Zusammenfassung
ZIELE: Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, präklinischen Status und präklinisches Management von Patienten mit schwerem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) darzustellen. PATIENTEN UND METHODEN: Es standen Datensätze von 396 Patienten mit schwerem SHT (Glasgow Coma Scale < 9) zur Verfügung, die von 5 österreichischen Zentren in die Studie inkludiert worden waren. Analysiert wurden Inzidenz und Schweregrad typischer klinischer Symptome und die Häufigkeit der Verwendung verschiedener Behandlungsoptionen, und der Zusammenhang mit dem Behandlungsergebnis. Für Symptome und Behandlungsoptionen wurden ICU- und 90-Tage-Mortalität, Endzustand nach 6 oder 12 Monaten (gut = Normalzustand oder leichte Behinderung, schlecht = schwere Behinderung, vegetativer Zustand oder Tod), und die O/E ratio (Verhältnis von beobachteter zu erwarteter Mortalität) erhoben. Statistik: Es kamen Chi2-test, t-test, Fisher's exact test, und logistische Regression zur Anwendung; ein p < 0,05 wurde als signifikant angesehen. ERGEBNISSE: Die Mehrzahl (72%) der Patienten war männlich, das Alter betrug 49 ± 21 Jahre, der mittlere injury severity score (ISS) war 27 ± 17, die mittlere GCS betrug 5,6 ± 2,9, und die erwartete Überlebensrate lag bei 63 ± 30%. Die ICU-Mortalität lag bei 32%, und die 90-Tage-Mortalität bei 37%. Das Ergebnis war "gut" bei 35%, "schlecht" bei 53%, und unbekannt bei 12% der Patienten. Es fand sich, dass Alter > 60 a, ISS > 50, GCS score < 4, bilaterale Pupillenveränderungen, Atemfrequenz < 10/min, SBP < 90 mm Hg, und Herzfrequenz < 60/min mit signifikant erhöhter ICU- und 90-Tage-Mortalität und schlechtem Ergebnisses einhergingen. Zur Klassifikation von Patienten mit SHT können anstelle der gesamten Punktezahl der GCS auch nur die Punkte für die motorische Antwort verwendet werden. Die Gabe von > 1000 ml Volumen sowie Hubschraubertransport waren mit besserem Ergebnis als erwartet assoziiert, während die endotracheale Intubation weder einen positiven noch einen negativen Effekt hatte. Unterlassen der Volumentherapie oder Gabe von < 500 ml Volumen hatte ein schlechteres Ergebnis als erwartet zur Folge. Das Ergebnis war besser als erwartet bei den wenigen Patienten (5%) die hypertones NaCl erhalten hatten. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Für das Behandlungsergebnisse dürften vor allem Alter, ISS und initialer neurologischer Zustand wesentlich sein. Hypotension muss vermieden werden. Es sollte rasch ausreichend Volumen gegeben werden, um einen SBP > 110 mm Hg zu erreichen oder zu halten. Für schwer verletzte Patienten mit SHT sollte ein Hubschraubertransport arrangiert werden.
Summary
OBJECTIVES: The goal of this paper is to describe prehospital status and treatment of patients with severe TBI in Austria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data sets from 396 patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score < 9) included by 5 Austrian hospitals were available. The analysis focused on incidence and/or degree of severity of typical clinical signs, frequency of use of different management options, and association with outcomes for both. ICU mortality, 90-day mortality, final outcome (favorable = good recovery or moderate disability; unfavorable = severe disability, vegetative state, or death) after 6 or 12 months, and ratio of observed (90-day) to predicted mortality (O/E ratio) are reported for the selected parameters. Chi2-test, t-test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression were used to identify significant (p < 0.05) differences for association with survival and favorable outcome (both coded as 1). RESULTS: The majority of patients were male (72%), mean age was 49 ± 21 years, mean injury severity score (ISS) was 27 ± 17, mean first GCS score was 5.6 ± 2.9, and expected hospital survival was 63 ± 30%. ICU mortality was 32%, 90-day mortality was 37%, and final outcome was favorable in 35%, unfavorable in 53%, unknown in 12%. We found that age > 60 years, ISS > 50 points, GCS score < 4, bilateral changes in pupil size and reactivity, respiratory rate < 10/min, systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mm Hg, and heart rate < 60/min were associated with significantly higher ICU and 90-day mortality rates, and lower rates of favorable outcome. With regard to prognostic value the GCS motor response score is identical to the full GCS score. Administration of > 1000 ml of fluid and helicopter transport were associated with better outcomes than expected, while endotracheal intubation in the field had neither a positive nor a negative effect on outcomes. Administration of no or < 500 ml of fluids was associated with worse outcomes than expected. Outcomes were better than expected in the few patients (5%) who received hypertonic saline. CONCLUSIONS: Age, ISS, and initial neuro status are the factors most closely associated with outcome. Hypotension must be avoided. Fluids should be given to restore and/or maintain SBP > 110 mm Hg. Helicopter transport should be arranged for more seriously injured patients.
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Lenartova, L., Janciak, I., Wilbacher, I. et al. Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Austria III: Prehospital status and treatment. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119, 35–45 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0762-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0762-3