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Aktuelle Konzepte der unterstützten Spontanatmung

Neue Wege zum differenzierten Weaning

Current concepts of augmented spontaneous breathing

New modes of effort-adapted weaning

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Zusammenfassung

Die unterstützte Spontanatmung ist ein wichtiger Teil im Konzept der Entwöhnung von der Beatmung (Weaning), und zahlreiche Studien legen die besondere Bedeutung der frühzeitigen aktiven Beteiligung der muskulären Atempumpe an der erfolgreichen Extubation des (Langzeit-)beatmeten Patienten nahe. Auf der anderen Seite wurde durch atemphysiologische Untersuchungen auf das Problem „patient-ventilator interaction“ hingewiesen und aufgezeigt, dass es unter Anwendung der „klassischen“ kontrollierten und unterstützenden Beatmungsmodi häufig – klinisch unbemerkt – zu Asynchronien zwischen Patient und Ventilator kommt. Solche Asynchronien (ineffektives „triggering“, aktiver Abbruch der Inspiration, Überbeatmung und unzureichende Unterstützung) verschlechtern – in Abhängigkeit von Häufigkeit und Schweregrad – den pulmonalen Gasaustausch, verstärken den schädlichen Aspekt der Beatmung und können den erfolgreichen Verlauf beeinträchtigen. Unterstützende Beatmungstechniken [“proportional assist ventilation“ (PAV), „adaptive support ventilation“ (ASV), „neurally adjusted ventilatory support“ (NAVA)], die den Anspruch haben, durch elektronische oder physiologische Rückkopplungssysteme mit der Atemaktivität des Patienten eine bedarfsadaptierte Unterstützung anzubieten, wurden vor über 20 Jahren entwickelt und erfahren derzeit eine Wiederentdeckung. In kleineren Studien ist teilweise überzeugend gezeigt worden, dass solche innovativen Verfahren die Häufigkeit von Asynchronien reduzieren und die adaptierte Atemarbeit des Patienten verbessern. Obwohl große, randomisierte Studien mit Nachweis einer Outcome-Beeinflussung noch fehlen, ist anzunehmen, dass sich die Anwendung solcher adaptierter Beatmungsmodi im Weaning-Prozess durchsetzen wird.

Abstract

The use of augmented spontaneous breathing is an important component in a bundle concept of weaning from mechanical ventilation as it was demonstrated that controlled ventilation with diaphragmatic underuse induces rapid muscle atrophy and impairs successful weaning. On the other hand spontaneous breathing is often associated with disturbed patient-ventilator interaction resulting in asynchrony (e.g. ineffective triggering, early termination of inspiration and overflow or underflow). It was shown that asynchrony can impair gas exchange, increase work of breathing and enhance deleterious aspects of mechanical ventilation. Concepts of assisted breathing, such as proportional assist ventilation (PAV), adaptive support ventilation (ASV) and neurally adjusted ventilatory support (NAVA), which are intended to increase effort-adapted spontaneous breathing by an electronic or physiological closed loop feedback system with the patient’s work of breathing were developed more than 20 years ago and are currently experiencing a renaissance. It was shown in some smaller clinical investigations that these newer modes are able to improve patient-ventilator interaction, to reduce the burden on respiratory muscles and to increase ventilation comfort. Although large randomized controlled studies are lacking, effort-adapted modes of augmented breathing will become a routine part in the management of weaning from mechanical ventilation.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. T. Bein gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Das vorliegende Manuskript enthält keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Bein, T. Aktuelle Konzepte der unterstützten Spontanatmung. Anaesthesist 63, 279–286 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-013-2272-9

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