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Akuttherapie lebensbedrohlicher tachykarder Rhythmusstörungen

Acute therapy of life-threatening tachycardias

  • BEITRAG ZUM THEMENSCHWERPUNKT
  • Published:
Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin

Abstract

Life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia with rapid ventricular response and preexcitation syndromes combined with atrial fibrillation. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias still remain one of the leading causes of death; these arrhythmias include monomorphic and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, torsade de pointes tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular flutter.

In all patients with tachycardias, an attempt should be made to differentiate between narrow (QRS duration < 0.12 s) or wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥ 0.12 s) tachycardias. In the assessment of patients (pts) with supraventricular/ventricular tachyarrhythmias, attention should be given to identify whether the tachycardia is associated with worsening angina or low cardiac output.

In pts with narrow QRS complex tachycardias or pts with atrial fibrillation and preexcitation syndromes immediate synchronized cardioversion should be performed if signs or symptoms of instability (hypotension, evidence of end-organ dysfunction, worsening angina) exist. In pts with a stable hemodynamic situation, vagal maneuvers, adenosine or calcium channel blockers can be used. Management of atrial flutter usually centers on cardioversion or rapid atrial pacing to normal sinus rhythm. In the treatment of patients with deemed unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT), electrical cardioversion is the treatment of choice. In more stable patients, ajmaline is the preferred agent after myocardial infarction and lidocaine if myocardial ischemia is present. In pts with torsade de pointes tachycardias aggressive steps must be taken to prevent degeneration of this rhythm to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Magnesium sulfate has recently been demonstrated efficacious and is currently considered first-line drug therapy. Transcutaneous overdrive pacing should be attempted if magnesium is unsuccessful. The pt with pulseless VT or VF demands early electrical countershock.

Zusammenfassung

Lebensbedrohliche Herzrhythmusstörungen können supraventrikuläre Tachyarrhythmien (SVTA) wie Vorhofflimmern, Vorhofflattern, AVKnoten-Reentry-Tachykardien mit schneller Kammerüberleitung und Präexzitationssyndrome mit Vorhofflimmern sein. Ventrikuläre Rhythmusstörungen wie monomorphe, polymorphe ventrikuläre Tachykardien (VT), Torsade de pointes Tachykardien, Kammerflattern oder Kammerflimmern sind weiterhin einer der Hauptursachen eines plötzlichen Todes. Bei allen Pt mit Tachykardien sollten solche mit schmalem (QRS-Dauer < 0,12 s) und breitem (QRS-Dauer ≥ 0,12 s) QRS-Komplex unterschieden werden. Für die Beurteilung von Pt mit SVTA kommt der hämodynamischen Beeinträchtigung (Angina pectoris, Herzinsuffizienz, Schock) besondere Bedeutung zu. Bei hämodynamisch instabilen Pt (Hypotonie, Herzinsuffizienz, Angina pec toris) mit SVTA oder Pt mit Präexzitationssyndromen und Vorhofflimmern sollte unverzüglich eine elektrische Kardioversion durchgeführt werden. Bei Pt mit stabiler Hämodynamik kommen therapeutisch vor allem vagale Manöver, Adenosin oder Calciumantagonisten in Frage. Vorhofflattern sollte primär durch Kardioversion oder atriale Überstimulation terminiert werden. Bei Pt mit instabiler ventrikulärer Tachykardie ist die Kardioversion Therapie der Wahl, während bei hämodynamisch stabilen Pt Ajmalin im chronischen Infarktstadium und Lidocain bei vorliegender Ischämie angewendet werden sollte. Torsade de pointes Tachykardien sind aggressiv zu behandeln, da Degenerationen in Kammerflimmern bekannt sind. Besonders die Applikation von Magnesium ist effektiv und als Medikament der ersten Wahl anzusehen. Die transkutane Schrittmacherstimulation ist bei Versagen einer Magnesiumtherapie eine Erfolg versprechende Alternative. Bei Kammerflattern oder Kammerflimmern besteht die Behandlung in einer sofortigen elektrischen Kardioversion bzw. Defibrillation.

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Trappe, HJ. Akuttherapie lebensbedrohlicher tachykarder Rhythmusstörungen. Intensivmed 44, 208–218 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00390-007-0797-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00390-007-0797-3

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