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Lebensqualität an der Dialyse

Quality of life on dialysis

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Nephrologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Patienten wollen durch Dialyse nicht nur überleben, sondern trotz Dialyse möglichst gut leben. Die Lebensqualität eines Menschen, der mit Dialyse behandelt wird, ist mehrdimensional und wird nicht nur durch den körperlichen Gesundheitszustand, sondern auch durch psychologische und soziale Faktoren bestimmt. Die Einbeziehung der Patienten in Therapieentscheidungen fördert dabei, dass die Belastungen der Dialysetherapie in einem für die Betroffenen akzeptablen Verhältnis zum eigenen „Nutzen“ stehen. Niedrige Lebensqualität ist mit niedriger Adhärenz, vermehrter Morbidität und höherer Mortalität assoziiert. Ansätze zur Verbesserung der Lebensqualität an Dialyse müssen mehrdimensional angelegt und auf das Individuum zugeschnitten sein. Abhängig von Patientenpräferenzen und Gesundheitsstatus sollte sich im Verlauf der Erkrankung die Gewichtung zwischen einem auf maximales Überleben und einem eher geriatrisch-palliativ ausgerichteten Ansatz verschieben können. Wichtige Aspekte einer niedrigen Lebensqualität beziehen sich auf Symptome und soziale Unterstützung; diese sind somit erste Ansatzpunkte zur Verbesserung. Individualisierte Sport- und Bewegungstherapie während der Dialyse war in kontrollierten Studien sicher und zeigte eine breite Wirkung sowohl auf die Lebensqualität als auch auf körperliche Symptome. Dieser Ansatz wird aktuell jedoch nur selten genutzt.

Abstract

Patients not only want to survive on dialysis but also to have as good a life as possible despite dialysis. The quality of life on dialysis is multidimensional and is not only determined by the state of physical health but also by psychosocial factors. Shared decision-making helps patients determine the balance between the burden associated with dialysis treatment and its perceived beneficial effects. Low health-related quality of life is associated with low adherence as well as increased morbidity and mortality. Efforts to improve the quality of life on dialysis need to be individualized using a multidimensional approach. The emphasis of dialysis therapy should be allowed to shift during the course of treatment from a “curative” approach aiming for maximum survival to a supportive and geriatric palliative approach, depending on patient preferences and health status. Important aspects of the quality of life relate to symptom burden and social support, which are therefore starting points for interventions aimed at improvement. Individualized programs of intradialytic sport and exercise were shown in randomized trials to be safe and widely effective for improving the quality of life as well as physical symptoms. This approach is, however, currently underused.

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Correspondence to G. von Gersdorff.

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G. von Gersdorff gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine vom Autor durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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C. Erley, Berlin

W. Kleophas, Düsseldorf

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von Gersdorff, G. Lebensqualität an der Dialyse. Nephrologe 11, 328–333 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-016-0085-y

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