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Der Leidensbegriff im medizinischen Kontext: Ein Problemaufriss am Beispiel der tiefen palliativen Sedierung am Lebensende

The concept of suffering in medicine: an investigation using the example of deep palliative sedation at the end of life

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Zusammenfassung

Das Lindern von Leiden ist eine zentrale Aufgabe der Medizin. Seit einigen Jahren ist eine verstärkte Inanspruchnahme des Leidensbegriffs im medizinischen Kontext zu beobachten. Eine Reflexion und Klärung dessen, was mit dem Begriff „Leiden“ und Begriffen wie „unerträgliches Leiden“ gemeint ist, bleibt aber weitgehend aus. Diese Tatsache wirft eine Reihe von theoretischen und praktischen Problemen auf, die im vorliegenden Beitrag identifiziert und diskutiert werden. Dazu werden zunächst die Schwierigkeiten bei der Anwendung des Leidensbegriffs in der medizinischen Praxis am Beispiel der Indikationsstellung für eine tiefe und kontinuierliche palliative Sedierung dargestellt. Anschließend wird das Problem auf theoretischer Ebene angegangen. Es wird sich zeigen, dass im medizinischen Kontext mit einem Konzept des Leidens operiert wird, das a) eine starke normative Valenz hat, b) bei dem primär der subjektive Charakter des Leidens im Vordergrund steht und das c) inhaltlich nicht ausreichend differenziert ist. Anschließend werden zwei Konzepte des Leidens vorgestellt und im Hinblick auf ihre Operationalisierbarkeit im medizinischen Kontext befragt. Auf dem Hintergrund anthropologischer Vorannahmen, werden schließlich in einem letzten Abschnitt Perspektiven zum Umgang mit dem Leidensbegriff in der Medizin entwickelt.

Abstract

Definition of the Problem

Relief of suffering is a central goal of medicine. In recent years, an increasing recourse regarding the concept of suffering in medical practice can be observed. At the same time relatively few efforts have been made to clarify the concept of “suffering” or “unbearable suffering”. This leads to several theoretical and practical problems that will be analyzed and discussed in this article. For this purpose I will examine the difficulties in applying the concept of suffering in medical practice, taking as an example the practice of deep, continuous palliative sedation. The problem will then be analyzed from a theoretical perspective.

Arguments

I will argue that in medical practice we are used to refer to a concept of suffering that (a) is characterized by a strong normativity, (b) is primarily understood as subjective, and (c) is not differentiated with regard to content. Afterwards I will present two theoretical concepts of suffering and challenge whether they are functional for medical practice.

Conclusion

With regard to some philosophical–anthropological considerations I will argue that the normativity of suffering in medicine must be reconsidered.

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Danksagung

Meinen Kolleginnen der Palliativstation, Frau Prof. G. Becker und Frau K. Seibel, möchte ich für den Austausch über das Thema danken.

Interessenkonflikt

C. Bozzaro gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen und Tieren.

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Correspondence to Claudia Bozzaro.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit erhielt den Nachwuchspreis 2014 der Akademie für Ethik in der Medizin e. V.

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Bozzaro, C. Der Leidensbegriff im medizinischen Kontext: Ein Problemaufriss am Beispiel der tiefen palliativen Sedierung am Lebensende. Ethik Med 27, 93–106 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00481-015-0339-7

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