Alternative Ernährungsformen

 

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Zusammenfassung

Alternative Ernährungsformen (AEF) sind von der derzeit üblichen Mischkost abweichende Ernährungskonzepte, die für eine dauerhafte Ernährung empfohlen werden. Sie basieren auf ethischen, philosophischen oder gesundheitlichen Erwägungen und führen zu sehr unterschiedlichen Empfehlungen bei der Lebensmittelauswahl. Auch innerhalb einer bestimmten AEF findet sich meist ein breites Spektrum an Varianten, sodass eine generalisierte Bewertung, auch einzelner Ernährungsweisen, nur bedingt möglich ist. Relativ gut sind vegetarische Ernährungsformen und teilweise die Steinzeiternährung untersucht. Pflanzlich ausgerichtete AEF sind als Dauerernährung geeignet und können gesundheitliche Vorteile gegenüber der derzeit im Durchschnitt praktizierten Ernährung bieten (das Risiko für Krebserkrankungen wird um 10 – 18 % und für ischämische Herzerkrankungen um 30 % gesenkt; günstiger Einfluss auf Blutdruck und Lipidprofil; kein risikosenkender Effekt auf die Gesamtmortalität). Kritisch zu bewerten sind vegane Ernährungsformen; sie sind mit einem erhöhten Risiko für einzelne Nährstoffdefizite (Vitamin B₁₂, Jod und ggf. Kalzium sowie langkettige Omega-3-Fettsäuren) verbunden, wenn nicht entsprechende Supplemente oder angereicherte Lebensmittel konsumiert werden.

Abstract

Alternative diets (AD) differ from the current common mixed diet; AD are recommended as a permanent diet. These diets are based on ethical, philosophical and health promoting principles and lead to very different recommendations for food selection. Even within a particular AD there is usually a broad spectrum of versions, so that a general evaluation is only possible to a limited extent. This is also true for single AD. Vegetarian diets and partly paleo-diets have been investigated to a reasonable extent. Plant based diets are appropriate as permanent diets and offer health benefits as compared with currently practiced diets (risk reduction of cancers by 10 – 18 % and of heart diseases by 30 %; favorable effect on blood pressure and lipid profile; no risk reduction on cancer and total mortality).

Vegan diets have to be critically assessed: they are linked to an increased risk of deficits for single nutrients (vitamin B₁₂, iodine and as the case may be. calcium and long chain omega-3 fatty acids), if suitable supplements or fortified foods are not consumed.

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