ABSTRACT
Over the last decade, the major firms and cultural institutions that have dominated media and information industries in the U.S. and globally have been challenged by people adopting new technologies to intervene and participate in mainstream media culture. In this paper key genres and features of oppositional and activist new media are described and cases are presented, and their implications for participatory design are briefly outlined.
- Atton, C. Alternative Media. Sage, London, UK, 2002.Google Scholar
- Atton, C. An Alternative Internet. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK, 2004.Google Scholar
- Barbrook, R. HyperMedia freedom. In P. Ludlow (Ed.), Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2001, 47--58. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Belson, K. and Richtel, M. America's broadband dream is alive in Korea. New York Times, May 5 (2003), C1, C4.Google Scholar
- Bolter, J. D. and Grusin, R. Remediation: Understanding New Media. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Braman, S. Defining Tactical Media: An Historical Overview. http://www.nyu.edu/fas/projects/vcb/case_911/reverberations/braman2.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Carr, C. Dow v. Thing: A free-speech infringement that's worse than censorship. Village Voice, January 17 (2003) http://www.villagevoice.com/issues/0304/carr.phpGoogle Scholar
- Castells, M. The Rise of the Network Society -- The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. 1. Blackwell, London, UK, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cohen, J. (2004). Normal Discipline in the Age of Crisis. Unpublished manuscript, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
- Collins, J. Architectures of Excess: Cultural Life in the Information Age. Routledge, London, UK, 1995.Google Scholar
- Delio, M. DMCA: Dow what it wants to do. Wired, December 31 (2002). http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,57011,00.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Deuze, M. The web and its journalisms: Considering the consequences of different types of newsmedia online. New Media & Society, 5, 2 (2003), 203--230.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Downing, J. D. H., with T. V. Ford, G. Gil, & L. Stein Radical media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements. Sage, London, UK, 2001.Google Scholar
- Eco, U. Travels in Hyperreality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, USA, 1986.Google Scholar
- Economist. Who owns the knowledge economy? April 8 (2000), 17.Google Scholar
- Economist. Patently absurd? June 23 (2001), 40--42.Google Scholar
- Economist. A bad week for pirates. July 2 (2005), 57--58.Google Scholar
- Economist. Emerging-market indicators: Broadband penetration. July 2 (2005), 90.Google Scholar
- Eschenfelder, K. R. and Desai, A. C. Software as protest: The unexpected resiliency of U.S.-based DeCSS posting and linking. The Information Society, 20, 2 (2004), 101--116.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ford, S. The Situationist International. A User's Guide. Black Dog Publishing, London, UK, 2005.Google Scholar
- Frank, T. & Weiland, M. (Eds.) Commodify your Dissent. W. W. Norton, New York, USA, 1997.Google Scholar
- Gamson, J. Gay Media, Inc.: Media structures, the new gay conglomerates, and collective sexual identities. In M. McCaughey & M. D. Ayers (Eds.), Cyberactivism: Online activism in theory and practice. Routledge, New York, USA, and London, UK, 2003, 255--278.Google Scholar
- Garcia, D. & Lovink, G. The ABC of Tactical Media. http://subsol.c3.hu/subsol_2/contributors2/garcia-lovinktext.html.Google Scholar
- Garrido, M. & Halavais, A. Mapping networks of support for the Zapatista movement: Applying social-networks analysis to study contemporary social movements. In M. McCaughey & M. D. Ayers (Eds.), Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice. New York and London: Routledge, new York, USA, and London, UK, 2003, 165--184.Google Scholar
- Gleick, J. Patently absurd. New York Times Magazine, March 12 (2000), 44--49.Google Scholar
- Graham, M. The threshold of the information age: Radio, television and motion pictures mobilize the nation. In A. D. Chandler, Jr. & JW. Cortada (Eds.), A Nation Transformed by Information. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, and New York, USA, 2000, 137--176.Google Scholar
- Gray, C. (Ed.) Leaving the 20th Century: The Incomplete Work of the Situationist International. Rebel Press, London, UK, 1974.Google Scholar
- Greenberger, M. The computers of tomorrow. Atlantic Monthly, 213, 5 (1964), 63--66.Google Scholar
- Hebdige, D. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. Routledge, London, UK, and New York, USA, 1979.Google Scholar
- Hyde, G. Independent Media Centers: Cyber-subversion and the alternative press. First Monday, 7, 4, April (2002). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_4/hyde/index.html.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kahn, R. & Kellner, D. Oppositional politics and the Internet: A critical/reconstructive approach. Cultural Politics, 1, 1 (2005), 75--100.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kidd, D. Indymedia.org: A new communications commons. In M. McCaughey & M. D. Ayers (Eds.), Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice. Routledge, New York, USA, and London, UK, 2003, 47--70.Google Scholar
- Kling, R., Rosenbaum, H., and Sawyer, S. Understanding and Communicating Social Informatics. Information Today, Medford, NJ, USA, 2005.Google Scholar
- Kollock, P. The economies of online cooperation: Gifts and public goods in cyberspace. In M. A. Smith & P. Kollock (Eds.), Communities in Cyberspace. Routledge, London, UK, and New York, USA, 1999, 220--242.Google Scholar
- Lasn, K. Culture Jam: How to Reverse America's Suicidal Consumer Binge -- and Why We Must. Harper Collins, New York, USA, 2000.Google Scholar
- Leibowitz, B. Hack, hacker, hacking. In T. F. Peterson, Nightwork: A History of Hacks and Pranks at MIT. (Reprinted from The Journal of the Institute for Hacks, TomFoolery & Pranks at MIT, The MIT Museum, 1990). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2003, 4.Google Scholar
- Lessig, L. The Eugene Garfield Lecture. Department of Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, May 8, 2003.Google Scholar
- Lessig, L. The Future of Ideas. Random House, New York, USA, 2001.Google Scholar
- Levy, S. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Doubleday, New York, USA, 1984. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lievrouw, L. A. Our own devices: Heterotopic communication, discourse and culture in the information society. The Information Society, 14, 2 (1998), 83--96.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lievrouw, L. A. and Livingstone, S. Introduction. In L. A. Lievrouw & S. Livingstone, Handbook of new media (Updated Student Edition). Sage, London, UK, 2006, 1--14.Google Scholar
- Lipinski, T. A. The commodification of information and the extension of proprietary rights into the public domain: Recent legal (case and other) developments in the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 22 (1999), 63--80.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Litman, J. Mickey Mouse emeritus: Character protection and the public domain. University of Miami Entertainment and Sports Law Review, 11, 2 (1994), 429--435.Google Scholar
- Litman, J. Digital Copyright. Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY, USA, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lovink, G. & Richardson, J. Notes on Sovereign Media. http://subsol.c3.hu/subsol_2/contributors0/lovink-richardsontext.html.Google Scholar
- Ludlow, P. (Ed.) Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Markoff, J. (2002). Protesting the Big Brother lens, Little Brother turns an eye blind. New York Times, October 7, C1.Google Scholar
- May, T. C. Crypto anarchy and virtual communities. In P. Ludlow (Ed.), Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2001, 65--79. Google ScholarDigital Library
- McCaughey, M. & Ayers, M. D. (Eds.) Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice. Routledge, London, UK, and New York, USA, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- McDonough, T. Introduction: Ideology and the Situationist Utopia. In T. McDonough (Ed.), Guy Debord and the Situationist International. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002, ix--xx.Google Scholar
- Meikle, G. Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet. London and New York: Routledge, in association with Pluto Press Australia, 2002.Google Scholar
- Meikle, G. gwbush.com: Tactical media strike. M/C Reviews, April 12 (2000). http://reviews.media-culture.org.au/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=50.Google Scholar
- Meinrath, S. Studying the rise of Indymedia: Confusions and conclusions. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, LA, May 31, 2004. http://www.saschameinrath.com/writings.html.Google Scholar
- Mitchell, W. J. T. Me++: The Cyborg Self and the Networked City. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nissenbaum, H. Hackers and the contested ontology of cyberspace. New Media & Society, 6, 2 (2004), 195--217.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Peretti, J. My Nike media adventure. The Nation, April 9, 2001. http://www.thenation.com/Google Scholar
- Peretti, J. Culture Jamming, Memes, Social Networks, and the Emerging Media Ecology: The "Nike Sweatshop Email" as Object-to-Think-With. MIT Media Lab, 2001. {See original Peretti/Nike correspondence, available at http://www.shey.net/niked.html.}Google Scholar
- Peterson, T. F. Nightwork: A History of Hacks and Pranks at MIT. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2003.Google Scholar
- Platon, S. & Deuze, M. Indymedia journalism: A radical way of making, selecting and sharing news? Journalism, 4, 3 (2003), 336--355.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Posener, J. Spray it Loud. Pandora, London, UK, 1982.Google Scholar
- Rheingold, H. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (rev. ed.) Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rheingold, H. Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution. Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rimensnyder, S. Mugging for the cameras: Tune in to International Surveillance Camera Awareness Day. Reason, September 6, 2001. http://reason.com/hod/sr090601.shtml.Google Scholar
- Schrage, M. The Relationship Revolution. Merrill Lynch Forum. http://www.ml.com/woml/forum/index.htm.Google Scholar
- Sholette, G. Interventionism and the historical uncanny. In N. Thompson & G. Sholette (Eds.), The Interventionists: Users' Manual for the Creative Disruption of Everyday Life. North Adams, MA: MASS MoCA Publications, distributed by MIT Press, North Adams, MA, 2004, 133--142.Google Scholar
- Star, S. L. and Bowker, G. How to infrastructure. In L. A. Lievrouw and S. Livingstone (Eds.), Handbook of New Media (Updated student edition). Sage, London, UK, 2006, 230--245.Google Scholar
- Sunstein, C. Republic.com. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Taylor, P. From hackers to hacktivists: Speed bumps on the global superhighway? New Media & Society 7, 5 (2005), 625--646.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Temkin, E. Defiant programming: The culture of Easter eggs and its fandom. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA, May 24--27, 2003.Google Scholar
- Thomas, D. Hacker Culture. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, USA, and London, UK, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Thomas, J. The moral ambiguity of social control in cyberspace: A retro assessment of the "golden age" of hacking. New Media & Society 7, 5 (2005), 599--624.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Thompson, N. & Sholette, G. (Eds.) The Interventionists: Users' Manual for the Creative Disruption of Everyday Life. North Adams, MA: MASS MoCA Publications, distributed by MIT Press, North Adams, MA, 2004.Google Scholar
- Touraine, A. The Return of the Actor. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MA, USA, 1988 {1984}.Google Scholar
- Vegh, S. Classifying forms of online activism: The case of cyberprotests against the World Bank. In M. McCaughey & M. D. Ayers (Eds.), Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice. Routledge, New York, USA, and London, UK, 2003, 71--96.Google Scholar
- Viénet, R. The Situationists and the new forms of action against politics and art. In K. Knabb (Ed.), Situationist International Anthology, Bureau of Public Secrets, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1981 {1967}, 213--216. (Reprinted from Internationale Situationiste #11, October 1967).Google Scholar
- Wark, M. A Hacker Manifesto. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA and London, UK, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Winseck, D. Wired cities and transnational communications: New forms of governance for telecommunications and the new media. In L. A. Lievrouw & S. Livingstone (Eds.), Handbook of New Media (1sted.). Sage, London, UK, 2002, 393--409.Google Scholar
- Wright, S. Informing, communicating, and ICTs in contemporary anti-capitalist movements. In W. van de Donk, B. D. Loader, P. G. Nixon, and D. Rucht (Eds.), Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens, and Social Movements. Routledge, London, UK, 2004, 77--93. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Oppositional and activist new media: remediation, reconfiguration, participation
Recommendations
Tweeting Taksim communication power and social media advocacy in the Taksim square protests
Influence from the perspective of the social media user has been under-examined.This study content analyzes 770 Tweets from the Taksim Square Protests.Information dissemination and personal commentary were more common than calls to action.Results ...
The Emergence of a Freedom of Information Movement: Anonymous, WikiLeaks, the Pirate Party, and Iceland
Online rhetoric about the Internet's potential to change society, the need to reform intellectual property laws, and the evils of censorship is becoming increasingly similar across sites. The push for "freedom of information" is not restricted to online ...
From the Street to the Tweet: Applying Task Technology Fit to Examine the Information Technology Role in Revolutionizing Social Movements
Social Computing and Social Media. Design, Human Behavior and AnalyticsAbstractThe aim of this paper is to examine the role of social media technologies in revolutionizing consumer activism by applying the theory of Task Technology Fit (TTF) model. Due to the affordability of getting internet connection, there has been a ...
Comments