Point-of-Care-Monitoring – Mikrobiologische POC-Diagnostik

 

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Zusammenfassung

Die Mortalität schwerer Infektionen konnte in den letzten Jahrzehnten nicht nachhaltig reduziert werden. Der schnellstmögliche Beginn einer adäquaten antibiotischen Therapie ist wichtig zur Senkung der Mortalität. Der Goldstandard der mikrobiologischen Diagnostik sind Pathogen kultivierende Verfahren, die nach 24 bis 48 Stunden Ergebnisse liefern. Daher werden Patienten mit lebensbedrohlichen systemischen Infektionen mit einer empirischen gewählten Antibiotikatherapie behandelt, die sich bei einem Teil der Patienten als unwirksam erweist. Aktuelle mikrobiologische Point-of-Care-Tests sind pathogenspezifisch. Damit eignen sie sich nicht für den Einsatz bei schweren systemischen Infektionen (Sepsis). Molekulare Nukleinsäurediagnostik, wie die Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR), ermöglicht die Identifikation von Pathogenen und Resistenzen. Diese Methoden werden in der Routine genutzt, um die Auswertung positiver Kulturen zu beschleunigen. Darüber hinaus sind erste Systeme erhältlich, die PCR-basiert, eine Keimidentifizierung ermöglichen, sofern der Erreger in dem Test-Panel der 25 häufigsten Sepsis-Erreger enthalten ist. Diese Systeme haben einen Zeitbedarf von unter 6 Stunden und können einen wichtigen Beitrag zur schnelleren adäquaten Therapie leisten. Aktuell existiert keines dieser molekularen mikrobiologischen Verfahren als Point-of-Care-Tool, da die Methodik sehr komplex ist. Es ist aber anzunehmen, dass diese Methode weiter automatisiert wird, das detektierbare Keimspektrum zunimmt und zunehmend Resistenzgene identifiziert werden können. Damit ist von einer wachsenden Bedeutung für die mikrobiologische Diagnostik auszugehen.

Abstract

It is well known that the early initiation of a specific antiinfective therapy is crucial to reduce the mortality in severe infection. Procedures culturing pathogens are the diagnostic gold standard in such diseases. However, these methods yield results earliest between 24 to 48 hours. Therefore, severe infections such as sepsis need to be treated with an empirical antimicrobial therapy, which is ineffective in an unknown fraction of these patients. Today's microbiological point of care tests are pathogen specific and therefore not appropriate for an infection with a variety of possible pathogens. Molecular nucleic acid diagnostics such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allow the identification of pathogens and resistances. These methods are used routinely to speed up the analysis of positive blood cultures. The newest PCR based system allows the identification of the 25 most frequent sepsis pathogens by PCR in parallel without previous culture in less than 6 hours. Thereby, these systems might shorten the time of possibly insufficient antiinfective therapy. However, these extensive tools are not suitable as point of care diagnostics. Miniaturization and automating of the nucleic acid based method is pending, as well as an increase of detectable pathogens and resistance genes by these methods. It is assumed that molecular PCR techniques will have an increasing impact on microbiological diagnostics in the future.

Kernaussagen

• Das PIRO-Konzept der Sepsis ist ein Staging-Konzept, das eine umfassende Beurteilung des Zustandes erlaubt. Es ist mit den aktuellen Definitionen von Sepsis, schwerer Sepsis und septischem Schock nicht vergleichbar.

• Pathogen-kultivierende Methoden sind der Goldstandard der mikrobiologischen Diagnostik und bieten Ergebnisse nach 24–48 h.

• „Need for Speed“ ist eine zentrale Anforderung an mikrobiologische Diagnostik.

• Verfügbare immunchromatografische Point-of-Care-Tests sind Pathogen-spezifisch und eignen sich damit nicht für den Einsatz bei schweren systemischen Infektionen mit unbekannten Erregern.

• Der Einsatz der Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR) kann den Zeitbedarf kultivierender Methoden verkürzen und die Sensitivität erhöhen.

• Aktuell existiert keine diagnostische molekulare mikrobiologische Point-of-Care-Anwendung.

• Die Automatisierung und Miniaturisierung wird höchstwahrscheinlich molekulare mikrobiologische Point-of-Care-Technik ermöglichen.

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Dr. med. Malte Book
Dr. med. Lutz Eric Lehmann
XiangHong Zhang
Prof. Dr. med. Frank Stüber

Email: Malte.Book@dkf.unibe.ch

Email: Lutz.Lehmann@insel.ch

Email: zxh_820116@hotmail.com

Email: Frank.Stueber@insel.ch

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