F (2003) Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions occurring during anesthesia in France in 1999–2000. Anesthesiology 99: 536–545PubMed Mertes PM, Laxenaire MC, Alla F (2003) Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions occurring during anesthesia in France in 1999–2000. Anesthesiology 99: 536–545PubMed
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Yunginger JW (1999) Latex allergy in the workplace: an overview of where we are. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 83: 630–633PubMed Yunginger JW (1999) Latex allergy in the workplace: an overview of where we are. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 83: 630–633PubMed
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Dreyfus DH, Fraser B, Randolph CC (2004) Anaphylaxis to latex in patients without identified risk factors for latex allergy. Conn Med 68: 217–222PubMed Dreyfus DH, Fraser B, Randolph CC (2004) Anaphylaxis to latex in patients without identified risk factors for latex allergy. Conn Med 68: 217–222PubMed
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Ownby DR (2002) A history of latex allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110: 27–32 Ownby DR (2002) A history of latex allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110: 27–32
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Pumphrey RS (2000) Lessons for management of anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 30: 1144–1150PubMed Pumphrey RS (2000) Lessons for management of anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 30: 1144–1150PubMed
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Pumphrey RS (2004) Fatal anaphylaxis in the UK, 1992–2001. Novartis Found Symp 257: 116–285PubMed Pumphrey RS (2004) Fatal anaphylaxis in the UK, 1992–2001. Novartis Found Symp 257: 116–285PubMed
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Incorvaia C, Senna G, Mauro M et al. (2004) Prevalence of allergic reactions to Hymenoptera stings in northern Italy. Allerg Immunol (Paris) 36: 372–374 Incorvaia C, Senna G, Mauro M et al. (2004) Prevalence of allergic reactions to Hymenoptera stings in northern Italy. Allerg Immunol (Paris) 36: 372–374
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Pumphrey RS, Roberts IS (2000) Postmortem findings after fatal anaphylactic reactions. J Clin Pathol 53: 273–276PubMedPubMedCentral Pumphrey RS, Roberts IS (2000) Postmortem findings after fatal anaphylactic reactions. J Clin Pathol 53: 273–276PubMedPubMedCentral
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Mullins RJ (2003) Anaphylaxis: risk factors for recurrence. Clin Exp Allergy 33: 1033–1040PubMed Mullins RJ (2003) Anaphylaxis: risk factors for recurrence. Clin Exp Allergy 33: 1033–1040PubMed
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Ishoo E, Shah UK, Grillone GA, Stram JR, Fuleihan NS (1999) Predicting airway risk in angioedema: staging system based on presentation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 121: 263–268PubMed Ishoo E, Shah UK, Grillone GA, Stram JR, Fuleihan NS (1999) Predicting airway risk in angioedema: staging system based on presentation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 121: 263–268PubMed
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Pumphrey R (2004) Anaphylaxis: can we tell who is at risk of a fatal reaction? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 4: 285–290PubMed Pumphrey R (2004) Anaphylaxis: can we tell who is at risk of a fatal reaction? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 4: 285–290PubMed
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ (2001) Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108: 871–873PubMed Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ (2001) Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108: 871–873PubMed
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons FER, Chan ES, Gu X, Simons KJ (2001) Epinephrine for the out-of-hospital (first-aid) treatment of anaphylaxis in infants: Is the ampule/syringe/needle method practical? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 108: 1040–1044PubMed Simons FER, Chan ES, Gu X, Simons KJ (2001) Epinephrine for the out-of-hospital (first-aid) treatment of anaphylaxis in infants: Is the ampule/syringe/needle method practical? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 108: 1040–1044PubMed
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Winbery SL, Lieberman PL (2002) Histamine and antihistamines in anaphylaxis. Clin Allergy Immunol 17: 287–317PubMed Winbery SL, Lieberman PL (2002) Histamine and antihistamines in anaphylaxis. Clin Allergy Immunol 17: 287–317PubMed
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Kill C, Wranze E, Wulf H (2004) Successful treatment of severe anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Two case reports. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 134: 260–126PubMed Kill C, Wranze E, Wulf H (2004) Successful treatment of severe anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Two case reports. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 134: 260–126PubMed
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams SR, Denault AY, Pellerin M, Martineau R (2004) Vasopressin for treatment of shock following aprotinin administration. Can J Anaesth 51: 169–172PubMed Williams SR, Denault AY, Pellerin M, Martineau R (2004) Vasopressin for treatment of shock following aprotinin administration. Can J Anaesth 51: 169–172PubMed
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Visscher PK, Vetter RS, Camazine S (1996) Removing bee stings. Lancet 348: 301–302PubMed Visscher PK, Vetter RS, Camazine S (1996) Removing bee stings. Lancet 348: 301–302PubMed
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Yocum MW, Butterfield JH, Klein JS, Volcheck GW, Schroeder DR, Silverstein MD (1999) Epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Olmsted County: a population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104: 452–456PubMed Yocum MW, Butterfield JH, Klein JS, Volcheck GW, Schroeder DR, Silverstein MD (1999) Epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Olmsted County: a population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104: 452–456PubMed
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith PL, Kagey-Sobotka A, Bleecker ER et al. (1980) Physiologic manifestations of human anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest 66: 1072–1080PubMedPubMedCentral Smith PL, Kagey-Sobotka A, Bleecker ER et al. (1980) Physiologic manifestations of human anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest 66: 1072–1080PubMedPubMedCentral
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Stark BJ, Sullivan TJ (1986) Biphasic and protracted anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 78: 76–83PubMed Stark BJ, Sullivan TJ (1986) Biphasic and protracted anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 78: 76–83PubMed
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Brazil E, MacNamara AF (1998) „Not so immediate“ hypersensitivity: the danger of biphasic anaphylactic reactions. J Accid Emerg Med 15: 252–253PubMedPubMedCentral Brazil E, MacNamara AF (1998) „Not so immediate“ hypersensitivity: the danger of biphasic anaphylactic reactions. J Accid Emerg Med 15: 252–253PubMedPubMedCentral
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Brady WJ Jr, Luber S, Carter CT, Guertler A, Lindbeck G (1997) Multiphasic anaphylaxis: an uncommon event in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 4: 193–197PubMed Brady WJ Jr, Luber S, Carter CT, Guertler A, Lindbeck G (1997) Multiphasic anaphylaxis: an uncommon event in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 4: 193–197PubMed
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Joint Working Party of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003) Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia, 3rd edn. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2003, London Joint Working Party of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003) Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia, 3rd edn. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2003, London
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Payne V, Kam PC (2004) Mast cell tryptase: a review of its physiology and clinical significance. Anaesthesia 59: 695–703PubMed Payne V, Kam PC (2004) Mast cell tryptase: a review of its physiology and clinical significance. Anaesthesia 59: 695–703PubMed
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P, Michalis A, Palatianos GM, Geroulanos S (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: Incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113: 15–19PubMed Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P, Michalis A, Palatianos GM, Geroulanos S (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: Incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113: 15–19PubMed
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Wahba A, Gotz W, Birnbaum DE (1997) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following open heart surgery. Scand Cardiovasc J 31: 147–149PubMed Wahba A, Gotz W, Birnbaum DE (1997) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following open heart surgery. Scand Cardiovasc J 31: 147–149PubMed
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhodes JF, Blaufox AD, Seiden HS et al. (1999) Cardiac arrest in infants after congenital heart surgery. Circulation 100: 194–199 Rhodes JF, Blaufox AD, Seiden HS et al. (1999) Cardiac arrest in infants after congenital heart surgery. Circulation 100: 194–199
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Dimopoulou I, Anthi A, Michalis A, Tzelepis GE (2001) Functional status and quality of life in long-term survivors of cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 29: 1408–1411PubMed Dimopoulou I, Anthi A, Michalis A, Tzelepis GE (2001) Functional status and quality of life in long-term survivors of cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 29: 1408–1411PubMed
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackay JH, Powell SJ, Osgathorp J, Rozario CJ (2002) Six-year prospective audit of chest reopening after cardiac arrest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22: 421–425PubMed Mackay JH, Powell SJ, Osgathorp J, Rozario CJ (2002) Six-year prospective audit of chest reopening after cardiac arrest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22: 421–425PubMed
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre — Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52: 269–272PubMed Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre — Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52: 269–272PubMed
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Raman J, Saldanha RF, Branch JM et al. (1989) Open cardiac compression in the postoperative cardiac intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 1;17: 129–135 Raman J, Saldanha RF, Branch JM et al. (1989) Open cardiac compression in the postoperative cardiac intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 1;17: 129–135
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Birdi I, Chaudhuri N, Lenthall K, Reddy S, Nashef SA (2000) Emergency reinstitution of cardiopulmonary bypass following cardiac surgery: outcome justifies the cost. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17: 743–746PubMed Birdi I, Chaudhuri N, Lenthall K, Reddy S, Nashef SA (2000) Emergency reinstitution of cardiopulmonary bypass following cardiac surgery: outcome justifies the cost. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17: 743–746PubMed
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Rousou JA, Engelman RM, Flack JE 3rd, Deaton DW, Owen SG (1994) Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass in the cardiac surgical unit can be a lifesaving measure in postoperative cardiac arrest. Circulation 90: 1280–1284 Rousou JA, Engelman RM, Flack JE 3rd, Deaton DW, Owen SG (1994) Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass in the cardiac surgical unit can be a lifesaving measure in postoperative cardiac arrest. Circulation 90: 1280–1284
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz B, Bowdle TA, Jett GK et al. (2003) Biphasic shocks compared with monophasic damped sine wave shocks for direct ventricular defibrillation during open heart surgery. Anesthesiology 98: 1063–1069PubMed Schwarz B, Bowdle TA, Jett GK et al. (2003) Biphasic shocks compared with monophasic damped sine wave shocks for direct ventricular defibrillation during open heart surgery. Anesthesiology 98: 1063–1069PubMed
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosemurgy AS, Norris PA, Olson SM, Hurst JM, Albrink MH (1993) Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: the cost of futility. J Trauma 35: 468–473PubMed Rosemurgy AS, Norris PA, Olson SM, Hurst JM, Albrink MH (1993) Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: the cost of futility. J Trauma 35: 468–473PubMed
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Battistella FD, Nugent W, Owings JT, Anderson JT (1999) Field triage of the pulseless trauma patient. Arch Surg 134: 742–745PubMed Battistella FD, Nugent W, Owings JT, Anderson JT (1999) Field triage of the pulseless trauma patient. Arch Surg 134: 742–745PubMed
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Shimazu S, Shatney CH (1983) Outcomes of trauma patients with no vital signs on hospital admission. J Trauma 23: 213–216PubMed Shimazu S, Shatney CH (1983) Outcomes of trauma patients with no vital signs on hospital admission. J Trauma 23: 213–216PubMed
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE Jr (2004) Additional evidence in support of withholding or terminating cardiopulmonary resuscitation for trauma patients in the field. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 198: 227–231PubMed Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE Jr (2004) Additional evidence in support of withholding or terminating cardiopulmonary resuscitation for trauma patients in the field. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 198: 227–231PubMed
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Fulton RL, Voigt WJ, Hilakos AS (1995) Confusion surrounding the treatment of traumatic cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Surg 181: 209–214PubMed Fulton RL, Voigt WJ, Hilakos AS (1995) Confusion surrounding the treatment of traumatic cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Surg 181: 209–214PubMed
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Pasquale MD, Rhodes M, Cipolle MD, Hanley T, Wasser T (1996) Defining „dead on arrival“: impact on a level I trauma center. J Trauma 41: 726–730PubMed Pasquale MD, Rhodes M, Cipolle MD, Hanley T, Wasser T (1996) Defining „dead on arrival“: impact on a level I trauma center. J Trauma 41: 726–730PubMed
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Stratton SJ, Brickett K, Crammer T (1998) Prehospital pulseless, unconscious penetrating trauma victims: field assessments associated with survival. J Trauma 45: 96–100PubMed Stratton SJ, Brickett K, Crammer T (1998) Prehospital pulseless, unconscious penetrating trauma victims: field assessments associated with survival. J Trauma 45: 96–100PubMed
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2002) Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA 287: 1142–1146PubMed Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2002) Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA 287: 1142–1146PubMed
209.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2005) Task Force 11: commotio cordis. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 1371–1373PubMed Maron BJ, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2005) Task Force 11: commotio cordis. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 1371–1373PubMed
210.
Zurück zum Zitat Nesbitt AD, Cooper PJ, Kohl P (2001) Rediscovering commotio cordis. Lancet 357: 1195–1197PubMed Nesbitt AD, Cooper PJ, Kohl P (2001) Rediscovering commotio cordis. Lancet 357: 1195–1197PubMed
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Link MS, Estes M, Maron BJ (2005) Sudden death caused by chest wall trauma (commotio cordis). In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (eds) Cardiac mechano-electric feedback and arrhythmias: from pipette to patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 270–276 Link MS, Estes M, Maron BJ (2005) Sudden death caused by chest wall trauma (commotio cordis). In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (eds) Cardiac mechano-electric feedback and arrhythmias: from pipette to patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 270–276
212.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouillon B, Walther T, Kramer M, Neugebauer E (1994) Trauma and circulatory arrest: 224 preclinical resuscitations in Cologne in 1987–1990. Anaesthesist 43: 786–790PubMed Bouillon B, Walther T, Kramer M, Neugebauer E (1994) Trauma and circulatory arrest: 224 preclinical resuscitations in Cologne in 1987–1990. Anaesthesist 43: 786–790PubMed
213.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher B, Worthen M (1999) Cardiac arrest induced by blunt trauma in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 15: 274–276PubMed Fisher B, Worthen M (1999) Cardiac arrest induced by blunt trauma in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 15: 274–276PubMed
214.
Zurück zum Zitat Hazinski MF, Chahine AA, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morris JA Jr (1994) Outcome of cardiovascular collapse in pediatric blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 23: 1229–1235PubMed Hazinski MF, Chahine AA, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morris JA Jr (1994) Outcome of cardiovascular collapse in pediatric blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 23: 1229–1235PubMed
215.
Zurück zum Zitat Calkins CM, Bensard DD, Partrick DA, Karrer FM (2002) A critical analysis of outcome for children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma. J Pediatr Surg 37: 180–184PubMed Calkins CM, Bensard DD, Partrick DA, Karrer FM (2002) A critical analysis of outcome for children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma. J Pediatr Surg 37: 180–184PubMed
216.
Zurück zum Zitat Yanagawa Y, Saitoh D, Takasu A, Kaneko N, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2004) Experience of treatment for blunt traumatic out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients over 24 years: head injury v.s. non-head injury. No Shinkei Geka 32: 231–235PubMed Yanagawa Y, Saitoh D, Takasu A, Kaneko N, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2004) Experience of treatment for blunt traumatic out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients over 24 years: head injury v.s. non-head injury. No Shinkei Geka 32: 231–235PubMed
217.
Zurück zum Zitat Cera SM, Mostafa G, Sing RF, Sarafin JL, Matthews BD, Heniford BT (2003) Physiologic predictors of survival in post-traumatic arrest. Am Surg 69: 140–144PubMed Cera SM, Mostafa G, Sing RF, Sarafin JL, Matthews BD, Heniford BT (2003) Physiologic predictors of survival in post-traumatic arrest. Am Surg 69: 140–144PubMed
218.
Zurück zum Zitat Esposito TJ, Jurkovich GJ, Rice CL, Maier RV, Copass MK, Ashbaugh DG (1991) Reappraisal of emergency room thoracotomy in a changing environment. J Trauma 31: 881–887PubMed Esposito TJ, Jurkovich GJ, Rice CL, Maier RV, Copass MK, Ashbaugh DG (1991) Reappraisal of emergency room thoracotomy in a changing environment. J Trauma 31: 881–887PubMed
219.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin SK, Shatney CH, Sherck JP et al. (2002) Blunt trauma patients with prehospital pulseless electrical activity (PEA): poor ending assured. J Trauma 53: 876–881PubMed Martin SK, Shatney CH, Sherck JP et al. (2002) Blunt trauma patients with prehospital pulseless electrical activity (PEA): poor ending assured. J Trauma 53: 876–881PubMed
220.
Zurück zum Zitat Domeier RM, McSwain NE Jr, Hopson LR et al. (2003) Guidelines for withholding or termination of resuscitation in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. J Am Coll Surg 196: 475–481PubMed Domeier RM, McSwain NE Jr, Hopson LR et al. (2003) Guidelines for withholding or termination of resuscitation in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. J Am Coll Surg 196: 475–481PubMed
221.
Zurück zum Zitat Pickens JJ, Copass MK, Bulger EM (2005) Trauma patients receiving CPR: predictors of survival. J Trauma 58: 951–958PubMed Pickens JJ, Copass MK, Bulger EM (2005) Trauma patients receiving CPR: predictors of survival. J Trauma 58: 951–958PubMed
222.
Zurück zum Zitat Gervin AS, Fischer RP (1082) The importance of prompt transport of salvage of patients with penetrating heart wounds. J Trauma 22: 443–448 Gervin AS, Fischer RP (1082) The importance of prompt transport of salvage of patients with penetrating heart wounds. J Trauma 22: 443–448
223.
Zurück zum Zitat Branney SW, Moore EE, Feldhaus KM, Wolfe RE (1998) Critical analysis of two decades of experience with postinjury emergency department thoracotomy in a regional trauma center. J Trauma 45: 87–95PubMed Branney SW, Moore EE, Feldhaus KM, Wolfe RE (1998) Critical analysis of two decades of experience with postinjury emergency department thoracotomy in a regional trauma center. J Trauma 45: 87–95PubMed
224.
Zurück zum Zitat Durham LA III, Richardson RJ, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE, Mattox KL (1992) Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation. J Trauma 32: 775–779PubMed Durham LA III, Richardson RJ, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE, Mattox KL (1992) Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation. J Trauma 32: 775–779PubMed
225.
Zurück zum Zitat Frezza EE, Mezghebe H (1999) Is 30 minutes the golden period to perform emergency room thoratomy (ERT) in penetrating chest injuries? J Cardiovas Surg 40: 147–151 Frezza EE, Mezghebe H (1999) Is 30 minutes the golden period to perform emergency room thoratomy (ERT) in penetrating chest injuries? J Cardiovas Surg 40: 147–151
226.
Zurück zum Zitat Powell DW, Moore EE, Cothren CC et al. (2004) Is emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy futile care for the critically injured patient requiring prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation? J Am Coll Surg 199: 211–215PubMed Powell DW, Moore EE, Cothren CC et al. (2004) Is emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy futile care for the critically injured patient requiring prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation? J Am Coll Surg 199: 211–215PubMed
227.
Zurück zum Zitat Coats TJ, Keogh S, Clark H, Neal M (2001) Prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy for cardiac arrest after penetrating trauma: rationale and case series. J Trauma 50: 670–673PubMed Coats TJ, Keogh S, Clark H, Neal M (2001) Prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy for cardiac arrest after penetrating trauma: rationale and case series. J Trauma 50: 670–673PubMed
228.
Zurück zum Zitat Wise D, Davies G, Coats T, Lockey D, Hyde J, Good A (2005) Emergency thoracotomy: „how to do it“. Emerg Med J 22: 22–24PubMedPubMedCentral Wise D, Davies G, Coats T, Lockey D, Hyde J, Good A (2005) Emergency thoracotomy: „how to do it“. Emerg Med J 22: 22–24PubMedPubMedCentral
229.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2001) Spinal immobilisation for trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002803 Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2001) Spinal immobilisation for trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002803
230.
Zurück zum Zitat Voiglio EJ, Coats TJ, Baudoin YP, Davies GD, Wilson AW (2003) Resuscitative transverse thoracotomy. Ann Chir 128: 728–733PubMed Voiglio EJ, Coats TJ, Baudoin YP, Davies GD, Wilson AW (2003) Resuscitative transverse thoracotomy. Ann Chir 128: 728–733PubMed
231.
Zurück zum Zitat Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes (2001) Practice management guidelines for emergency department thoracotomy. Working Group. J Am Coll Surg 193: 303–309 Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes (2001) Practice management guidelines for emergency department thoracotomy. Working Group. J Am Coll Surg 193: 303–309
232.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL, Somerville GG, Brizendine EJ (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11: 707–709PubMed Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL, Somerville GG, Brizendine EJ (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11: 707–709PubMed
233.
Zurück zum Zitat Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH (2003) Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med 10: 961–965PubMed Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH (2003) Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med 10: 961–965PubMed
234.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37: 32–37PubMed Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37: 32–37PubMed
235.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Peters R, Tomlinson P, Cassidy M (2005) Securing the prehospital airway: a comparison of laryngeal mask insertion and endotracheal intubation by UK paramedics. Emerg Med J 22: 64–67PubMedPubMedCentral Deakin CD, Peters R, Tomlinson P, Cassidy M (2005) Securing the prehospital airway: a comparison of laryngeal mask insertion and endotracheal intubation by UK paramedics. Emerg Med J 22: 64–67PubMedPubMedCentral
236.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepe PE, Roppolo LP, Fowler RL (2005) The detrimental effects of ventilation during low-blood-flow states. Curr Opin Crit Care 11: 212–218PubMed Pepe PE, Roppolo LP, Fowler RL (2005) The detrimental effects of ventilation during low-blood-flow states. Curr Opin Crit Care 11: 212–218PubMed
237.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Davies G, Wilson A (1995) Simple thoracostomy avoids chest drain insertion in prehospital trauma. J Trauma 39: 373–374PubMed Deakin CD, Davies G, Wilson A (1995) Simple thoracostomy avoids chest drain insertion in prehospital trauma. J Trauma 39: 373–374PubMed
238.
Zurück zum Zitat Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL (1989) Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 29: 1430–1433PubMed Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL (1989) Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 29: 1430–1433PubMed
239.
Zurück zum Zitat Gao JM, Gao YH, Wei GB et al. (2004) Penetrating cardiac wounds: principles for surgical management. World J Surg 28: 1025–1029PubMed Gao JM, Gao YH, Wei GB et al. (2004) Penetrating cardiac wounds: principles for surgical management. World J Surg 28: 1025–1029PubMed
240.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2003) Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002245 Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2003) Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002245
241.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepe PE, Mosesso VNJ, Falk JL (2002) Prehospital fluid resuscitation of the patient with major trauma. Prehospital Emergency Care 6: 81–91PubMed Pepe PE, Mosesso VNJ, Falk JL (2002) Prehospital fluid resuscitation of the patient with major trauma. Prehospital Emergency Care 6: 81–91PubMed
242.
Zurück zum Zitat Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE et al. (1994) Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 331: 1105–1109PubMed Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE et al. (1994) Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 331: 1105–1109PubMed
243.
Zurück zum Zitat National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) Pre-hospital initiation of fluid replacement therapy for trauma. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) Pre-hospital initiation of fluid replacement therapy for trauma. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London
244.
Zurück zum Zitat Sumida MP, Quinn K, Lewis PL et al. (2000) Prehospital blood transfusion versus crystalloid alone in the air medical transport of trauma patients. Air Med J 19: 140–143PubMed Sumida MP, Quinn K, Lewis PL et al. (2000) Prehospital blood transfusion versus crystalloid alone in the air medical transport of trauma patients. Air Med J 19: 140–143PubMed
245.
Zurück zum Zitat Barkana Y, Stein M, Maor R, Lynn M, Eldad A (1999) Prehospital blood transfusion in prolonged evacuation. J Trauma 46: 176–180PubMed Barkana Y, Stein M, Maor R, Lynn M, Eldad A (1999) Prehospital blood transfusion in prolonged evacuation. J Trauma 46: 176–180PubMed
246.
Zurück zum Zitat Walcher F, Kortum S, Kirschning T, Weihgold N, Marzi I (2002) Optimized management of polytraumatized patients by prehospital ultrasound]. Unfallchirurg 105: 986–994PubMed Walcher F, Kortum S, Kirschning T, Weihgold N, Marzi I (2002) Optimized management of polytraumatized patients by prehospital ultrasound]. Unfallchirurg 105: 986–994PubMed
247.
Zurück zum Zitat Krismer AC, Wenzel V, Voelckel WG et al. (2005) Employing vasopressin as an adjunct vasopressor in uncontrolled traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Three cases and a brief analysis of the literature. Anaesthesist 54: 220–224PubMed Krismer AC, Wenzel V, Voelckel WG et al. (2005) Employing vasopressin as an adjunct vasopressor in uncontrolled traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Three cases and a brief analysis of the literature. Anaesthesist 54: 220–224PubMed
248.
Zurück zum Zitat Department of Health, Welsh Office, Scottish Office Department of Health, Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland (2004) Why mothers die. Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom, 2000–2002. The Stationery Office, London Department of Health, Welsh Office, Scottish Office Department of Health, Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland (2004) Why mothers die. Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom, 2000–2002. The Stationery Office, London
249.
Zurück zum Zitat Page-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Sanchez JA (1999) Perimortem cesarean section of twin pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med 6: 1072–1074PubMed Page-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Sanchez JA (1999) Perimortem cesarean section of twin pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med 6: 1072–1074PubMed
250.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardosi RJ, Porter KB (1998) Cesarean delivery of twins during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. Obstet Gynecol 92: 695–697PubMed Cardosi RJ, Porter KB (1998) Cesarean delivery of twins during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. Obstet Gynecol 92: 695–697PubMed
251.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinsella SM (2003) Lateral tilt for pregnant women: why 15 degrees? Anaesthesia 58: 835–836PubMed Kinsella SM (2003) Lateral tilt for pregnant women: why 15 degrees? Anaesthesia 58: 835–836PubMed
252.
Zurück zum Zitat Nanson J, Elcock D, Williams M, Deakin CD (2001) Do physiological changes in pregnancy change defibrillation energy requirements? Br J Anaesth 87: 237–239PubMed Nanson J, Elcock D, Williams M, Deakin CD (2001) Do physiological changes in pregnancy change defibrillation energy requirements? Br J Anaesth 87: 237–239PubMed
253.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson MD, Luppi CJ, Over DC (1998) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. In: Gambling DR, Douglas MJ, eds. Obstetric Anesthesia and Uncommon Disorders. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 51–74 Johnson MD, Luppi CJ, Over DC (1998) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. In: Gambling DR, Douglas MJ, eds. Obstetric Anesthesia and Uncommon Disorders. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 51–74
254.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman K, Jenkins JG (2005) Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly. Anaesthesia 60: 168–171PubMed Rahman K, Jenkins JG (2005) Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly. Anaesthesia 60: 168–171PubMed
255.
Zurück zum Zitat Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC (2004) Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 59: 675–694PubMed Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC (2004) Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 59: 675–694PubMed
256.
Zurück zum Zitat Catling S, Joels L (2005) Cell salvage in obstetrics: the time has come. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 112: 131–132 Catling S, Joels L (2005) Cell salvage in obstetrics: the time has come. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 112: 131–132
257.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahonen J, Jokela R (2005) Recombinant factor VIIa for life-threatening post-partum haemorrhage. Br J Anaesth 94: 592–595PubMed Ahonen J, Jokela R (2005) Recombinant factor VIIa for life-threatening post-partum haemorrhage. Br J Anaesth 94: 592–595PubMed
258.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouwmeester FW, Bolte AC, van Geijn HP (2005) Pharmacological and surgical therapy for primary postpartum hemorrhage. Curr Pharm Des 11: 759–773PubMed Bouwmeester FW, Bolte AC, van Geijn HP (2005) Pharmacological and surgical therapy for primary postpartum hemorrhage. Curr Pharm Des 11: 759–773PubMed
259.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Hamamy E, C BL (2005) A worldwide review of the uses of the uterine compression suture techniques as alternative to hysterectomy in the management of severe post-partum haemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol 25: 143–149PubMed El-Hamamy E, C BL (2005) A worldwide review of the uses of the uterine compression suture techniques as alternative to hysterectomy in the management of severe post-partum haemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol 25: 143–149PubMed
260.
Zurück zum Zitat Hong TM, Tseng HS, Lee RC, Wang JH, Chang CY (2004) Uterine artery embolization: an effective treatment for intractable obstetric haemorrhage. Clin Radiol 59: 96–101PubMed Hong TM, Tseng HS, Lee RC, Wang JH, Chang CY (2004) Uterine artery embolization: an effective treatment for intractable obstetric haemorrhage. Clin Radiol 59: 96–101PubMed
261.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu S, Pennisi JA, Moukhtar M, Friedman EA (1995) Placental abruption in association with advanced abdominal pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 40: 731–735PubMed Yu S, Pennisi JA, Moukhtar M, Friedman EA (1995) Placental abruption in association with advanced abdominal pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 40: 731–735PubMed
262.
Zurück zum Zitat Wlody D (2003) Complications of regional anesthesia in obstetrics. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 46: 667–678PubMed Wlody D (2003) Complications of regional anesthesia in obstetrics. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 46: 667–678PubMed
263.
Zurück zum Zitat Ray P, Murphy GJ, Shutt LE (2004) Recognition and management of maternal cardiac disease in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 93: 428–439PubMed Ray P, Murphy GJ, Shutt LE (2004) Recognition and management of maternal cardiac disease in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 93: 428–439PubMed
264.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbas AE, Lester SJ, Connolly H (2005) Pregnancy and the cardiovascular system. Int J Cardiol 98: 179–189PubMed Abbas AE, Lester SJ, Connolly H (2005) Pregnancy and the cardiovascular system. Int J Cardiol 98: 179–189PubMed
265.
Zurück zum Zitat Doan-Wiggins L (1997) Resuscitation of the pregnant patient suffering sudden death. In: Paradis NA, Halperin HR, Nowak RM, eds. Cardiac Arrest: The Science and Practice of Resuscitation Medicine. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 812–819 Doan-Wiggins L (1997) Resuscitation of the pregnant patient suffering sudden death. In: Paradis NA, Halperin HR, Nowak RM, eds. Cardiac Arrest: The Science and Practice of Resuscitation Medicine. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 812–819
266.
Zurück zum Zitat Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M (2005) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 365: 785–799PubMed Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M (2005) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 365: 785–799PubMed
267.
Zurück zum Zitat Sibai BM (2005) Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 105: 402–410PubMed Sibai BM (2005) Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 105: 402–410PubMed
268.
Zurück zum Zitat Dapprich M, Boessenecker W (2002) Fibrinolysis with alteplase in a pregnant woman with stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 13: 290PubMed Dapprich M, Boessenecker W (2002) Fibrinolysis with alteplase in a pregnant woman with stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 13: 290PubMed
269.
Zurück zum Zitat Turrentine MA, Braems G, Ramirez MM (1995) Use of thrombolytics for the treatment of thromboembolic disease during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50: 534–541PubMed Turrentine MA, Braems G, Ramirez MM (1995) Use of thrombolytics for the treatment of thromboembolic disease during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50: 534–541PubMed
270.
Zurück zum Zitat Thabut G, Thabut D, Myers RP et al. (2002) Thrombolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 40: 1660–1667PubMed Thabut G, Thabut D, Myers RP et al. (2002) Thrombolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 40: 1660–1667PubMed
271.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel RK, Fasan O, Arya R (2003) Thrombolysis in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 90: 1216–1217PubMed Patel RK, Fasan O, Arya R (2003) Thrombolysis in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 90: 1216–1217PubMed
272.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuffnell DJ (2003) Amniotic fluid embolism. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 15: 119–122PubMed Tuffnell DJ (2003) Amniotic fluid embolism. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 15: 119–122PubMed
273.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanten RD, Iverson LI, Daugharty TM, Lovett SM, Terry C, Blumenstock E (2003) Amniotic fluid embolism causing catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiogram and treatment by cardiopulmonary bypass. Obstet Gynecol 102: 496–498PubMed Stanten RD, Iverson LI, Daugharty TM, Lovett SM, Terry C, Blumenstock E (2003) Amniotic fluid embolism causing catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiogram and treatment by cardiopulmonary bypass. Obstet Gynecol 102: 496–498PubMed
274.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz VL, Dotters DJ, Droegemueller W (1986) Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 68: 571–576PubMed Katz VL, Dotters DJ, Droegemueller W (1986) Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 68: 571–576PubMed
275.
Zurück zum Zitat International Consensus on Science (2000) Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, Part 8: advanced challenges in resuscitation. Section 3: special challenges in ECC. 3F: cardiac arrest associated with pregnancy. Resuscitation 46: 293–295 International Consensus on Science (2000) Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, Part 8: advanced challenges in resuscitation. Section 3: special challenges in ECC. 3F: cardiac arrest associated with pregnancy. Resuscitation 46: 293–295
276.
Zurück zum Zitat Cummins RO, Hazinski MF, Zelop CM (2003) Cardiac Arrest Associated with Pregnancy, Chapter 4, Part 6. In: Cummins R, Hazinski M, Field J (eds) ACLS-The Reference Textbook. American Heart Association, Dallas, pp 143–158 Cummins RO, Hazinski MF, Zelop CM (2003) Cardiac Arrest Associated with Pregnancy, Chapter 4, Part 6. In: Cummins R, Hazinski M, Field J (eds) ACLS-The Reference Textbook. American Heart Association, Dallas, pp 143–158
277.
278.
Zurück zum Zitat Strong THJ, Lowe RA (1989) Perimortem cesarean section. Am J Emerg Med 7: 489–494PubMed Strong THJ, Lowe RA (1989) Perimortem cesarean section. Am J Emerg Med 7: 489–494PubMed
279.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyd R, Teece S (2002) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Perimortem caesarean section. Emerg Med J 19: 324–325PubMedPubMedCentral Boyd R, Teece S (2002) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Perimortem caesarean section. Emerg Med J 19: 324–325PubMedPubMedCentral
280.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore C, Promes SB (2004) Ultrasound in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 22: 697–722PubMed Moore C, Promes SB (2004) Ultrasound in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 22: 697–722PubMed
281.
Zurück zum Zitat Budnick LD (1984) Bathtub-related electrocutions in the United States, 1979 to 1982. JAMA 252: 918–920PubMed Budnick LD (1984) Bathtub-related electrocutions in the United States, 1979 to 1982. JAMA 252: 918–920PubMed
282.
Zurück zum Zitat Lightning-associated deaths (1998) Lightning-associated deaths, United States, 1980–1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47: 391–394 Lightning-associated deaths (1998) Lightning-associated deaths, United States, 1980–1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47: 391–394
283.
Zurück zum Zitat Geddes LA, Bourland JD, Ford G (1986) The mechanism underlying sudden death from electric shock. Med Instrum 20: 303–315PubMed Geddes LA, Bourland JD, Ford G (1986) The mechanism underlying sudden death from electric shock. Med Instrum 20: 303–315PubMed
284.
Zurück zum Zitat Zafren K, Durrer B, Herry JP, Brugger H (2005) Lightning injuries: prevention and on-site treatment in mountains and remote areas. Official guidelines of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine and the Medical Commission of the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (ICAR and UIAA MEDCOM). Resuscitation 65: 369–372PubMed Zafren K, Durrer B, Herry JP, Brugger H (2005) Lightning injuries: prevention and on-site treatment in mountains and remote areas. Official guidelines of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine and the Medical Commission of the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (ICAR and UIAA MEDCOM). Resuscitation 65: 369–372PubMed
285.
Zurück zum Zitat Cherington M (1995) Lightning injuries. Ann Emerg Med 25: 517–519PubMed Cherington M (1995) Lightning injuries. Ann Emerg Med 25: 517–519PubMed
286.
Zurück zum Zitat Fahmy FS, Brinsden MD, Smith J, Frame JD (1999) Lightning: the multisystem group injuries. J Trauma 46: 937–940PubMed Fahmy FS, Brinsden MD, Smith J, Frame JD (1999) Lightning: the multisystem group injuries. J Trauma 46: 937–940PubMed
287.
Zurück zum Zitat Patten BM (1992) Lightning and electrical injuries. Neurol Clin 10: 1047–1058PubMed Patten BM (1992) Lightning and electrical injuries. Neurol Clin 10: 1047–1058PubMed
288.
Zurück zum Zitat Browne BJ, Gaasch WR (1992) Electrical injuries and lightning. Emerg Med Clin North Am 10: 211–229PubMed Browne BJ, Gaasch WR (1992) Electrical injuries and lightning. Emerg Med Clin North Am 10: 211–229PubMed
289.
Zurück zum Zitat Kleiner JP, Wilkin JH (1978) Cardiac effects of lightning stroke. JAMA 240: 2757–2759PubMed Kleiner JP, Wilkin JH (1978) Cardiac effects of lightning stroke. JAMA 240: 2757–2759PubMed
290.
Zurück zum Zitat Lichtenberg R, Dries D, Ward K, Marshall W, Scanlon P (1993) Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 531–536PubMed Lichtenberg R, Dries D, Ward K, Marshall W, Scanlon P (1993) Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 531–536PubMed
291.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper MA (1995) Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Semin Neurol 15: 268–278PubMed Cooper MA (1995) Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Semin Neurol 15: 268–278PubMed
292.
Zurück zum Zitat Milzman DP, Moskowitz L, Hardel M (1999) Lightning strikes at a mass gathering. South Med J 92: 708–710PubMed Milzman DP, Moskowitz L, Hardel M (1999) Lightning strikes at a mass gathering. South Med J 92: 708–710PubMed
293.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper MA (1980) Lightning injuries: prognostic signs for death. Ann Emerg Med 9: 134–138PubMed Cooper MA (1980) Lightning injuries: prognostic signs for death. Ann Emerg Med 9: 134–138PubMed
294.
Zurück zum Zitat Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (1995) Neuropathology of lightning strike injuries. Semin Neurol 15: 323–328PubMed Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (1995) Neuropathology of lightning strike injuries. Semin Neurol 15: 323–328PubMed
295.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart CE (2000) When lightning strikes. Emerg Med Serv 29: 57–103PubMed Stewart CE (2000) When lightning strikes. Emerg Med Serv 29: 57–103PubMed
296.
Zurück zum Zitat Duclos PJ, Sanderson LM (1990) An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int J Epidemiol 19: 673–679PubMed Duclos PJ, Sanderson LM (1990) An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int J Epidemiol 19: 673–679PubMed
297.
Zurück zum Zitat Epperly TD, Stewart JR (1989) The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract 29: 267–272PubMed Epperly TD, Stewart JR (1989) The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract 29: 267–272PubMed
298.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitcomb D, Martinez JA, Daberkow D (2002) Lightning injuries. South Med J 95: 1331–1334PubMed Whitcomb D, Martinez JA, Daberkow D (2002) Lightning injuries. South Med J 95: 1331–1334PubMed
299.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldman RD, Einarson A, Koren G (2003) Electric shock during pregnancy. Can Fam Phys 49: 297–298 Goldman RD, Einarson A, Koren G (2003) Electric shock during pregnancy. Can Fam Phys 49: 297–298
Metadaten
Titel
Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen
Abschnitt 7 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2005 des European Resuscitation Council
verfasst von
J. Soar
C. D. Deakin
J. P. Nolan
G. Abbas
A. Alfonzo
A. J. Handley
D. Lockey
G. D. Perkins
K. Thies
B. W. Böttiger
B. Dirks
V. Dörges
H. Domanovits
PD Dr. H. Gervais
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2006
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin / Ausgabe 1/2006
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-006-0798-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2006

Notfall +  Rettungsmedizin 1/2006 Zur Ausgabe