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Stenosierende Laryngitis im Kindesalter

Diagnose, Differenzialdiagnosen und Management

Stenosing laryngitis in childhood

Diagnosis, differential diagnostics and management

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Zusammenfassung

Bei der stenosierenden Laryngitis im Kindesalter führt eine infektionsbedingte Schleimhautschwellung des Larynx und der subglottischen Region zur Verengung des oberen Atemwegs. Leitsymptom ist der inspiratorische Stridor, zusätzlich bestehen häufig Heiserkeit und bellender Husten (Krupp-Syndrom). Ursächlich ist in den meisten Fällen eine virale Infektion. Die Erkrankung ist in der Regel leicht zu diagnostizieren und mit systemischen Steroiden und Adrenalininhalationen zu behandeln. Der „echte Krupp“, eine schwere diphtherische Laryngotracheitis, und auch die Epiglottitis sind dank erfolgreicher Impfstrategien zur Rarität geworden. Dennoch muss der Kinderarzt Kenntnis über diese und weitere Differenzialdiagnosen des Krupp-Syndroms haben sowie einen respiratorischen Notfall schnell erkennen und richtig behandeln. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet eine Übersicht über Ursachen, Diagnostik und Therapie der Laryngitis im Kindesalter.

Abstract

Stenosing laryngitis in childhood leads via an infection-related swelling of the laryngeal mucous membrane and subglottic region to narrowing of the upper airways. The main symptom is a variably pitched respiratory stridor caused by abnormal air passage. This sound is usually heard during inspiration and is a common symptom leading to referral to a pediatrician. The most common cause of acute stridor in children is a viral infection leading to croup syndrome with the hallmark symptoms of hoarseness, stridor and barking cough. Viral croup is usually easy to diagnose and is treated with systemic steroids and inhalation of adrenalin; however, it needs to be differentiated from severe causes of laryngeal obstruction, such as diphtheria and epiglottitis due to Haemophilus influenzae infections, foreign body aspiration or anatomical abnormalities and tumors. This article gives an updated overview on the causes, diagnostics and management of laryngeal obstructions in childhood.

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Correspondence to M. Wetzke.

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M. Wetzke und G. Hansen geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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G. Hansen, Hannover

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Wetzke, M., Hansen, G. Stenosierende Laryngitis im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 164, 359–367 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-016-0083-1

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