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Impfverhalten psychologisch erklären, messen und verändern

Psychological antecedents of vaccination: definitions, measurement, and interventions

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Impfungen zählen zu den sichersten und effektivsten Methoden, Infektionen und daraus resultierende schwerwiegende Folgeerkrankungen und Todesfälle auf individueller wie gesellschaftlicher Ebene zu kontrollieren und zu verhindern. Dennoch entscheiden sich einige Menschen gegen Impfungen und es kommt immer wieder zu Ausbrüchen impfpräventabler Erkrankungen. Um gemeinsame Eliminationsziele sowie optimalen individuellen Schutz zu erreichen, ist es notwendig, die Gründe des (Nicht‑)Impfens zu identifizieren.

Das 5C-Modell beschreibt fünf wesentliche psychologische Gründe (Antezedenzien) der Impfentscheidung: Confidence (Vertrauen), Complacency (Risikowahrnehmung), Constraints (Barrieren in der Ausführung), Calculation (Ausmaß der Informationssuche) und Collective Responsibility (Verantwortungsgefühl für die Gemeinschaft). Dieser Beitrag zeigt auf, wie diese Gründe, die zu einer Impfung oder Nichtimpfung führen können, auf individueller Ebene gemessen werden und darauf basierend Interventionen entwickelt und evaluiert werden können.

Für Deutschland zeigt sich, dass insbesondere strukturelle Veränderungen, die Impfen einfach(er) machen, in Betracht gezogen werden müssen und nicht nur auf impfkritische Eltern fokussiert werden sollte.

Abstract

Vaccinations are among the safest and most effective ways to prevent morbidity and mortality from severe infectious diseases – both on an individual and societal level. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines some people decide against vaccination, which leads to recurrent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. In order to achieve the common goals of eliminating certain infectious diseases and to protect individual health, it is necessary to understand the antecedents of (non-)vaccination.

The 5C model describes five relevant psychological antecedents of vaccination: confidence, complacency (risk perceptions), constraints (barriers), calculation (extent of information search), and collective responsibility (willingness to protect the community). This contribution provides an overview of how these antecedents can be measured on an individual level and how interventions should be designed and evaluated to address the respective antecedents.

Data from Germany show that structural changes to reduce practical barriers are important to improve vaccine uptake. Thus, it is also important to address aspects beyond confidence.

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Förderung

Die hier berichtete Forschung der am Artikel beteiligten Arbeitsgruppen wurde von der DFG (BE3970/11-1, BE3970/8-1, BO4466/2-1), der Asia Pacific Alliance for the Control of Influenza (APACI) und dem BMBF (Förderkennzeichen 03ZZ0819A-D) gefördert.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Philosophische Fakultät, Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Lehrstuhl für Gesundheitskommunikation, Universität Erfurt, Nordhäuserstraße 63, 99089, Erfurt, Deutschland

    Cornelia Betsch, Philipp Schmid, Lars Korn, Lisa Steinmeyer, Dorothee Heinemeier, Sarah Eitze & Nora Katharina Küpke

  2. Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Juniorprofessur für Decision Analysis, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Deutschland

    Robert Böhm

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  1. Cornelia Betsch
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  2. Philipp Schmid
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  3. Lars Korn
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  4. Lisa Steinmeyer
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  8. Robert Böhm
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Correspondence to Cornelia Betsch.

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Interessenkonflikt

C. Betsch, P. Schmid, L. Korn, L. Steinmeyer, D. Heinemeier, S. Eitze, N.K. Küpke und R. Böhm geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Korn, L. et al. Impfverhalten psychologisch erklären, messen und verändern. Bundesgesundheitsbl 62, 400–409 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-019-02900-6

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