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Gesundheitliche Ungleichheit im Lebenslauf

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Handbuch Gesundheitssoziologie

Zusammenfassung

Gesundheitliche Ungleichheit wird zunehmend aus einer Lebensverlaufsperspektive untersucht. Die zentralen Fragen sind dabei: Wie verändern sich die Gesundheitsverläufe im Laufe des Lebens? Was sind die Determinanten der Gesundheit in verschiedenen Lebensphasen? Welche dieser Phasen sind besonders wichtig? Wie und warum unterscheiden sich verschiedene soziale Gruppen in ihren Gesundheitsverläufen? Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst die zentralen Hypothesen und Theorien, die sich mit gesundheitlicher Ungleichheit aus der Lebensverlaufsperspektive beschäftigen zusammen, und gibt einen Überblick über die empirische Evidenz. Dabei kontrastieren wir zunächst theoretische Ansätze, die unterschiedliche Vorhersagen bezüglich der sozialen Unterschiede in den Gesundheitsverläufen machen. Während ein Teil der Hypothesen, wie die Akkumulationshypothese, von einer Vergrößerung gesundheitlicher Ungleichheit mit zunehmendem Alter ausgeht, sollte sich diese nach anderen, wie der „age-as-leveler“ Hypothese, in bestimmten Lebensphasen dagegen verkleinern. Da die empirische Evidenz nicht einheitlich ist, und sich die theoretischen Argumente beider Gruppen von Hypothesen nicht zwangsläufig ausschließen, beschreiben wir anschließend die „Cumulative Inequality Theory“, deren Anliegen es ist, die heterogenen Ansätze miteinander zu verknüpfen. Zum Schluss geben wir einen Einblick in die neuesten methodischen Entwicklungen der Gesundheitsforschung, die es ermöglichen genetische Einflüsse auf die Veränderung der Gesundheit im Laufe des Lebens zu untersuchen.

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Engelhardt-Woelfler, H., Leopold, L. (2017). Gesundheitliche Ungleichheit im Lebenslauf. In: Kriwy, P., Jungbauer-Gans, M. (eds) Handbuch Gesundheitssoziologie. Springer Reference Sozialwissenschaften. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06477-8_20-1

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