Skip to main content
Log in

Fehler in der Intensivmedizin

Sind wir lernfähig?

Errors in intensive care medicine

What can we learn?

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin

Zusammenfassung

Die Intensivmedizin ist durch ihre Komplexität in besonderem Maße zu Fehlern disponiert, die durch den Zustand der Patienten besonders schnell zu auch schwerwiegenden Zwischenfällen führen können. Fehler sind dabei meist nicht die „Schuld“ eines Einzelnen, sondern Folge der Verkettung von zahlreichen latenten Fehlern im System und ungünstigen organisationalen Rahmenbedingungen. Dies gilt es, bei der Analyse und Reaktion auf Zwischenfälle zu berücksichtigen. Fehler wird man auch nie vermeiden können, wohl aber lässt sich das System resistenter gegen Fehler machen („resilience“). Um dies erreichen zu können, muss die Ausbildung in diesen Ursachen („human factors“ im weitesten Sinne) optimiert werden, aber kritische Situationen müssen auch im Team geübt werden (Simulations-Team-Training). Eine gute Basis für das Finden von Problemsituationen sollten Incident-Reporting-Systeme (auch CIRS genannt) bieten. Allerdings müssen auch diese wirksam und effektiv in die Organisation eingebettet werden. Der Beitrag gibt Einblick in verschiedene, dringend notwendige Möglichkeiten, die Patientensicherheit in der Intensivmedizin nachhaltig zu erhöhen.

Abstract

Due to its complexity, intensive care medicine is especially prone to errors. At the same time, these errors are more likely to severely harm patients due to their critical condition. Most of the errors do not happen because one healthcare professional, who “committed” the error, is “guilty”; errors are due to an unfortunate combination of many latent errors and ill-structured organizational conditions in the workplace. This fact must be increasingly considered when analyzing and reacting to patient incidents and adverse events. It will never be possible to avoid errors, but it is possible to make our healthcare system more resistant to errors and their sequelae (resilience). Resilience is the key to success in long-term patient safety improvements. Some of the elements necessary include improving knowledge about the contributing factors (human factors in the broadest sense) and critical situations must be trained in realistic ways (simulations team training). A good basis is the use of CRM key points. However, these must also be implemented efficiently and effectively in the organization. This article points out an array of possibilities that should be immediately implemented in order to improve patient safety in intensive care medicine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
Abb. 5
Abb. 6
Abb. 7
Abb. 8

Literatur

  1. Donchin Y, Gopher D, Olin M et al (1995) A look into the nature and causes of human errors in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 23:294–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Valentin A, Capuzzo M, Guidet B et al (2009) Errors in administration of parenteral drugs in intensive care units: multinational prospective study. BMJ 338:b814

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Valentin A, Bion J (2007) How safe is my intensive care unit? An overview of error causation and prevention. Curr Opin Crit Care 13:697–702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS (2000) To err is human. Building a safer health system. (online: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309068371/html/). National Academy of Science, Washington

  5. Committee on Quality of Health Care in A, Institute of M (2001) Crossing the quality chasm – a new health system for the 21st century, National Academy Press, Washington D.C

  6. Brennan TA, Leape L, Laird NM (2004) Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hopsitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. Ursprünglich in: N Engl J Med 1991, Vol. 324, 370–376. Qual Saf Health Care 13:145–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Reason JT (1990) Human Error. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  8. Maurino de, Reason J, Johnston N, Lee RB (1995) Beyond aviation human factors. Ashgate, Aldershot

  9. Reason J (1997) Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Ashgate Publishing, Farnham

  10. Cooper JB, Newbower RS, Kitz RJ (1984) An analysis of major errors and equipment failures in anesthesia management: considerations for prevention and detection. Anesthesiology 60:34–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cooper JB, Newbower RS, Long CD, McPeek B (1978) Preventable anesthesia mishaps: a study of human factors. Anesthesiology 49:399–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cohen MM, Eustis MA, Gribbins RE (2003) Changing the culture of patient safety: leadership’s role in health care quality improvement. Jt Comm J Qual Safe 2003:7

    Google Scholar 

  13. Davidoff F (2002) Shame: the elephant in the room. Qual Saf Health Care 11:2–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Frith-Cozens J (2002) Anxiety as a barrier to risk management. Qual Saf Health Care 11:115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hilfiker D (1984) Facing our mistakes. N Engl J Med 310:118–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Leape L (2004) Lucian Leape on patient safety in U.S. hospitals. Interview by Peter I Buerhaus. J Nurs Scholarsh 36:366–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rall M, Dieckmann P, Manser T (2004) Simulation as strategy for risk minimizing in anesthesia. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 39:240–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Runciman WB, Merry AF, Tito F (2003) Error, blame, and the law in health care – an antipodean perspective. Ann Intern Med 138:974–979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rall M (2009) Human performance and patient safety. In: Miller RD (ed) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Elsevier, Churchhill Livingstone, Philadelphia

  20. Rall M, Reddersen S, Zieger J et al (2008) Incident Reporting in der Anästhesiologie. Hintergründe und Nutzen am Beispiel von PaSOS (Preventing patient harm is one of the main tasks for the field of anesthesiology from early on). Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 43:628–632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rall M, Zieger J, Reddersen S et al (2008) Incident-Reporting: Mit modernen Berichtsystemen Zwischenfälle analysieren und reduzieren. Erhöhung der Patientensicherheit. Aktuelle Urol 39:349–352

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rall M (2008) How to improve patient safety – solving a holistic puzzle, Euroanesthesia 2008; Refresher Course. In: Bannister D (ed) European Society of Anaesthesiology ESA, Copenhagen, pp 1–5

  23. Dieckmann P, Rall M (2008) Patientensicherheit und Human Factors – Vom Heute in die Zukunft gesehen, Human Factors – Psychologie sicheren Handelns in Risikobranchen In: Badke-Schaub P, Hofinger G, Lauche K (Hrsg) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 220–230

  24. Rall M, Manser T, Guggenberger H et al (2001) Patientensicherheit und Fehler in der Medizin. Entstehung, Prävention und Analyse von Zwischenfällen. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 36:321–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wehner T, Reuter H (1990) Wie verhalten sich Unfallbegriff, Sicherheitsgedanke und Fehlerbewertung zueinander. In: Pröll U, Peter G (Hrsg) Sozialwissenschaftliche Aspekte eines gestaltungsorientierten Umgangs mit Sicherheit und Gesundheit im Betrieb. Prävention als betriebliches Alltagshandeln. Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhaven, S 33–50

  26. Rall M, Martin J, Geldner G et al (2006) Charakteristika effektiver Incident-Reporting-Systeme zur Erhöhung der Patientensicherheit. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed 47:9–19

    Google Scholar 

  27. Reason JT (1990) Human error. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  28. Hollnagel EW, David D (2006) Leveson, Nancy: resilience engineering – concepts and precepts. Ashgate, Aldershot

  29. Mehl K, Niedeck S (2000) Über den Nutzen von Reportingsystemen zur Bestimmung von Trainingsinhalten und Trainingskonzepten – Eine kritische Betrachtung aus dem Bereich der zivilen Luftfahrt, 46. Arbeitswissenschaftlicher Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft. Technische Universität Berlin 15–18. März 2000. Edited by V. GfAe. GfA Press, Dortmund, S 73–75

  30. Helmreich RL (2000) On error management: lessons from aviation. BMJ 320:781–785

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Rall M, Dieckmann P, Stricker E, the working group incident reporting of the German Anesthesia Society DGAI (2006) Das Patientensicherheits-Optimierungs-System PaSOS (Patient Safety Optimizing System). Anaesthesiol Intensivmed 47:20–24

    Google Scholar 

  32. Stricker E, Rall M, Siegert N et al (2005) Das Patienten-Sicherheits-Informations-System PaSIS. Ein internetbasiertes interaktives Meldesystem für negative und positive Ereignisse in der Anästhesie, Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Telemedizinführer 2006. In: Jäckel A (Hrsg) Deutsches Medizin Forum, Ober-Moerlen, S 67–77

  33. Mollemann A, Eberlein-Gonska M, Koch T, Hubler M (2005) Risikomanagement: Implementierung eines anonymen Fehlermeldesystems in der Anästhesie eines Universitätsklinikums. Anaesthesist 54:377–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dieckmann P, Reddersen S, Wehner T, Rall M (2006) Prospective memory failures as an unexplored threat to patient safety: results from a pilot study using patient simulators to investigate the missed execution of intentions. Ergonomics 49:526–543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Schrappe M (2006) Patient safety in hospitals – a health services research issue. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 49:198–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Haller U, Welti S, Haenggi D, Fink D (2005) From the concept of guilt to the value-free notification of errors in medicine. Risks, errors and patient safety. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch 45:147–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rall M, Manser T, Guggenberger H et al (2001) Patientensicherheit und Fehler in der Medizin. Entstehung, Prävention und Analyse von Zwischenfällen. Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 36:321–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dieckmann P, Reddersen S, Wehner T, Rall M (2004) Prospective memory in anaesthesia: first results from a pilot study using a patient simulator. online: http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anaesthesie/SESAM/Downloads/Abstracts%202004.pdf

  39. Flanagan IC (1954) The critical incident technique. Psychol Bull 51:327–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Firth-Cozens J (2002) Barriers to incident reporting. Qual Saf Health Care 11:7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kingston MJ, Evans SM, Smith BE, Berry JG (2004) Attitudes of doctors and nurses towards incident reporting: a qualitative analysis. Med J Aust 181:27–28

    Google Scholar 

  42. Lawton R, Parker D (2002) Barriers to incident reporting in a healthcare system. Qual Saf Health Care 11:15–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Waring JJ (2005) Beyond blame: cultural barriers to medical incident reporting. Soc Sci Med 60:1927–1935

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Manser T (2003) Komplexes Handeln in der Anästhesie. Pabst, Lengerich

  45. Hacker W (1986) Arbeitspsychologie. Psychische Regulation von Arbeitstätigkeiten. Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto

  46. Hacker W, Skell W (1993) Lernen in der Arbeit. Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung, Berlin Bonn

  47. Ulich E (1998) Arbeitspsychologie. vdf, Zürich

  48. Manser T, Wehner T (2003) Wissensorientierte Kooperation in der Medizin – Ein Konzept und seine Implikationen für die Praxis. In: Ulich E (Hrsg) Arbeitspsychologie in Krankenhaus und Arztpraxis. Arbeitsbedingungen, Belastungen, Ressourcen. Huber, Bern, S 323–339

  49. Larson EB (2002) Measuring, monitoring, and reducing medical harm from a systems perspective: a medical director’s personal reflections. Acad Med 77:993–1000

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Larson L (2002) A new attitude: changing organizational culture. Trustee 55:8–14, 1

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Bergmann B (1999) Training für den Arbeitsprozess. Entwicklung und Evaluation aufgaben-und zielgruppenspezifischer Trainingsprogramme. vdf, Zürich

  52. Bergmann B, Sonntag K (1999) Transfer: Die Umsetzung und Generalisierung erworbener Kompetenzen in den Arbeitsalltag. In: Sonntag K (Hrsg) Personalentwicklung in Organisationen: psychologische Grundlagen, Methoden und Strategien. Hogrefe, Göttingen, S 287–312

  53. Reason JT, Carthey J, de Leval MR (2001) Diagnosing „vulnerable system syndrome“: an essential prerequisite to effective risk management. Qual Health Care 10 (Suppl 2):ii21–ii25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dieckmann P, Wehner T, Rall M, Manser T (2005) Prospektive Simulation: Ein Konzept zur methodischen Ergänzung von medizinischen Simulatorsettings. Z Arbeitswissenschaften ZfA 59:172–180

    Google Scholar 

  55. Rall SRM, Zieger J, Schädle B et al (2008) Die neue PaSOS-Reihe: „Fehler vermeiden – Risiken kennen“: Wichtige Fälle und Analysen zur Erhöhung der Patientensicherheit. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed 49:281–284

    Google Scholar 

  56. Rall SRM, Zieger J, Schädle B et al (2008) PaSOS-Depesche – Risiken und Gefahren durch unzureichendes Monitoring von beatmeten Patienten bei innerklinischen Transporten. Patienten-Sicherheits-Optimierungs-System PaSOS „Fehler vermeiden – Risiken kennen“ Wichtige Fälle und Analysen zur Erhöhung der Patientensicherheit. http://www.pasos-ains.de. Anaesth Intensivmed 49:302–303

    Google Scholar 

  57. Zieger J, Siegert N, Reddersen S et al (2008) Kammerflimmern nach i.v. Gabe von Toluidinblau. AMT Arzneimitteltherapie 26:461–464

    Google Scholar 

  58. Rall M, Zieger J, Stricker E et al (2007) Pharmakovigilanz: Das anonyme Incident Reporting System „PaSIS“ und „PaSOS“ - Meldeplattform auch für sicherheitsrelevante Ereignisse im Zusammenhang mit der Verabreichung von Medikamenten. AMT Arzneimitteltherapie 25:222–224

    Google Scholar 

  59. Wehner T (1992) Sicherheit als Fehlerfreundlichkeit. Westdeutscher, Opladen

  60. Wehner T (1984) Im Schatten des Fehlers – Einige methodisch bedeutsame Arbeiten zur Fehlerforschung. Bremer Beiträge zur Psychologie 33

  61. Wehner T (1997) Fehler und Fehlhandlungen. In: Luzack HWV (Hrsg) Handbuch der Arbeitswissenschaft. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, S 468–472

  62. Rall M, Haible T, Dieckmann P et al (2002) The Critical Incident Analysis Tool (C.I.A.). Poster presented at Workshop on the Investigation and Reporting of Incidents and Accidents. Glasgow, 17.–20.7.2002 (online: http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~johnson/iria2002/IRIA_2002.pdf)

  63. Vincent C (2001) Clinical risk management. BMJ Books, London

  64. Vincent C, Taylor-Adams S, Stanhope N (1998) Framework for analysing risk and safety in clinical medicine. BMJ 316:1154–1157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Vincent CA (2004) Analysis of clinical incidents: a window on the system not a search for root causes. Qual Saf Health Care 13:242–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Gaba DM, Fish KJ, Howard SK (1994) Crisis management in anesthesiology. Churchill Livingstone, New York

  67. Howard SK, Gaba DM, Fish KJ et al (1992) Anesthesia crisis resource management training: teaching anesthesiologists to handle critical incidents. Aviat Space Environ Med 63:763–770

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Wiener E, Kanki B, Helmreich R (1993) Cockpit resource management. Academic Press, San Diego

  69. Helmreich RL, Foushee CH (1993) Why crew resource management? In: Wiener EL, Kanki BG, Helmreich R (eds) Empirical and theoretical basis of human factors training in aviation, cockpit resource management. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 3–45

  70. Kanki BG, Palmer MT (1993) Communication and crew resource management. In: Wiener EL, Kanki BG, Helmreich R (eds) Empirical and theoretical basis of human factors training in aviation, cockpit resource management. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 99–136

  71. Rall M, Dieckmann P (2005) Safety culture and crisis resource management in airway management: general principles to enhance patient safety in critical airway situations. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 19:539–557

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Rall M (2004) Erhöhung der Patientensicherheit durch Crisis Resource Management (CRM) Training. J Anästhesie Intensivbehandlung 2:98–104

    Google Scholar 

  73. Rall M, Schaedle B, Zieger J et al (2002) Neue Trainingsformen und Erhöhung der Patientensicherheit – Sicherheitskultur und integrierte Konzepte. Unfallchirurg 105:1033–1042

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rall M, Glavin R, Flin R (2008) The „10-seconds-for-10-minutes principle“ – Why things go wrong and stopping them getting worse. Bulletin of The Royal College of Anaesthetists – Special human factors issue 2008:2614–2616

  75. Hunt EA, Walker AR, Shaffner DH et al (2008) Simulation of in-hospital pediatric medical emergencies and cardiopulmonary arrests: highlighting the importance of the first 5 minutes. Pediatrics 121:e34–e43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Smith HM, Jacob AK, Segura LG et al (2008) Simulation education in anesthesia training: a case report of successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest linked to recent simulation training. Anesth Analg 106:1581–1584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Petrusa ER et al (2005) Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review. Med Teach 27:10–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Steadman RH (2008) The American Society of Anesthesiologists‘ national endorsement program for simulation centers. J Crit Care 23:203–206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Birnbach DJ, Salas E (2008) Can medical simulation and team training reduce errors in labor and delivery? Anesthesiol Clin 26:159–168, viii

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Weller JM, Janssen AL, Merry AF, Robinson B (2008) Interdisciplinary team interactions: a qualitative study of perceptions of team function in simulated anaesthesia crises. Med Educ 42:382–388

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Draycott TJ, Crofts JF, Ash JP et al (2008) Improving neonatal outcome through practical shoulder dystocia training. Obstet Gynecol 112:14–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rall M, Stricker E, Reddersen S et al (2008) Mobile „in-situ“ crisis resource management training: simulator courses with video-assisted debriefing where participants work. In: Kyle R, Murray BW (eds) Clinical simulation: operations, engineering, and management. Academic Press, Burlington, pp 565–581

  83. Berkenstadt H, Erez D, Munz Y et al (2007) Training and assessment of trauma management: the role of simulation-based medical education. Anesthesiol Clin 25:65–74, viii–ix

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Meakin GH (2007) Simulator-based training in paediatric anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 99:299; author reply 299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Fanning RM, Gaba DM (2007) The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning. Simul Healthcare 2:115–125

    Google Scholar 

  86. Dieckmann P, Gaba D, Rall M (2007) Deepening the theoretical foundations of patient simulation as social practice. Simul Healthcare 2:183–193

    Google Scholar 

  87. Eppich WJ, Adler MD, McGaghie WC (2006) Emergency and critical care pediatrics: use of medical simulation for training in acute pediatric emergencies. Curr Opin Pediatr 18:266–271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. McGaghie WC, Issenberg SB, Petrusa ER, Scalese RJ (2006) Effect of practice on standardised learning outcomes in simulation-based medical education. Med Educ 40:792–797

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Petrusa ER et al (2005) Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review. Med Teach 27:10–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Rall M, Gaba DM, Miller RD (2005) Patient simulators, Miller’s anesthesia. Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 3073–3104

  91. Rall M, Gaba DM (2005) Human performance and patient safety. In: Miller RD (ed) Miller’s anesthesia, 7th edn. Elsevier, Churchhill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 3021–3072

  92. Leape LL (2002) Reporting of adverse events. N Engl J Med 347:1633–1638

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. WHO (2005) WHO Draft guidelines for adverse event reporting and learning systems – from information to action, WHO World Alliance for Patient Safety, pp 1–72

  94. Neily J, Ogrinc G, Mills P et al (2003) Using aggregate root cause analysis to improve patient safety. Jt Comm J Qual Saf 29:434–439, 381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. De Rosier J, Stalhandske E, Bagian JP, Nudell T (2002) Using health care failure mode and effect analysis: the VA National Center for Patient Safety’s Prospective Risk Analysis System. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 28:248–267, 209

    Google Scholar 

  96. Mehl K, Schuette M (1999) Simulators – a perspective on what to train and what to analyse regarding human reliability, safety and reliability. In: Scheller GI, Kaffka P, Brookfiel A. Balkema A (eds) Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, pp 675–680

  97. Rall M et al (2008) Incident Reporting in der Anästhesiologie – Hintergründe und Nutzen am Beispiel von PaSOS. Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 9:628–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehung hin: Instruktorenkurse für Laerdal Medical (Simulationshersteller).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Rall.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rall, M. Fehler in der Intensivmedizin. Intensivmed 46, 318–329 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00390-009-0047-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00390-009-0047-y

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation