Skip to main content
Log in

Leitlinien zum Management von Patienten mit akutem Hirninfarkt oder TIA der Europäischen Schlaganfallorganisation 2008

Teil 2

European Stroke Organisation 2008 guidelines for managing acute cerebral infarction or transient ischemic attack

Part 2

  • Aktuelles
  • Published:
Der Nervenarzt Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abbreviations

ACI:

Arteria carotis interna

ACM:

Arteria cerebri media

AR:

Absolutes Risiko

BD:

Blutdruck

CAS:

Karotisarterienstenting

CEA:

Karotisendarteriektomie

CI:

confidence interval

CPAP:

continuous positive airway pressure

CT:

Computertomographie

DWI:

diffusion-weighted imaging

EKG:

Elektrokardiogramm

EEG:

Elektroenzephalographie

ESO:

European Stroke Organisation

EUSI:

European Stroke Initiative

GCP:

good clinical practice

GKI:

Glukose Kalium Insulin

HR:

hazard ratio

ICP:

intrakranieller Druck

INR:

international normalized ratio

iv:

intravenös

LDL:

low density lipoprotein

mRS:

modifizierter Rankin-Score

NASCET:

North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial

NIHSS:

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale

NNH:

numbers needed to harm

NNT:

numbers needed to treat

OR:

odds ratio

pUK:

Prourokinase

RR:

Relatives Risiko

rt-PA:

rekombinanter Gewebeplasminogenaktivator

TIA:

transiente ischämische Attacke

UFH:

unfraktioniertes Heparin

VHF:

Vorhofflimmern

Literatur

  1. Abbott RD, Yin Y, Reed DM et al. (1986) Risk of stroke in male cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 315: 717–720

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. AbESST investigators (2005) Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of a randomized phase 2 trial. Stroke 36: 880–890

    Google Scholar 

  3. Adams HP jr, Effron MB, Torner J et al. (2008) Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of an international phase III trial. abciximab in emergency treatment of stroke trial (Abestt-II). Stroke 39: 87–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Albers GW, Thijs VN, Wechsler L et al. (2006) Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol 60: 508–517

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC et al. (2004) Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 351: 2170–2178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Algra A (2007) Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 6: 115–124

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Algra A, van Gijn J (1996) Aspirin at any dose above 30 mg offers only modest protection after cerebral ischaemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60: 197–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. ALLHAT investigators (2002) Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA 288: 2998–3007

    Google Scholar 

  9. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A et al. (2006) High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 355: 549–559

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavallee P et al. (2004) Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: Systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis. Stroke 35: 2902–2909

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Amaro S, Soy D, Obach V et al. (2007) A pilot study of dual treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and uric acid in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 38: 2173–2175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Antithrombotic Trialists‘ Collaboration (2002) Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 324: 71–86

    Google Scholar 

  13. Asplund K, Marke LA, Terent A et al. (1993) Costs and gains in stroke prevention: European perspective. Cerebrovasc Dis 3 [Suppl]: 34–42

  14. Baird TA, Parsons MW, Barber PA et al. (2002) The influence of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycaemia on stroke incidence and outcome. J Clin Neurosci 9: 618–626

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Baird TA, Parsons MW, Phanh T et al. (2003) Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke 34: 2208–2214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Baker WH, Howard VJ, Howard G et al. (2000) Effect of contralateral occlusion on long-term efficacy of endarterectomy in the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study (ACAS). ACAS Investigators. Stroke 31: 2330–2334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bamford J, Dennis M, Sandercock P et al. (1990) The frequency, causes and timing of death within 30 days of a first stroke: the oxfordshire community stroke project. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53: 824–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Barber M, Morton JJ, Macfarlane PW et al. (2007) Elevated troponin levels are associated with sympathoadrenal activation in acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 23: 260–266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bartolucci A, Howard G (2006) Meta-analysis of data from the six primary prevention trials of cardiovascular events using aspirin. Am J Cardiol 98: 746–750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bassetti CL (2005) Sleep and stroke. Semin Neurol 25: 19–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bateman BT, Schumacher HC, Boden-Albala B et al. (2006) Factors associated with in-hospital mortality after administration of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke patients: an analysis of the nationwide inpatient sample 1999 to 2002. Stroke 37: 440–446

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bath PM, Lindenstrom E, Boysen G et al. (2001) Tinzaparin in acute ischaemic stroke (TAIST): a randomised aspirin-controlled trial. Lancet 358: 702–710

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bazzano L, Reynolds K, Holder K et al. (2006) Effect of folic acid supplementation on risk of cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 296: 2720–2726

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bazzano LA, Gu D, Reynolds K et al. (2007) Alcohol consumption and risk for stroke among chinese men. Ann Neurol 62: 569–578

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bereczki D, Liu M, do Prado GF et al. (2001) Mannitol for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1

  26. Berge E, Abdelnoor M, Nakstad PH et al. (2000) Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomised study. haest study group. heparin in acute embolic stroke trial. Lancet 355: 1205–1210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Berger J, Roncaglioni M, Avanzini F et al. (2006) Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: A sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 295: 306–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bhalla A, Sankaralingam S, Dundas R et al. (2000) Influence of raised plasma osmolality on clinical outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 31: 2043–2048

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bhatt D, Fox K, Hacke W et al. (2006) Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med 354: 1706–1717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud L et al. (2007) Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 297: 842–857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Black H, Elliott W, Grandits G et al. (2003) Principal results of the controlled onset verapamil investigation of cardiovascular end points (convince) trial. JAMA 289: 2073–2082

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Blanco M, Nombela F, Castellanos M et al. (2007) Statin treatment withdrawal in ischemic stroke: a controlled randomized study. Neurology 69: 904–910

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Blood pressure in Acute Stroke Collaboration (BASC) (2001) Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000039

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bonaa K, Njolstad I, Ueland P et al. (2006) Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 354: 1578–1588

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bond R, AbuRahma A, Naylor A et al. (2004) Patch angioplasty versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev

  36. Bosch J, Yusuf S, Pogue J et al. (2002) Use of ramipril in preventing stroke: double blind randomised trial. BMJ 324: 699–702

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bose A, Hartmann M, Henkes H et al. (2007) A novel, self-expanding, nitinol stent in medically refractory intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses: the wingspan study. Stroke 38: 1531–1537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Brandt T, von Kummer R, Muller Kuppers M et al. (1996) Thrombolytic therapy of acute basilar artery occlusion. variables affecting recanalization and outcome. Stroke 27: 875–881

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Broderick JP, Phillips SJ, O’Fallon WM et al. (1992) Relationship of cardiac disease to stroke occurrence, recurrence, and mortality. Stroke 23: 1250–1256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Brunner R, Gass M, Aragaki A et al. (2005) Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: results from the women’s health initiative randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 165: 1976–1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Camerlingo M, Salvi P, Belloni G et al. (2005) Intravenous heparin started within the first 3 hours after onset of symptoms as a treatment for acute nonlacunar hemispheric cerebral infarctions. Stroke 36: 2415–2420

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Campbell C, Smyth S, Montalescot G et al. (2007) Aspirin dose for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. JAMA 297: 2018–2024

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Wintzen AR et al. (1995) Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med 333: 11–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. CAPRIE Steering Committee (1996) A randomised, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 348: 1329–1339

    Google Scholar 

  45. CAST-Collaborative-Group (1997) CAST:randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20000 patients with acute ischeaemic stroke. Lancet 349: 1641–1649

    Google Scholar 

  46. Castillo J, Davalos A, Noya M (1999) Aggravation of acute ischemic stroke by hyperthermia is related to an excitotoxic mechanism. Cerebrovasc Dis 9: 22–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Castillo J, Leira R, Garcia MM et al. (2004) Blood pressure decrease during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with brain injury and poor stroke outcome. Stroke 35: 520–526

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Cavallini A, Micieli G, Marcheselli S et al. (2003) Role of monitoring in management of acute ischemic stroke patients. Stroke 34: 2599–2603

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Cavatas Group (2001) Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet 357: 1729–1737

    Google Scholar 

  50. Chalela J, Kidwell C, Nentwich L et al. (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison. Lancet 369: 293–298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chambers BR, Donnan GA (2005) Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD001923

    Google Scholar 

  52. Chamorro A (2006) Immediate anticoagulation for acute stroke in atrial fibrillation: yes. Stroke 37: 3052–3053

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Chamorro A, Busse O, Obach V et al. (2005) The rapid anticoagulation prevents ischemic damage study in acute stroke–final results from the writing committee. Cerebrovasc Dis 19: 402–404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Chang YJ, Ryu SJ, Lee TH (2006) Dose titration to reduce dipyridamole-related headache. Cerebrovasc Dis 22: 258–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Chimowitz M, Lynn M, Howlett-Smith H et al. (2005) Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 352: 1305–1316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chobanian A, Bakris G, Black H et al. (2003) The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 289: 2560–2572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cina C, Clase C, Haynes R (1999) Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev

  58. Colditz GA, Bonita R, Stampfer MJ et al. (1988) Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med 318: 937–941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN et al. (2004) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364: 685–696

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R et al. (2006) Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the atrial fibrillation clopidogrel trial with irbesartan for prevention of vascular events (ACTIVE W): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 367: 1903–1912

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. COSSACS investigators (2005) COSSACS (Continue or Stop post-Stroke Antihypertensives Collaborative Study): rationale and design. J Hypertens 23: 455–458

    Google Scholar 

  62. Costa J, Ferro JM, Matias-Guiu J et al. (2005) Triflusal for preventing serious vascular events in people at high risk. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD004296

    Google Scholar 

  63. Curioni C, Andre C, Veras R (2006) Weight reduction for primary prevention of stroke in adults with overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006062

  64. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al. (2002) Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359: 995–1003

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Davalos A, Castillo J, Alvarez-Sabin J et al. (2002) Oral citicoline in acute ischemic stroke: an individual patient data pooling analysis of clinical trials. Stroke 33: 2850–2857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. de Gaetano G (2001) Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. collaborative group of the primary prevention project. Lancet 357: 89–95

    Google Scholar 

  67. Demchuk AM, Hill MD, Barber PA et al. (2005) Importance of early ischemic computed tomography changes using aspects in ninds rtpa stroke study. Stroke 36: 2110–2115

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Deplanque D, Masse I, Lefebvre C et al. (2006) Prior tia, lipid-lowering drug use, and physical activity decrease ischemic stroke severity. Neurology 67: 1403–1410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Derdeyn C (2007) Carotid stending for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: trial it. Stroke 38: 715–720

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR et al. (2007) Patent foramen ovale and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 797–802

    Google Scholar 

  71. Diener H, Bogousslavsky J, Brass L et al. (2004) Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364: 331–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Diener H, Davidai G (2007) Dipyridamole and headache. Future Neurology 2: 279–283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C et al. (1996) European stroke prevention study. 2. dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 143: 1–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Diener HC, Ringelstein EB, von Kummer R et al. (2001) Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with the low-molecular-weight heparin certoparin: results of the TOPAS trial. Therapy of patients with acute stroke (TOPAS) investigators. Stroke 32: 22–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Dressler FA, Craig WR, Castello R et al. (1998) Mobile aortic atheroma and systemic emboli: efficacy of anticoagulation and influence of plaque morphology on recurrent stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 31: 134–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group (1993) Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet 342: 1255–1262

    Google Scholar 

  77. Echiverri HC, Rubino FA, Gupta SR et al. (1989) Fusiform aneurysm of the vertebrobasilar arterial system. Stroke 20: 1741–1747

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Eidelman R, Hollar D, Hebert P et al. (2004) Randomized trials of vitamin e in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 164: 1552–1556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ekbom T, Linjer E, Hedner T et al. (2004) Cardiovascular events in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A subgroup analysis of treatment strategies in stop-hypertension-2. Blood Press 13: 137–141

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Elkind MS, Prabhakaran S, Pittman J et al. (2007) Sex as a predictor of outcomes in patients treated with thrombolysis for acute stroke. Neurology 68: 842–848

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Els T, Oehm E, Voigt S et al. (2006) Safety and therapeutical benefit of hemicraniectomy combined with mild hypothermia in comparison with hemicraniectomy alone in patients with malignant ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 21: 79–85

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Engelter S, Lyrer P (2003) Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke and other vascular events after carotid endarterectomy (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev

  83. Engelter ST, Brandt T, Debette S et al. (2007) Antiplatelets versus anticoagulation in cervical artery dissection. Stroke 38: 2605–2611

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. ETDRS Investigators (1992) Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report 14. JAMA 268: 1292–1300

    Google Scholar 

  85. European Carotid Surgery Trialists‘ Collaborative Group (1996) Endarterectomy for moderate symptomatic carotid stenosis: Interim results from the mrc european carotid surgery trial. Lancet 347: 1591–1593

    Google Scholar 

  86. European Stroke Initiative (2000) European Stroke Initiative recommendations for stroke management. european stroke council, european neurological society and european federation of neurological societies. Cerebrovasc Dis 10: 335–351

    Google Scholar 

  87. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (1995) Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 273: 1421–1428

    Google Scholar 

  88. Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S et al. (1991) The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54: 1044–1054

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Fiorella D, Levy EI, Turk AS et al. (2007) US multicenter experience with the wingspan stent system for the treatment of intracranial atheromatous disease: periprocedural results. Stroke 38: 881–887

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Flaker GC, Gruber M, Connolly SJ et al. (2006) Risks and benefits of combining aspirin with anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: an exploratory analysis of stroke prevention using an oral thrombin inhibitor in atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF) trials. Am Heart J 152: 967–973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Fukuda H, Kitani M, Takahashi K (1999) Body temperature correlates with functional outcome and the lesion size of cerebral infarction. Acta Neurol Scand 100: 385–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L et al. (1999) Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The proact II study: a randomized controlled trial. prolyse in acute cerebral thromboembolism. JAMA 282: 2003–2011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Furlan AJ, Eyding D, Albers GW et al. (2006) Dose escalation of desmoteplase for acute ischemic stroke (DEDAS): evidence of safety and efficacy 3 to 9 hours after stroke onset. Stroke 37: 1227–1231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW et al. (2001) ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary a report of the american college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines and the european society of cardiology committee for practice guidelines and policy conferences (committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the north american society of pacing and electrophysiology. Circulation 104: 2118–2150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Gabriel S, Carmona L, Roque M et al. (2005) Hormone replacement therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002229

    Google Scholar 

  96. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V et al. (2002) Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 288: 49–57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Graham GD (2003) Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke in clinical practice: a meta-analysis of safety data. Stroke 34: 2847–2850

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA et al. (2007) Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK glucose insulin in stroke trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol 6: 397–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ (2001) Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the nurses‘ health study. a prospective, observational study. Ann Intern Med 135: 1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Grossman E, Messerli FH, Grodzicki T et al. (1996) Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies? JAMA 276:1328–1331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Group P (1995) Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl) 108: 710–717

    Google Scholar 

  102. Gubitz G, Sandercock P, Counsell C (2004) Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000024

    Google Scholar 

  103. Gueyffier F, Bulpitt C, Boissel JP et al. (1999) Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. INDANA Group. Lancet 353: 793–796

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Gupta R, Connolly ES, Mayer S et al. (2004) Hemicraniectomy for massive middle cerebral artery territory infarction: a systematic review. Stroke 35: 539–543

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Hacke W, Albers G, Al-Rawi Y et al. (2005) The Desmoteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Trial (DIAS): a phase II MRI-based 9-hour window acute stroke thrombolysis trial with intravenous desmoteplase. Stroke 36: 66–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C et al. (2004) Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 363: 768–774

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C et al. (1995) Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute stroke. JAMA 274: 1017–1025

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C et al. (1998) Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet 352: 1245–1251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hacke W, Schwab S, Horn M et al. (1996) Malignant middle cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical course and prognostic signs. Arch Neurol 53: 309–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Hacke W, Zeumer H, Ferbert A et al. (1988) Intraarterial thrombolytic therapy improves outcome in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke 19: 1216–1222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Hajat C, Hajat S, Sharma P (2000) Effects of poststroke pyrexia on stroke outcome: a meta-analysis of studies in patients. Stroke 31: 410–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Halkes P, van Gijn J, Kappelle L et al. (2006) Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 367: 1665–1673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J et al. (2004) Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363: 1491–1502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Handke M, Harloff A, Olschewski M et al. (2007) Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in older patients. N Engl J Med 357: 2262–2268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Hankey GJ, Warlow CP (1999) Treatment and secondary prevention of stroke: evidence, costs, and effects on individuals and populations. Lancet 354: 1457–1463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al. (1998) Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT study group. Lancet 351: 1755–1762

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI (2007) Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 146: 857–867

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. He K, Merchant A, Rimm E et al. (2003) Dietary fat intake and risk of stroke in male us healthcare professionals: 14 year prospective cohort study. BMJ 327: 777–782

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. He K, Song Y, Daviglus M et al. (2004) Fish consumption and incidence of stroke: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Stroke 35: 1538–1542

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002) MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360: 7–22

    Google Scholar 

  121. Hill MD, Buchan AM (2005) Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: results of the canadian alteplase for stroke effectiveness study (CASES). CMAJ 172: 1307–1312

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Hobson R, 2nd, Krupski W, Weiss D (1993) Influence of aspirin in the management of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Va cooperative study group on asymptomatic carotid stenosis. J Vasc Surg 17: 257–263

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Howard B, Van Horn L, Hsia J et al. (2006) Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: The women’s health initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial. JAMA 295: 655–666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H et al. (2007) Calcium/vitamin d supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation 115: 846–854

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Silventoinen K et al. (2007) Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio on the risk of total and type-specific stroke. Arch Intern Med 167: 1420–1427

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Huff JS (2002) Stroke mimics and chameleons. Emerg Med Clin North Am 20: 583–595

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. IMS investigators (2007) The Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) II Study. Stroke 38: 2127–2135

    Google Scholar 

  128. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group (1997) The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial if aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 349: 1569–1581

    Google Scholar 

  129. Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Sharpe BL et al. (2000) Risk factors and outcome of patients with carotid artery stenosis presenting with lacunar stroke. north american symptomatic carotid endarterectomy trial group. Neurology 54: 660–666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Iso H, Date C, Yamamoto A et al. (2005) Smoking cessation and mortality from cardiovascular disease among japanese men and women: the jacc study. Am J Epidemiol 161: 170–179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Iso H, Hennekens C, Stampfer M et al. (1999) Prospective study of aspirin use and risk of stroke in women. Stroke 30: 1764–1771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Jiang WJ, Xu XT, Du B et al. (2007) Comparison of elective stenting of severe vs moderate intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Neurology 68: 420–426

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Jiang WJ, Xu XT, Du B et al. (2007) Long-term outcome of elective stenting for symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar stenosis. Neurology 68: 856–858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE et al. (1999) Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA 282: 1233–1239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Jüttler E, Schwab S, Schmiedek P et al. (2007) Decompressive surgery for the treatment of malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery (DESTINY): a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 38: 2518–2525

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Kane I, Sandercock P, Wardlaw J (2007) Magnetic resonance perfusion diffusion mismatch and thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: A systematic review of the evidence to date. JNNP 78: 485–490

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ et al. (2006) Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation 113: 555–563

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Kastrup A, Groschel K (2007) Carotid endarterectomy versus carotid stenting: an updated review of randomized trials and subgroup analyses. Acta Chir Belg 107: 119–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Katzan IL, Hammer MD, Furlan AJ et al. (2003) Quality improvement and tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: a cleveland update. Stroke 34: 799–800

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ et al. (1993) Smoking cessation and decreased risk of stroke in women. JAMA 269: 232–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kay R, Wong KS, Yu YL et al. (1995) Low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 333: 1588–1593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R et al. (2008) Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 371: 117–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Kiers L, Davis SM, Larkins R et al. (1992) Stroke topography and outcome in relation to hyperglycaemia and diabetes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55: 263–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Kizer J, Dahlof B, Kjeldsen S et al. (2005) Stroke reduction in hypertensive adults with cardiac hypertrophy randomized to losartan versus atenolol: The losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension 45: 46–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Köhrmann M, Jüttler E, Fiebach JB et al. (2006) MRI versus CT-based thrombolysis treatment within and beyond the 3 h time window after stroke onset: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol 5: 661–667

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kurth T, Gaziano J, Berger K et al. (2002) Body mass index and the risk of stroke in men. Arch Intern Med 162: 2557–2562

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Kurth T, Gaziano J, Rexrode K et al. (2005) Prospective study of body mass index and risk of stroke in apparently healthy women. Circulation 111: 1992–1998

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Kurth T, Moore S, Gaziano J et al. (2006) Healthy lifestyle and the risk of stroke in women. Arch Intern Med 166: 1403–1409

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Langhorne P, Pollock A (2002) What are the components of effective stroke unit care? Age Ageing 31: 365–371

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Lansberg MG, Thijs VN, Bammer R et al. (2007) Risk factors of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after tpa therapy for acute stroke. Stroke 38: 2275–2278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Lee C, Folsom A, Blair S (2003) Physical activity and stroke risk: A meta-analysis. Stroke 34: 2475–2481

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PM, Phillips SJ et al. (2002) Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 33: 1315–1320

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N et al. (2002) Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 360: 1903–1913

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Leys D, Ringelstein EB, Kaste M et al. (2007) The main components of stroke unit care: results of a european expert survey. Cerebrovasc Dis 23: 344–352

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Lindsberg PJ, Mattle HP (2006) Therapy of basilar artery occlusion: a systematic analysis comparing intra-arterial and intravenous thrombolysis. Stroke 37: 922–928

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Lindstrom E, Boysen G, Christiansen L et al. (1991) Reliability of scandinavian neurological stroke scale. Cerebrosvasc Dis 1: 103–107

    Google Scholar 

  157. Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B et al. (1994) Improved reliability of the NIH stroke scale using video training. NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group. Stroke 25: 2220–2226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Macleod MR, Davis SM, Mitchell PJ et al. (2005) Results of a multicentre, randomised controlled trial of intra-arterial urokinase in the treatment of acute posterior circulation ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 20: 12–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Mancia G (2007) Optimal control of blood pressure in patients with diabetes reduces the incidence of macro- and microvascular events. J Hypertens [Suppl] 25(1): 7–12

    Google Scholar 

  160. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A et al. (2007) 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the european society of hypertension (ESH) and of the european society of cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 28: 1462–1536

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Mant J, Hobbs FD, Fletcher K et al. (2007) Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the birmingham atrial fibrillation treatment of the aged study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370: 493–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Marks MP, Wojak JC, Al-Ali F et al. (2006) Angioplasty for symptomatic intracranial stenosis: clinical outcome. Stroke 37: 1016–1020

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Marniemi J, Alanen E, Impivaara O et al. (2005) Dietary and serum vitamins and minerals as predictors of myocardial infarction and stroke in elderly subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 15: 188–197

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C et al. (2001) Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med 345: 1740–1746

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B et al. (2006) Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. New Engl J Med 355: 1660–1671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. (MAST-I) Group (1995) Randomised controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. multicentre acute stroke trial-Italy. Lancet 346: 1509–1514

    Google Scholar 

  167. Mattle HP, Arnold M, Georgiadis D et al. (2008) Comparison of intraarterial and intravenous Thrombolysis for ischemic stroke with hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign. Stroke 39: 379–383

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Mayo Asymptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Study Group (1992) Results of a randomized controlled trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Mayo asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy study group. Mayo Clin Proc 67: 513–518

    Google Scholar 

  169. Meissner I, Khandheria BK, Heit JA et al. (2006) Patent foramen ovale: innocent or guilty? Evidence from a prospective population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 47: 440–445

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Mellen PB, Walsh TF, Herrington DM (2007) Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 85: 1495–1502

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Miller E, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D et al. (2005) Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin e supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 142: 37–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM et al. (2001) A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 345: 1444–1451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Molina CA, Ribo M, Rubiera M et al. (2006) Microbubble administration accelerates clot lysis during continuous 2-MHz ultrasound monitoring in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Stroke 37: 425–429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Muir KW, Lees KR, Ford I et al. (2004) Magnesium for acute stroke (Intravenous magnesium efficacy in stroke trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363: 439–445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Mukamal K, Ascherio A, Mittleman M et al. (2005) Alcohol and risk for ischemic stroke in men: The role of drinking patterns and usual beverage. Ann Intern Med 142: 11–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Nazir FS, Overell JR, Bolster A et al. (2005) Effect of perindopril on cerebral and renal perfusion on normotensives in mild early ischaemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 19: 77–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N (2000) Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood pressure lowering treatment trialists‘ collaboration. Lancet 356: 1955–1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Nedeltchev K, Fischer U, Arnold M et al. (2006) Long-term effect of intra-arterial thrombolysis in stroke. Stroke 37: 3002–3007

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Neter J, Stam B, Kok F et al. (2003) Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 42: 878–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators (1991) Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. New Engl J Med 325: 445–453

    Google Scholar 

  181. Ogawa A, Mori E, Minematsu K et al. (2007) Randomized trial of intraarterial infusion of urokinase within 6 hours of middle cerebral artery stroke: the middle cerebral artery embolism local fibrinolytic intervention trial (MELT) Japan. Stroke 38: 2633–2639

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Ong M, Glantz S (2004) Cardiovascular health and economic effects of smoke-free workplaces. Am J Med 117: 32–38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR (2000) Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 55: 1172–1179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Micheli S et al. (2007) Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant treatment in acute cardioembolic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 38: 423–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Parsons MW, Barber PA, Desmond PM et al. (2002) Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Ann Neurol 52: 20–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Peto R, Gray R, Collins R et al. (1988) Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296: 313–316

    Google Scholar 

  187. PROGRESS collaborative group (2001) Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358: 1033–1041

    Google Scholar 

  188. Qizilbash N, Lewington SL, Lopez-Arrieta JM (2002) Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2

  189. Qureshi A, Suri M, Kirmani J et al. (2005) Cigarette smoking among spouses: Another risk factor for stroke in women. Stroke 36: 74–76

    Google Scholar 

  190. Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Yahia AM et al. (2003) Timing of neurologic deterioration in massive middle cerebral artery infarction: a multicenter review. Crit Care Med 31: 272–277

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Rash A, Downes T, Portner R et al. (2007) A randomised controlled trial of warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in octogenarians with atrial fibrillation (WASPO). Age Ageing 36: 151–156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Rashid P, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P (2003) Blood pressure reduction and secondary prevention of stroke and other vascular events: a systematic review. Stroke 34: 2741–2748

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Pedersen PM et al. (1996) Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet 347: 422–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD et al. (2003) Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 289: 579–588

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee IM et al. (2005) A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 352: 1293–1304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Rieke K, Schwab S, Krieger D et al. (1995) Decompressive surgery in space-occupying hemispheric infarction: results of an open, prospective trial. Crit Care Med 23: 1576–1587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Righetti E, Celani MG, Cantisani TA et al. (2002) Glycerol for acute stroke: a cochrane systematic review. J Neurol 249: 445–451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Ringleb PA, Allenberg JR, Berger J et al. (2006) 30 day results from the space trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 368: 1239–1247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Ringleb PA, Hacke W (2007) Stent and surgery for symptomatic carotid stenosis. space study results. Nervenarzt 78: 1130–1137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Ringleb PA, Schwark C, Köhrmann M et al. (2007) Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischaemic stroke in octogenarians: selection by magnetic resonance imaging improves safety but does not improve outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78: 690–693

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Rödén-Jüllig A, Britton M, Malmkvist K et al. (2003) Aspirin in the prevention of progressing stroke: a randomized controlled study. J Intern Med 254: 584–590

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Ronning OM, Guldvog B (1999) Should stroke victims routinely receive supplemental oxygen? A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Stroke 30: 2033–2037

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. (2007) Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 297: 1465–1477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Rothwell P, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov S et al. (2004) Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet 363: 915–924

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA et al. (2003) Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet 361: 107–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA et al. (2004) Sex difference in the effect of time from symptoms to surgery on benefit from carotid endarterectomy for transient ischemic attack and nondisabling stroke. Stroke 35: 2855–2861

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Sandercock P (2006) Immediate anticoagulation for acute stroke in atrial fibrillation: no. Stroke 37: 3054–3055

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Schellinger PD, Thomalla G, Fiehler J et al. (2007) MRI-based and CT-based thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke within and beyond established time windows: an analysis of 1210 patients. Stroke 38: 2640–2645

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A et al. (2005) Morbidity and mortality after stroke: eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: Principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke 36: 1218–1226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M et al. (1998) Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 29: 2461–2466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Schwarz S, Georgiadis D, Aschoff A et al. (2002) Effects of hypertonic (10%) saline in patients with raised intracranial pressure after stroke. Stroke 33: 136–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Sever PS, Poulter NR, Dahlof B et al. (2005) Reduction in cardiovascular events with atorvastatin in 2,532 patients with type 2 diabetes: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–lipid-lowering arm (ASCOT-LLA). Diabetes Care 28: 1151–1157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Shinton R, Beevers G (1989) Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. BMJ 298: 789–794

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Shuaib A, Lees KR, Lyden P et al. (2007) NXY-059 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 357: 562–571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S et al. (2005) Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke 36: 1432–1438

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. SSYLVIA Study investigators (2004) Stenting of symptomatic atherosclerotic lesions in the vertebral or intracranial arteries (SSYLVIA): study results. Stroke 35: 1388–1392

    Google Scholar 

  217. Staessen J, Fagard R, Thijs L et al. (1997) Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The systolic hypertension in europe (syst-eur) trial investigators. Lancet 350: 757–764

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Steering Committee of the Physicians‘ Health Study Research Group (1989) Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing physicians‘ health study. N Engl J Med 321: 129–35

    Google Scholar 

  219. Steiner T, Ringleb P, Hacke W (2001) Treatment options for large hemispheric stroke. Neurology 57(5–2): 61–8

    Google Scholar 

  220. Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA (2002) New evidence for stroke prevention: scientific review. JAMA 288: 1388–1395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Streifler JY, Eliasziw M, Benavente OR et al. (2002) Prognostic importance of leukoaraiosis in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 33: 1651–1655

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Sulter G, Elting JW, Langedijk M et al. (2003) Admitting acute ischemic stroke patients to a stroke care monitoring unit versus a conventional stroke unit: a randomized pilot study. Stroke 34: 101–104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Sylaja PN, Cote R, Buchan AM et al. (2006) Thrombolysis in patients older than 80 years with acute ischaemic stroke: Canadian alteplase for stroke effectiveness study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77: 826–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group (1991) A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 325: 1261–1266

    Google Scholar 

  225. The EC/IC Bypass Study Group (1985) Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. results of an international randomized trial. N Engl J Med 313: 1191–1200

    Google Scholar 

  226. The European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group (1995) Risk of stroke in the distribution of an asymptomatic carotid artery. Lancet 345: 209–212

    Google Scholar 

  227. The European Stroke Initiative Executive Committee and the EUSI Writing Committee (2003) European stroke initiative recommendations for stroke management – update 2003. Cerebrovasc Dis 16: 311–337

    Google Scholar 

  228. The Homocysteine Studies Collaboration (2002) Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 288: 2015–2022

    Google Scholar 

  229. The Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial – Europe Study Group (1996) Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 335: 145–150

    Google Scholar 

  230. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1995) Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 333: 1581–1587

    Google Scholar 

  231. The Publications Committee for the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators (1998) Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 (danaparoid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 279: 1265–1272

    Google Scholar 

  232. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group (1997) A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. Ann Neurol 42: 857–865

    Google Scholar 

  233. Thomas GN, Chan P, Tomlinson B (2006) The role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in elderly patients with hypertension. Drugs Aging 23: 131–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Toole J, Malinow M, Chambless L et al. (2004) Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: The vitamin intervention for stroke prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291: 565–575

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Tornwall M, Virtamo J, Korhonen P et al. (2004) Postintervention effect of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene on different strokes: A 6-year follow-up of the alpha tocopherol, beta carotene cancer prevention study. Stroke 35: 1908–1913

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V et al. (1999) Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) Group. JAMA 281: 2005–2012

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Umesawa M, Iso H, Date C et al. (2006) Dietary intake of calcium in relation to mortality from cardiovascular disease: The JACC study. Stroke 37: 20–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Unterberg AW, Kiening KL, Hartl R et al. (1997) Multimodal monitoring in patients with head injury: evaluation of the effects of treatment on cerebral oxygenation. J Trauma 42: 32–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  239. Vahedi K, Hofmeijer J, Jüttler E et al. (2007) Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 6: 215–222

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. van Kooten F, Hoogerbrugge N, Naarding P et al. (1993) Hyperglycemia in the acute phase of stroke is not caused by stress. Stroke 24:1129–1132

    Google Scholar 

  241. van Oostenbrugge RJ, Hupperts RM, Lodder J (2006) Thrombolysis for acute stroke with special emphasis on the very old: experience from a single Dutch centre. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77: 375–377

    Google Scholar 

  242. Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Kernan WN et al. (2001) A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 345: 1243–1249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Visser CA, Kan G, Meltzer RS et al. (1984) Long-term follow-up of left ventricular thrombus after acute myocardial infarction. A two-dimensional echocardiographic study in 96 patients. Chest 86: 532–536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. VITATOPS Trial Study Group (2002) The VITATOPS (vitamins to prevent stroke) Trial: rationale and design of an international, large, simple, randomised trial of homocysteine-lowering multivitamin therapy in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 13: 120–126

    Google Scholar 

  245. Vivekananthan D, Penn M, Sapp S et al. (2003) Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 361: 2017–2023

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Wahl A, Krumsdorf U, Meier B et al. (2005) Transcatheter treatment of atrial septal aneurysm associated with patent foramen ovale for prevention of recurrent paradoxical embolism in high-risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 377–380

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Davalos A et al. (2007) Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST): an observational study. Lancet 369: 275–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Wald D, Law M, Morris J (2002) Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: Evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ 325: 1202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Wang X, Qin X, Demirtas H et al. (2007) Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis. Lancet 369: 1876–1882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH et al. (1995) Smoking cessation and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men. JAMA 274: 155–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Wardlaw JM, Zoppo G, Yamaguchi T et al. (2003) Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000213

    Google Scholar 

  252. Wilcox R, Bousser MG, Betteridge DJ et al. (2007) Effects of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: results from PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events 04). Stroke 38: 865–873

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Windecker S, Wahl A, Nedeltchev K et al. (2004) Comparison of medical treatment with percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 44: 750–758

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Kannel WB et al. (1988) Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The framingham study. JAMA 259: 1025–1029

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Wong KS, Chen C, Ng PW et al. (2007) Low-molecular-weight heparin compared with aspirin for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke in Asian patients with large artery occlusive disease: a randomised study. Lancet Neurol 6: 407–413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Yadav J, Sholey M, Kuntz R et al. (2004) Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 351: 1493–1501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Yang Q, Botto LD, Erickson JD et al. (2006) Improvement in stroke mortality in Canada and the United States, 1990 to 2002. Circulation 113: 1335–1343

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J et al. (2000) Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 342: 145–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta S et al. (2001) Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndroms without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 345: 494–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehung/en hin: Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi Aventis – Honorare für Vorträge und Reisekostenübernahme.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P.D. Schellinger.

Additional information

Die Mitglieder des ESO Writting Committee sind im Anhang gelistet.

Anhang

Anhang

Writing Committee der ESO (EUSI) -Empfehlung

  • Vorsitz: Werner Hacke (Heidelberg, Deutschland)

  • Beisitzer: Marie-Germaine Bousser (Paris, Frankreich); Gary Ford (Newcastle, Großbritannien)

Prävention

  • Gruppenleitung: Philip Bath (Nottingham, Großbritannien); Didier Leys (Lille, Frankreich)

  • Mitglieder: Álvaro Cervera (Barcelona, Spanien); László Csiba (Debrecen, Ungarn); Jan Lodder (Maastricht, Niederlande); Nils Gunnar Wahlgren (Stockholm, Schweden)

Allgemeine Behandlung

  • Gruppenleitung: Hans-Christoph Diener (Essen, Deutschland); Peter Langhorne (Glasgow, Großbritannien)

  • Mitglieder: Antony Davalos (Barcelona, Spanien); Gary Ford (Newcastle, Großbritannien); Veronika Skvortsova (Moskau, Russland)

Akutbehandlung und Behandlung von Komplikationen

  • Gruppenleitung: Angel Chamorro (Barcelona, Spanien); Bo Norrving (Lund, Schweden)

  • Mitglieder: Valerica Caso (Perugia, Italien); Jean-Louis Mas (Paris, Frankreich); Victor Obach (Barcelona, Spanien); Peter A. Ringleb (Heidelberg, Deutschland); Lars Thomassen (Bergen, Norwegen)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schellinger, P., Ringleb, P. & Hacke, W. Leitlinien zum Management von Patienten mit akutem Hirninfarkt oder TIA der Europäischen Schlaganfallorganisation 2008. Nervenarzt 79, 1180–1202 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-008-2532-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-008-2532-0

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation