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An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in an Austrian hospital, winter 2006–2007

Norovirus-Ausbruch in einem österreichischen Krankenhaus, Winter 2006–2007

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Zusammenfassung

HINTERGRUND: Noroviren können von Mensch-zu-Mensch direkt fäkal-oral oder aerosol-assoziiert sowie indirekt über Vehikel wie Lebensmittel oder kontaminierte Oberflächen übertragen werden. In der Umwelt kann das Virus einige Tage lang überleben und somit zu prolongierten Ausbrüchen führen. Beschrieben wird hier ein durch Noroviren in der Zeit von Dezember 2006 bis Februar 2007 verursachter Ausbruch in einem Österreichischen Krankenhaus der Regelversorgung. METHODEN: Durchgeführt wurde eine deskriptiv-epidemiologische Ausbruchsuntersuchung. Die Gesamtkosten, verursacht durch den Einnahmenausfall aufgrund von Abteilungssperrungen, durch die Krankheitsausfälle der Mitarbeiter und durch die zusätzlichen Reinigungskosten, wurden ermittelt. Patientenstuhlproben auf Norovirus-RNS getestet. RESULTATE: Im Gesamten konnten im betroffenen Krankenhaus 90 Personen mit Symptomen einer Noroviren-Gastroenetritis mit einem Erkrankungsbeginn zwischen 1. Dezember 2006 und 13. Februar 2007 identifiziert werden. 56 Patienten und 14 Krankenhausmitarbeiter erfüllten die Definition des Krankenhaus-Ausbruchsfalles (77,8%). Insgesamt waren 20 erkrankte Personen (22,2%) nicht Teil des Ausbruchs; 13 Personen akquirierten ihre Norovirus-Infektion in der Community und 7 Personen mit einer klinisch-suspekten Noroviren-Gastroenetritis waren mit einer krankenhaus-externen gesundheitsversorgender Einrichtung assoziiert. Die Abteilung der Fachrichtung Innere Medizin war mit 46 Patienten-Fällen und 6 Mitarbeiter-Fällen die am meisten betroffene Abteilung. Die nosokomiale Befallsrate betrug 5,9% (56/947) für die zwischen dem 1. Dezember 2006 und dem 13. Februar 2007 hospitalisierten Patienten. Die Befallsrate für die in der gleichen Zeitperiode beschäftigten 120 Krankenhausmitarbeiter betrug 11,7% (14/120). Nachgewiesen wurde ein Norovirus GGII.4 Variante 2006b (weitläufig zirkulierend in Europa in der Saison 2006/2007). Die kalkulierten Ausbruchsgesamtkosten für die Abteilung der Inneren Medizin beliefen sich auf € 80.138. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Die Beeinträchtigung der Patientenversorgung und die verursachten Ausbruchsgesamtkosten rechtfertigen die strikte Implementierung von adequaten und rechtzeitigen evidenzbasierten Ausbruchskontrollmaßnahmen.

Summary

BACKGROUND: Norovirus is easily spread from person to person by the fecal-oral route and through aerosols or by vehicles such as contaminated food or water. The virus is able to survive in the environment for many days, which enables outbreaks to be prolonged. We describe a norovirus outbreak and its control measures in an Austrian secondary-level hospital during December 2006 – February 2007. METHODS: A descriptive-epidemiological investigation of the outbreak was undertaken. We also determined outbreak costs, including the estimated lost revenue associated with department closures and the cost of sick leave and cleaning expenses. Selected stool specimens were tested for norovirus RNA. RESULTS: In the hospital, 90 persons with symptoms and signs consistent with norovirus gastroenteritis with clinical onset between December 1, 2006 and February 13, 2007 were identified. Out of these, 56 patients and 14 persons among the hospital staff fulfilled the definition of an outbreak case (77.8%), and 20 cases (22.2%) were identified as non-outbreak cases including 13 community-acquired cases of norovirus gastroenteritis and 7 clinical-suspected cases of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with health care facilities other than the affected hospital. The Department of Internal Medicine was the mainly affected department (46 patient-cases and 6 staff-cases). Considering hospital patients, who have been hospitalised between December 1, 2006 and February 13, 2007 as cohort at risk of nosocomial norovirus infection, the nosocomial hospital outbreak attack-rate was 5.9% (56/947). A total of 120 hospital staff members worked in the period from December 1 to February 13, which makes an attack-rate among the hospital staff of 11.7% (14/120). Norovirus strain GII.4 variant 2006b was detected, which has been circulating widely in Europe since 2006. The total cost of the outbreak for the Department of Internal Medicine was € 80,138. CONCLUSIONS: The significant disruption of patient care and the cost of this single nosocomial outbreak support strict implementations of adequate and timely control measures based on evidence-based recommendations.

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Correspondence to Rainer Fretz.

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Fretz, R., Schmid, D., Jelovcan, S. et al. An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in an Austrian hospital, winter 2006–2007. Wien Klin Wochenschr 121, 137–143 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-008-1135-x

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