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Limitations to exercise in female centenarians: evidence that muscular efficiency tempers the impact of failing lungs

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Abstract

Centenarians are an outstanding model of successful aging, with genetics and healthy lifestyle certainly being key factors responsible for their longevity. Exercise capacity has been identified to play an important role in healthy aging, but a comprehensive assessment of the limitations to maximal exercise in this population is lacking. Following, health histories, lung function, and anthropometric measures, eight female centenarians (98–102 years old) and eight young females (18–22 years old) performed a series of graded maximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer that facilitated absolute and relative work rate comparisons. Centenarians revealed a dramatically attenuated lung function, as measured by spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC), 55 ± 10%) compared to the young (FEV1/FVC, 77 ± 5%). During exercise, although the centenarians relied heavily on respiratory rate which yielded ∼50% higher dead space/tidal volume, minute ventilation was similar to that of the young at all but maximal exercise, and alveolar PO2 was maintained in both groups. In contrast, peak WR and VO2 were significantly reduced in the centenarians (33 ± 4 vs 179 ± 24 W; 7.5 ± 1.2 vs 39.6 ± 3.5 ml min−1 kg−1). Arterial PO2 of the centenarians fell steadily from the normal range of both groups to yield a large A-a gradient (57 ± 6 mmHg). Metabolic cost of a given absolute work rate was consistently lower, ∼46% less than the young at maximal effort. Centenarians have significant limitations to gas exchange across the lungs during exercise, but this limited oxygen transport is tempered by improved skeletal muscle mechanical efficiency that may play a vital role in maintaining physical function and therefore longevity in this population.

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Acknowledgments

The authors greatly appreciate the time and effort of the subjects that participated in this study.

This work was supported in part by the PPG (PO1 HL, 09830) the VA Merit grant, and Mons Mazzali Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Massimo Venturelli & Federico Schena

  2. Mons Mazzali Foundation, Mantua, Italy

    Massimo Venturelli, Renato Scarsini & Ettore Muti

  3. Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Massimo Venturelli & Russell S. Richardson

  4. Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Russell S. Richardson

  5. Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Russell S. Richardson

Authors
  1. Massimo Venturelli
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  2. Federico Schena
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  3. Renato Scarsini
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  4. Ettore Muti
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  5. Russell S. Richardson
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Correspondence to Massimo Venturelli.

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Venturelli, M., Schena, F., Scarsini, R. et al. Limitations to exercise in female centenarians: evidence that muscular efficiency tempers the impact of failing lungs. AGE 35, 861–870 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-011-9379-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-011-9379-1

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