Skip to main content
Log in

Diagnostik und Therapie der Endokarditis

Aktuelle ESC-Leitlinie

Diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis

Current ESC guidelines

  • Schwerpunkt/CME
  • Published:
Herz Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Um dem aktuellen Erkenntnisstand auf dem Gebiet der infektiösen Endokarditis gerecht zu werden und differierende nationale Leitlinien zu harmonisieren, sind 2009 neue Empfehlungen der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie erschienen, die aktuell durch einen Kommentar der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie für den deutschsprachigen Raum adaptiert worden sind. Wesentliche Neuerungen sind unter anderem bei der Endokarditisprophylaxe, der Therapie von Endokarditiden durch Staphylococcus aureus und der Indikationsstellung zur operativen Sanierung zu verzeichnen.

Aufgrund einer stark eingeschränkten Evidenzlage wird die prophylaktische Verabreichung von Antibiotika zur Verhinderung von Bakteriämien bei Risikoeingriffen nur noch bei Patienten mit dem höchsten Infektionsrisiko und dem höchsten Risiko für einen schweren bis letalen Verlauf einer Endokarditis empfohlen. Auch die betroffenen Eingriffe wurden auf Zahnbehandlungen mit hoher Bakteriämiewahrscheinlichkeit reduziert.

Bei Endokarditiden durch S. aureus wird der früher empfohlene Einsatz von Gentamicin aufgrund der hohen Nephrotoxizität nur noch als optional gesehen. Bei Methicillin-Resistenz wird der Einsatz von Daptomycin als Alternative zum Vancomycin diskutiert, während bei Methicillin-Sensibilität die Verwendung von Betalaktam-Antibiotika definitiv bevorzugt wird.

Erstmals werden in den aktuellen Leitlinien konkrete Zeitpunkte und Risikokonstellationen für die chirurgische Sanierung diskutiert. So wird zum Beispiel als Notfallindikation mit Durchführung des Eingriffs innerhalb von 24 Stunden der durch Klappenvitien verursachte, therapierefraktäre kardiogene Schock angesehen.

Abstract

To account for the current evidence in the field of infective endocarditis and to harmonize deviant national guidelines, in 2009 the European Society of Cardiology published novel recommendations on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis.

The most important changes can be found concerning antimicrobial prophylaxis for endocarditis, the antimicrobial treatment of endocarditis caused by S. aureus and the indications for surgical treatment.

Due to the weak evidence about prophylactic administration of antibiotics before procedures at risk for bacteraemia to prevent infective endocarditis, the novel guidelines recommend prophylaxis only in patients with the highest risk for infection and lethal course of endocarditis. These are patients with prosthetic valves or prosthetic material used for cardiac repair, patients with previous endocarditis and patients with congenital heart disease. A narrow definition of procedures at risk was proposed only including dental procedures requiring manipulation of the gingival or periapical region of teeth.

For endocarditis caused by S. aureus an additional gentamicin administration was previously recommended but this is now seen only as optional due to its nephrotoxicity. In methicillin-resistant strains daptomycin is a possible alternative to vancomycin. In strains susceptible to methicillin, beta-lactamic antibiotics were definitively preferred than the usage of vancomycin due to better outcome.

The current guidelines recommend definitive timing and risk constellations for surgical treatment of infective endocarditis. For example, cardiac shock due to valvular lesions refractory to medical treatment should give rise to an emergency intervention within 24 h. Other indication groups contain uncontrolled infection and prevention of embolism and indications were defined as urgent or elective depending on the clinical situation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. Al-Nawas B, Block M, Ertl G et al (2010) Kommentierte Zusammenfassung der Leitlinien der European Society of Cardiology zur Infektiösen Endokarditis (Neuauflage 2009). Kardiologe 4:285–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GA, Fowler VG Jr et al (2009) Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin Infect Dis 48:713–721

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Dickerman SA, Abrutyn E, Barsic B et al (2007) The relationship between the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and the incidence of stroke in infective endocarditis: an analysis from the ICE Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS). Am Heart J 154:1086–1094

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK (1994) New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med 96:200–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Falagas ME, Matthaiou DK, Bliziotis IA (2006) The role of aminoglycosides in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:639–647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Fowler VG Jr, Boucher HW, Corey GR et al (2006) Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 355:653–665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fowler VG Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B et al (2005) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA 293:3012–3021

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P et al (2009) Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur Heart J 30:2369–2413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Howden BP, Johnson PD, Ward PB et al (2006) Isolates with low-level vancomycin resistance associated with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3039–3047

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Levine DP, Lamp KC (2007) Daptomycin in the treatment of patients with infective endocarditis: experience from a registry. Am J Med 120:S28–S33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N et al (2000) Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 30:633–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Moreillon P, Que YA (2004) Infective endocarditis. Lancet 363:139–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B et al (2009) Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med 169:463–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Naber CK, Al-Nawas B, Baumgartner H et al (2007) Prophylaxe der infektiösen Endokarditis. Kardiologe 1:243–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Naber CK, Bauhofer A, Block M et al (2004) S2-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie der infektiösen Endokarditis. Z Kardiol 93:1005–1021

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Naber CK, Erbel R (2007) Infective endocarditis with negative blood cultures. Int J Antimicrob Agents 30(Suppl 1):S32–S36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Oliver R, Roberts GJ, Hooper L, Worthington HV (2008) Antibiotics for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dentistry. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003813

  18. Paul M, Benuri-Silbiger I, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L (2004) Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 328:668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Roberts GJ, Simmons NB, Longhurst P, Hewitt PB (1998) Bacteraemia following local anaesthetic injections in children. Br Dent J 185:295–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Stryjewski ME, Szczech LA, Benjamin DK Jr et al (2007) Use of vancomycin or first-generation cephalosporins for the treatment of hemodialysis-dependent patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 44:190–196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M et al (2007) Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 116:1736–1754

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. Plicht.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Plicht, B., Erbel, R. Diagnostik und Therapie der Endokarditis. Herz 35, 542–549 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-010-3403-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-010-3403-6

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation