Changes in cardiac output during air ambulance repatriation

Abstract

Objectives

To measure, with the use of suprasternal Dopler ultrasound, the hemodynamic changes in patients and volunteers during air ambulance repatriation.

Design

Unblinded prospective observational study.

Setting

Chartered air ambulances for the international repatriation of patients.

Patients and participants

Six medical crew members and seven patients transported back to hospitals in the UK.

Interventions

The measurement of non-invasive blood pressure, ECG, heart rate, oxygen saturation and hemodynamic variables with suprasternal Doppler.

Measurements and results

There was a drop in systolic and mean arterial blood pressure in the patient's group once in the air. Oxygen saturation dropped in both groups once at cruising altitude. Heart rate remained unchanged. Stroke distance and minute distance increased significantly in the patient's group and non-significantly in the volunteers. Peak velocity increased significantly in the patient's group. There was an overall reduction of systemic vascular resistance during take off and once at cruising altitude.

Conclusions

Hemodynamic changes happen during air ambulance transportation in fit and healthy volunteers and patients alike. These may be due to a combination of hypobaric hypoxia and gravitational forces. It is necessary to establish if these changes have short-or long-term effects in the critically ill.