Abstract
Design-oriented research practices create opportunities for constructing knowledge that is more abstracted than particular instances, without aspiring to be at the scope of generalized theories. We propose an intermediate design knowledge form that we name strong concepts that has the following properties: is generative and carries a core design idea, cutting across particular use situations and even application domains; concerned with interactive behavior, not static appearance; is a design element and a part of an artifact and, at the same time, speaks of a use practice and behavior over time; and finally, resides on an abstraction level above particular instances. We present two strong concepts—social navigation and seamfulness—and discuss how they fulfil criteria we might have on knowledge, such as being contestable, defensible, and substantive. Our aim is to foster an academic culture of discursive knowledge construction of intermediate-level knowledge and of how it can be produced and assessed in design-oriented HCI research.
- Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobson, M., Fiksdahl-King, I., and Angel, S. 1977. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
- Bardzell, J., Bolter, J., and Löwgren, J. 2010. Interaction criticism: Three readings of an interaction design, and what they get us. Interactions 17, 2, 32--37. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bell, M., Chalmers, M., Barkhuus, L., Hall, M., Sherwood, S., Tennent, P., Brown, B., Rowland, D., Benford, S., Capra, M., and Hampshire, A. 2006. Interweaving mobile games with everyday life. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'06). 417--426. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Benford, S. and Giannachi, G. 2011. Performing Mixed Reality. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Benford, S., Crabtree, A., Flintham, M., Drozd, A., Anastasi, R., Paxton, M., Tandavanitj, N., Adams, M., and Row-Farr, J. 2006. Can you see me now? ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interac. 13, 1, 100--133. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Björk, S. and Holopainen, J. 2005. Patterns in Game Design. Charles River Media, Hingham, MA.Google Scholar
- Boehner, K., Depaula, R., Dourish, P., and Sengers, P. 2005. Affect: From information to interaction. In Proceedings of the 4th Decennial Aarhus Conference on Critical Computing. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Botero, A., Kommonen, K.-H., and Marttila, S. 2010. Expanding design space: Design-in-use activities and strategies. In Proceedings of the DRS Conference on Design and Complexity.Google Scholar
- Booth, W., Colomb, G., and Williams, J. 2008. The Craft of Research 3rd Edition. Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
- Borchers, J. 2001. A Pattern Approach to Interaction Design. John Wiley, Chichesterm, West Sussex. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Carroll, J. and Rosson, M. B. 1992. Getting around the task-artefact cycle: How to make claims and design by scenario. ACM Trans. Inform. Syst. 10, 2, 181--212. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chalmers, M., Dieberger, A., Höök, K., and Rudström, A. 2004. Social navigation and seamful design. Cognit. Stud. Bull. Japan. Cognit. Sci. Soc. 11, 3, 171--181.Google Scholar
- Chalmers, M., MacColl, I., and Bell, M. 2003. Seamful design: Showing the seams in wearable computing. In Proceedings of the IEEE Eurowearable Conference. 11--17.Google Scholar
- Chalmers, M. and Galani, A. 2004. Seamful interweaving: Heterogeneity in the theory and design of interactive systems. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS'04). 243--252. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cross, N. 2007. Forty years of design research. Design Stud. 28, 1--4.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Darke, J. 1979. The primary generator and the design process. Design Stud. 1, 36--44.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dourish, P. 1999. Following where the footprints lead: Tracking down new roles for social navigation. In Social Navigation of Information Space. Springer, London, U.K., 15--34.Google Scholar
- Dourish, P. and Chalmers, M. 1994. Running out of space: Models of information navigation. In Proceedings of the HCI '94 Conference.Google Scholar
- Daurish, P. 2001. Where the Action is: The foundations of Embodied Interaction. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Espinoza, F., Persson, P., Sandin, A., Nystrom, H., Cacciatore, E., and Bylund, M. 2001. GeoNotes: Social and navigational aspects of location-based information systems. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. 2--17. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fallman, D. 2003. Design-oriented human-computer interaction. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'03). 225--232. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fernaeus, Y. and Tholander, J. 2006. Finding design qualities in a tangible programming space. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'06). 447--456. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Frayling, C. 1993. Research in art and design. Royal College Art Res. Pap. 1, 1.Google Scholar
- Galey, A. and Ruecker, S. 2010. How a prototype argues. Lit. Ling. Comput. 25, 4, 405--424.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gamma, E., Helm, R., Johnson, R., and Vlissides, J. 1995. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gaver, W. 2012. What should we expect from research through design? To appear in Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gaver, W. and Martin, H. 2000. Alternatives: Exploring information appliances through conceptual design proposals. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'00). 209--216. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Goldberg, D., Nichols, D., Oki, B., and Terry, D. 1992. Using Collaborative filtering to weare an information tapestry. Commun. ACM. 35, 12, 61--70. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hagen, U. 2011. Designing for player experience: How professional game developers communicate design visions. J. Gaming Virtual World 3, 3, 259--275.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hall, E. 1966. The Hidden Dimension. Anchor Books, New York, NY.Google Scholar
- Hallnäs, L., and Redström, J. 2006. Interaction Design: Foundations, Experiments. The Swedish School of Textiles, Borås.Google Scholar
- Hill, W. C., Hollan, J. D., Wroblewski, D., and Mccandless, T. 1992. Edit Wear and Read Wear. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'92). 3--9. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hill, W., Stead, L., Rosenstein, M., and Furnas, G. 1995. Recommending and evaluating choices in a virtual community of use. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'95). 194--201. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hobye, M. Mediated Body: Designing for embodied experience. ACM Comput. Entertain. To appear.Google Scholar
- Hobye, M. and Löwgren, J. 2011. Touching a stranger: Designing for engaging experience in embodied interaction. Int. J. Design 5, 3, 31--48.Google Scholar
- Huizinga, J. 1944/2003. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture. Routledge, London, U.K.Google Scholar
- Höök, K. 1996. A glass box approach to adaptive hypermedia. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University.Google Scholar
- Johnson, M. 2007. The Meaning of the Body: Aesthetics of Human Understanding. Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
- Jones, J. C. 1970/1992. Design Methods: Seeds of Human Futures. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY.Google Scholar
- Kolko, J. 2010. Exposing the Magic of Design: A Practitioner's Guide to the Methods and Theory of Synthesis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.Google Scholar
- Konstan, J. A., Miller, B. N., Maltz, D., Herlocker, J. L., Gordon, L. R., and Riedl, J. 1997. GroupLens: Applying collaborative filtering to Usenet News. Commun. ACM 40, 3, 77--87. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Koskinen, I., Zimmerman, J., Binder, T., Redström, J., and Wensveen, S. 2011. Design Research Through Practice: From the Lab, Field and Showroom. Morgan Kaufmann, Waltham, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Krippendorff, K. 2006. The Semantic Turn: A New Foundation for Design. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
- Lawson, B. 1980. How Designers Think. Architectural Press, London, U.K.Google Scholar
- Lidwell, W., Holden, K., and Butler, J. 2003. Universal Principles of Design. Rockport, Beverly, MA.Google Scholar
- Lindstedt, I., Löwgren, J., Reimer, B., and Topgaard, R. 2009. Nonlinear news production and consumption: A collaborative approach. ACM Comput. Entertain. 7, 3, 42. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lundequist, J. and Ullmark, P. 1993. Conceptual, constituent and consolidatory phases: New concepts for the design of industrial buildings. In Appropriate architecture: Workplace Design in Post-Industrial Society, A. Törnqvist and P. Ullmark, Eds. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 85--90.Google Scholar
- Löwgren, J. 2007a. Forskning kring digitala material. In Under Ytan: Om Designforskning. S. Ilsted Hjelm, Ed. Raster Förlag, Stockholm, 150--163. Available in English at http://webzone.k3.mah.se/k3jolo/Material/idResearchEssay.pdf with the consent of the publisher.Google Scholar
- Löwgren, J. 2007b. Inspirational patterns for embodied interaction. J. Knowl. Technol. Policy 20, 3, 165--177.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Löwgren, J. 2009. Toward an articulation of interaction esthetics. New Rev. Hypermedia Multimedia 15, 2, 129--146. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Löwgren, J. and Stolterman, E. 2004. Throughful Interaction Design. MIT Press, Cambrige, MA.Google Scholar
- Merleau-Ponty, M. 1962. Phenomenology of Perception. C. Smith (translator). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, U.K.Google Scholar
- Munron, A., Höök, K., and Benyon D., Eds. 1999. Social Navigation of Information Space. Springer, London, U.K.Google Scholar
- Nielsen, J. and Molich, R. 1990. Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'90). 249--256. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Resnick, P. and Varian, H. R. 1997. Recommender systems. Commun. ACM 40, 56--58. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Schechner, R. 2002. Performance Studies: An introduction. Routledge. London, U.K.Google Scholar
- Schön, D. 1987. Educating the Reflective Practitioner. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
- Shusterman, R. 2008. Body Consciousness: A Philosophy of Mindfulness and Somaesthetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Seago, A. and Dunne, A. 1999. New methodologies in art and design research: The object as discourse. Design Issues 15, 2, 11--17.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Stolterman, E. 2008. The nature of design practice and implications for interaction design research. Int. J. Design 2, 1, 55--65.Google Scholar
- Stolterman, E. and Wiberg, M. 2010. Concept-driven interaction design research. Hum. Comput. Interact. 25, 2, 95--118.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Svensson, M., Höök, K., Laaksolahti, J., and Waern, A. 2001. Social navigation of food recipes. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'01). 341--348. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Van Duyne, D., Landay, J., and Hong, J. 2002. The Design of Sites: Patterns, Principles and Processes for Crafting a Customer-Centered Web Experience. Addison-Wesley, Boston, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Weiser, M. 1991. The computer for the twenty-first century. Sci. Amer. September, 94--110.Google Scholar
- Weiser, M. 1994. Creating the invisible interface. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST'94). 1. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wexelblat, A. and Maes, P. 1999. Footprints: History-rich tools for information foraging. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'99). 270--277. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Winograd, T., Bennett, J., De Young, L., and Hartfield, B., Eds. 1996. Bringing Design to Software. Addison-Wesley, Boston, MA. Google Scholar
- Wolf, T., Rode, J., Sussman, J., and Kellogg, M. 2006. Dispelling “design” as the black art of CHI. In Proceeding of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI‘06). 521--530. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zimmerman, J., Forlizzi, J., and Evenson, S. 2007. Research through design as a method for interaction design research in HCI. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’07). 493--502. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Strong concepts: Intermediate-level knowledge in interaction design research
Recommendations
Power Struggles and Disciplined Designers - A Nexus Analytic Inquiry on Cross-Disciplinary Research and Design
CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsDesign is at the heart of Human Computer Interaction research and practice. In the research community, there has emerged an increasing interest in understanding and conceptualizing our research practice, particularly such entailing design. However, ...
Generating implications for design through design research
CHI '14: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsA central tenet of HCI is that technology should be user-centric, with designs being based around social science findings about users. Nevertheless a repeated but critical challenge in design is translating empirical findings into actionable ideas that ...
A Survey of the Trajectories Conceptual Framework: Investigating Theory Use in HCI
CHI '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsWe present a case study of how Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) theory is reused within the field. We analyze the HCI literature in order to reveal the impact of one particular theory, the trajectories framework that has been cited as an example of both ...
Comments