Associations Between Informal Caregivers’ Burden and Educational Level
Abstract
Abstract. We investigated the association between the education of informal caregivers’ (IC) and their physical and mental burden. We hypothesized that better-educated IC would have more resources available to manage the care situation and as a result show lower perceived burden. We conducted a population survey of 6,087 German residents aged 18+ years, 966 of whom reported to be IC. Results show that IC felt more often mentally than physically burdened. In the multivariate analyses, higher-educated IC did not have lower odds of feeling physically burdened than lower-educated IC, though they did have increased odds of feeling mentally burdened. The higher perceived mental burden of higher-educated IC may be related to fear of loss of self-fulfilment and autonomy. Support services should consider the mental burden of higher-educated IC and tailor their interventions accordingly.
References
2013). The influence of ethnicity and gender on caregiver health in older New Zealanders. The Journals of Gerontology, 68, 783–793.
(2015). Health and wellbeing in informal caregivers and non-caregivers: A comparative cross-sectional study of the Swedish general population. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13(1), 1–11.
(2001). Zukünftige Entwicklung des Verhältnisses von professioneller und häuslicher Pflege bei differenzierenden Arrangements und private Ressourcen bis zum Jahr 2050
([Future development of the relationship between professional care and home care considering different arrangement and private resources until the year 2050] . Freiburg, Expertise im Auftrag der Enquête-Kommission Demographischer Wandel des Deutschen Bundestages. Retrieved from http://www.fifas.de/all/pdf/Expertise_Bundestag.pdf2012). Pflegende Angehörige und Gesundheitsförderung. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 45(3), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-011-0278-y
(2008). Assessment of caregiver burden in families of persons with multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing: Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, 40(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/01376517-200802000-00005
(2011). World health inequality: Convergence, divergence, and development. Social Science & Medicine, 72, 617–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.12.008
(2011). More than one in six American workers also act as caregivers. Retrieved from http://news.gallup.com/poll/148640/one-six-american-workers-act-caregivers.aspx
(2014). Does becoming an ADL spousal caregiver increase the caregiver’s depressive symptoms? Research on Aging, 36, 655–682.
(2009). National Policy Statement. Retrieved from https://www.caregiver.org/caregiving
. (2014). Who cares? Die Bedeutung der informellen Pflege durch Erwerbstätige in Deutschland.
([The meaning of informal care through gainful worker in Germany] . DIW Wochenbericht, 81, 294–301.2014). Subjective caregiver burden: validity of the 10-item short version of the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers BSFC-s. BMC Geriatrics, 14(1), 23.
(2011). Perceived burden of informal caregivers of a chronically ill older family member. GeroPsych, 24, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000042
(2016a). The effect of intra- and intergenerational caregiving on subjective well-being–Evidence of a population based longitudinal study among older adults in Germany. PLoS One, 11(2), e0148916. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148916
(2016b). Informal caregiving and subjective well-being: Evidence of a population based longitudinal study of older adults in Germany. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17, 300–305.
(1985). Sons and daughters as caregivers to older patients: Differences in role performance and consequences. The Gerontologist, 25, 612–617. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/25.6.612
(2014). Versichertenbefragung der Kassenärztlichen Bundesvereinigung 2014. Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsumfrage
. ([Questionnaire of insured people from the (German) National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians 2014. Results of a representative population questionnaire] . April/May 2014. Retrieved from http://www.kbv.de/media/sp/MHH_Studie_2014_Bericht_24072014.pdf2014). Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among cancer caregivers 5 years after the relative’s cancer diagnosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(1), 1–8.
(2014). Pflegende Angehörige und Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Beruf: Befunde aus dem Deutschen Alterssurvey 2008
([Caring relatives and compatibility of informal care and career: Findings from German Ageing Survey 2008] . Retrieved from https://www.dza.de/fileadmin/dza/pdf/Fact_Sheet_Pflege_Erwerbstaetigkeit_2014_09_12.pdf1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York, NY: Wiley.
(2012). The persistence of health inequalities in modern welfare states: The explanation of a paradox. Social Science and Medicine, 75, 761–769.
(2013). Intermediate outcomes of chronic disease self-management program offered by members of the healthy aging regional collaborative in South Florida. Research on Aging, 36, 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027513500054
(2016). Families Caring for an Aging America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
. (2015). Caregiving in the US. Retrieved from https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2015/caregiving-in-the-united-states-2015-report-revised.pdf.
. (2016). Pflege und Unterstützung durch Angehörige
([Informal Care and support through relatives] . (Report Altersdaten 01/2016.) Berlin: Deutsches Zentrum für Altersfragen. Retrieved from https://www.dza.de/fileadmin/dza/pdf/Report_Altersdaten_Heft_1_2016.pdf2016).
(Belastungs- und Entlastungsfaktoren pflegender Angehöriger – die Bedeutung der Erwerbstätigkeit .[Burden factors and relief factors of caring relatives – the impact of employment] . In Zentrum für Qualität in der PflegeEds., Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege (pp. 60–72). Berlin, Germany: Zentrum für Qualität in der Pflege.2003). Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18, 250–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.250
(2014). Daten und Fakten: Ergebnisse der Studie “Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell 2012”. Beiträge zur Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes. Berlin, Germany: Author. Retrieved from http://www.rki.de/gesundheitsmonitoring
. (2015). Informal caregiving and its impact on health: Reappraisal from population-based studies. The Gerontologist, 55, 309–319.
(2015). BARMER GEK PFLEGEREPORT 2015. Schwerpunktthema: Pflegen zu Hause (Schriftenreihe zur Gesundheitsanalyse, Band 36)
([BARMER GEK CARE REPORT 2015. Key topic: Home Care (publication series to healthcare analysis, volume 36)] . Siegburg, Germany: Asgard Verlagsservice GmbH.2000). Wirkungen der Pflegeversicherung : Forschungsprojekt im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit
([Impact of the care insurance: research project assigned by the German Federal Ministry of Health] . Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos-Verl.-Ges.2011). Abschlussbericht zur Studie “Wirkungen des Pflegeweiterentwicklungsgesetzes”
([Final report of the study “Impact of the Act concerning the Further Development of Care”] . Berlin, Germany: Bundesministerium für Gesundheit.2009). The relation between care giving and the mental health of caregivers of demented relatives: A cross-sectional study. European Journal of General Practice, 15, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814780903064455
(2016). Gender differences in caregiving among family caregivers of people with mental illnesses. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 7–17.
(2010). Sleep and physical functioning in family caregivers of older adults with memory impairment. Int Psychogeriatr, 22, 306–311.
(2017). Pflegestatistik–Pflege im Rahmen der Pflegeversicherung–Deutschlandergebnisse 2015
. ([Care statistics – Care in the context of care insurance – Results in Germany 2015] . Wiesbaden, Germany: Statistisches Bundesamt.2010). Review of the literature on the effects of caring for a patient with cancer. Psychooncology, 19, 1013–1025.
(2015). Depression and socio-economical burden are more common in primary caregivers of patients who are not aware of their cancer: TURQUOISE Study by the Palliative Care Working Committee of the Turkish Oncology Group (TOG). European Journal of Cancer Care, 25, 502–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12315
(2008). Usefulness of a single-item general self-rated health question to predict mortality 12 months after an acute coronary syndrome. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 15, 479–481. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e328300b717
(2015). Characteristics of informal caregivers of patients with dementia in Alicante province. Neurología, 30, 183–184.
(2013). Prevalence of multiple chronic conditions among US adults: Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 2010. Preventing Chronic Disease, 10(E6).
(2013). The relationship between self-rated health and objective health status: a population-based study. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 320–329.
(2007). Projekt Längsschnittstudie zur Belastung pflegender Angehöriger von demenziell Erkrankten (LEANDER) ABSCHLUSSBERICHT PHASE 2: Längsschnittergebnisse der LEANDER Studie
([Project longitudinal study setting showing informal caregivers’ burden of people suffering from dementia (LEANDER) FINAL REPORT PHASE 2: Longitudinal study results of the LEANDER Study] . Retrieved from https://www.hf.uni-koeln.de/data/gerontologie/File/Leander%20II%20-%20vollstaendiger%20Bericht.pdf