Skip to main content
  • 2521 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Die Polypharmazie mit Psychopharmaka bei älteren Menschen mit und ohne psychische Erkrankungen ist weit verbreitet und spielt im Praxis- und Klinikalltag eine wichtige Rolle. Im vorliegenden Buchkapitel werden Nutzen und Risiken, Indikationen und der Rahmen für evidenzbasierte Kombinationstherapien mit Psychopharmaka bei alten Menschen beschrieben.

Die weltweite Lebenserwartung steigt kontinuierlich an und die Anzahl der zu erwartenden gesunden Lebensjahre > 50 Jahre in der EU nimmt dank verbesserter Lebensbedingungen und den Fortschritten der Medizin ebenfalls erheblich zu. Eine Vielzahl von chronischen somatischen und psychischen Erkrankungen lässt sich heute zumindest symptomatisch so effektiv behandeln, dass unsere Lebensqualität dadurch nachhaltig gefördert wird. Dieser Multimorbidität wird einerseits durch überwiegend fach- und organspezifische Therapieansätze effektiv begegnet und begünstigt andererseits eine Kumulation von Arzneimittelverordnungen. Hinzu kommt, dass besonders im Alter symptombezogene Medikamentenverordnungen bei psychischen Beschwerden ohne ausreichende evidenzbasierte Grundlage weit verbreitet sind.

Die so entstehende Polypharmazie steht nicht automatisch für eine intensive State-of-the-art-Therapie, sondern wird oft gleichzeitig durch die Verordnung von nicht indizierten und eine Unterversorgung mit indizierten Arzneimitteln geprägt. So lässt sich der überproportionale Einsatz von Psychopharmaka wie die oft kombinierte Verordnung von Antipsychotika bei Demenzkranken besser verstehen, deren Nutzen-Risiko-Profil in dieser Indikation als kritisch gilt. Psychische Nebenwirkungen können außerdem übersehen werden und die Verordnung von weiteren psychotropen Substanzen fördern.

Alte Menschen nehmen beim Start mit Psychopharmaka in der Regel bereits Medikamente wegen somatischer Komorbiditäten ein, reagieren empfindlicher auf erwünschte und unerwünschte Arzneimitteleffekte und versorgen sich oft aus dem OTC-Bereich mit pharmakologisch aktiven Substanzen. Die Praxis der Polypharmazie im Alter verlangt deshalb, dass regelmäßig auf eine vollständige Medikamentenliste geachtet wird, Verordnungen auf ihre Praktikabilität geprüft, neue Medikamenten langsam gestartet und ausdosiert, die Indikationen regelmäßig kritisch evaluiert werden und die speziellen Nebenwirkungsprofile der eingesetzten Substanzen geläufig sind. Der Gebrauch von Listen potenziell inadäquater Medikamente für alte Menschen (www.priscus.de) stellt eine wertvolle Entscheidungshilfe für den klinischen Alltag dar.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  • Alexopoulos GS, Canuso CM, Gharabawi GM, Bossie CA, Greenspan A, Turkoz I, Reynolds C, III (2008) Placebo-controlled study of relapse prevention with risperidone augmentation in older patients with resistant depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 21–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen TB, McEvoy JP (2002) Galantamine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 159: 1244–1245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ancelin ML, Artero S, Portet F, Dupuy AM, Touchon J, Ritchie K (2006) Nondegenerative mild cognitive impairment in elderly people and use of anticholinergic drugs: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 332 (7539): 455–459

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Atri A, Shaughnessy LW, Locascio JJ, Growdon JH (2008) Long-term course and effectiveness of combination therapy in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 22 (3): 209–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard CG, Thomas A, Fossey J, Lee L, Jacoby R, Lana MM, Bannister C, McShane R, Swann A, Juszczak E (2004) A 3-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, neuroleptic discontinuation study in 100 people with dementia: the neuropsychiatric inventory median cutoff is a predictor of clinical outcome. J Clin Psychiatry 65: 114–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard C, Waite J (2006) The effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of aggression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 25 (1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates DW, Miller EB, Cullen DJ, Burdick L, Williams L, Laird N, Petersen LA, Small SD, Sweitzer BJ, Vander Vliet M et al (1999) Patient risk factors for adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. ADE Prevention Study Group. Arch Int Med 159: 2553–2560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman J, Brettholz I, Shneidman M, Lerner V (2003) Donepezil as add-on treatment of psychotic symptoms in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Clin Neuropharmacol 26: 88–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brazeau SM (2001) Polypharmacy and the elderly. Canadian J CME

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno JJ, Ellis JJ (2005) Herbal Use Among US Elderly: 2002 National Health Interview Survey (April). Ann Pharmacother

    Google Scholar 

  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, III, Houck PR, Perel JM, Frank E, Begley AE, Mazumdar S, Kupfer DJ (1997) Does lorazepam impair the antidepressant response to nortriptyline and psychotherapy? J Clin Psychiatry 58: 426–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson JE (1996) Perils of polypharmacy: 10 steps to prudent prescribing. Geriatrics 51: 26–30, 35

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnahan RM, Lund BC, Perry PJ, Chrischilles EA (2004) The concurrent use of anticholinergics and cholinesterase inhibitors: rare event or common practice? J Am Geriatrics Soc 52: 2082–2087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SH, Park KW, Na DL, Han HJ, Kim EJ, Shim YS, Lee JH (2011) Expect Study Group.Tolerability and efficacy of memantine add-on therapy to rivastigmine transdermal patches in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study. Curr Med Res Opin 27 (7): 1375–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornelli U (2010) Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with a cholinesterase inhibitor combined with antioxidants. Neurodegener Dis 7 (1–3): 193–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis LH, Ostbye T, Sendersky V, Hutchison S, Allen LaPointe NM, Al Khatib SM, Usdin Yasuda S, Dans PE, Wright A, Califf RM (2003) Prescription of QT-prolonging drugs in a cohort of about 5 million outpatients. Am J Med 114: 135–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devanand DP, Schultz SK, Sultzer DL (2013) Discontinuation of risperidone in Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 10 368 (2): 187–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolder CR, McKinsey J. (2011) Antipsychotic polypharmacy among patients admitted to a geriatric psychiatry unit. J Psychiatr Pract 17 (5): 368–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drimer T, Shahal B, Barak Y (2004) Effects of discontinuation of long-term anticholinergic treatment in elderly schizophrenia patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 19: 27–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH (2003) Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Int Med 163: 2716–2724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkel SI, Mintzer JE, Dysken M, Krishnan KRR, Burt T, McRae T (2004) A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of sertraline in the treatment of the behavioral manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease in outpatients treated with donepezil. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry 19: 9–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flint AJ, Rifat SL (1996) The effect of sequential antidepressant treatment on geriatric depression. J Affect Disord 36: 95–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frakey LL, Salloway S, Buelow M, Malloy P (2012) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of apathy in individuals with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 73 (6): 796–801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman JI, Adler DN, Howanitz E, Harvey PD, Brenner G, Temporini H, White L, Parrella M, Davis KL (2002) A double blind placebo controlled trial of donepezil adjunctive treatment to risperidone for the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 51: 349–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gertz HJ, Stoppe G, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Schmidt LG, Baethge C, Hiemke C, Lieb K, Bschor T (2013) Antipsychotics for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders in dementia Nervenarzt 84 (3): 370–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giron MS, Wang HX, Bernsten C, Thorslund M, Winblad B, Fastbom J (2001) The appropriateness of drug use in an older nondemented and demented population. J Am Geriatrics Society 49: 277–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graves T, Hanlon JT, Schmader KE, Landsman PB, Samsa GP, Pieper CF, Weinberger M (1997) Adverse events after discontinuing medications in elderly outpatients. Arch Int Medicine 157: 2205–2210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Judge J, Rochon P, Harrold LR, Cadoret C, Lee M, White K, LaPrino J, Erramuspe-Mainard J (2005) The incidence of adverse drug events in two large academic long-term care facilities. Am J Med 118: 251–258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamann J, Ruppert A, Auby P, Pugner K, Kissling W (2003) Antipsychotic prescribing patterns in Germany: a retrospective analysis using a large outpatient prescription database. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 18: 237–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon JT, Weinberger M, Samsa GP, Schmader KE, Uttech KM, Lewis IK, Cowper PA, Landsman PB, Cohen HJ, Feussner JR (1996) A randomized, controlled trial of a clinical pharmacist intervention to improve inappropriate prescribing in elderly outpatients with polypharmacy. Am J Med 100: 428–437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt S, Schmiedl S, Thürmann PA (2010) Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: the PRISCUS list. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 107 (31–32): 543–51

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Howard R, McShane R, Lindesay J, Ritchie C, Baldwin A, Barber R, Burns A, Dening T, Findlay D, Holmes C, Hughes A, Jacoby R, Jones R, Jones R, McKeith I, Macharouthu A, O'Brien J, Passmore P, Sheehan B, Juszczak E, Katona C, Hills R, Knapp M, Ballard C, Brown R, Banerjee S, Onions C, Griffin M, Adams J, Gray R, Johnson T, Bentham P, Phillips P (2012) Donepezil and memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 366 (10): 893–903

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang F, Lasseter KC, Janssens L, Verhaeghe T, Lau H, Zhao Q (2002) Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of galantamine and risperidone after the two drugs are administered alone and together. J Clin Pharmacol 42: 1341–1351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibach B, Hajak G (2005) Behandlung der Alzheimerdemenz unter Berücksichtigung der Polypharmacie. Neuropsychiatrische Zeitung 2: 12–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibach B (2010) Antipsychotic drugs in geriatric psychiatry. Psychopharmakotherapie 17: 62–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeste DV, Blazer D, Casey D, Meeks T, Salzman C, Schneider L, Tariot P, Yaffe K (2008) ACNP White Paper: update on use of antipsychotic drugs in elderly persons with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (5): 957–970

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klatte ET, Scharre DW, Nagaraja HN, Davis RA, Beversdorf DQ (2003) Combination therapy of donepezil and vitamin E in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease And Associated Disorders 17: 113–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kok RM, Vink D, Heeren TJ, Nolen WA (2007) Lithium augmentation compared with phenelzine in treatment-resistant depression in the elderly: an open, randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 1177–1185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavretsky H, Kim MD, Kumar A, Reynolds CF III (2003) Combined treatment with methylphenidate and citalopram for accelerated response in the elderly: an open trial. J Clin Psychiatry 64: 1410–1414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DH, Folsom AR, Harnack L, Halliwell B, Jacobs DR Jr (2004) Does supplemental vitamin C increase cardiovascular disease risk in women with diabetes? Am J Clin Nutrition 80: 1194–1200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li DQ, Zhou YP, Yang H (2012) Donepezil combined with natural hirudin improves the clinical symptoms of patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 20-week open-label pilot study. Int J Med Sci 9 (3): 248–55

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lim WS, Low HN, Chan SP, Chen HN, Ding YY, Tan TL (2004) Impact of a pharmacist consult clinic on a hospital-based geriatric outpatient clinic in Singapore. Ann Acad Med, Singapore 33: 220–227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linjakumpu T, Hartikainen S, Klaukka T, Koponen H, Kivela SL, Isoaho R (2002) Psychotropics among the home-dwelling elderly-increasing trends. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry 17: 874–883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lustenberger I, Schüpbach B, von Gunten A, Mosimann U. (2011) Psychotropic medication use in Swiss nursing homes. Swiss Med Wkly 4: 141

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama M, Tomita N, Iwasaki K, Ootsuki M, Matsui T, Nemoto M, Okamura N, Higuchi M, Tsutsui M, Suzuki T, Seki T, Kaneta T, Furukawa K, Arai H (2006) Benefits of combining donepezil plus traditional Japanese herbal medicine on cognition and brain perfusion in Alzheimer's disease: a 12-week observer-blind, donepezil monotherapy controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 54: 869–871

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller ER, III, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E (2005) Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Internal Med 142: 37–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohs RC, Shiovitz TM, Tariot PN, Porsteinsson AP, Baker KD, Feldman PD (2009) Atomoxetine augmentation of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in patients with Alzheimer disease: 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-trial study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17 (9): 752–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore AR, O’Keeffe ST (1999) Drug-induced cognitive impairment in the elderly. Drugs & Aging 15: 15–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G, Griggio S, Ukmar M, Bava A (2004) Rivastigmine superior to aspirin plus nimodipine in subcortical vascular dementia: an open, 16-month, comparative study. Int J Clin Practice 58: 346–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC, Hughes JP, van Belle G, Fillenbaum G, Mellits ED, Clark C (1989) The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 39: 1159–1165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulsant BH, Sweet RA, Rosen J, Pollock BG, Zubenko GS, Flynn T, Begley AE, Mazumdar S, Reynolds CF (2001) A double-blind randomized comparison of nortriptyline plus perphenazine versus nortriptyline plus placebo in the treatment of psychotic depression in late life. J Clin Psychiatry 62: 597–604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mowla A, Mosavinasab M, Pani A. (2007) Does fluoxetine have any effect on the cognition of patients with mild cognitive impairment? A double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 27 (1): 67–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolan L, O'Malley K (1988) Prescribing for the elderly. Part I: Sensitivity of the elderly to adverse drug reactions. J Am Geriatrics Society 36: 142–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okereke CS, Kirby L, Kumar D, Cullen EI, Pratt RD, Hahne WA (2004) Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and levodopa/carbidopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses. Brit J Clin Pharmacol 58: 41–49 186

    Google Scholar 

  • Olin JT, Bhatnagar V, Reyes P, Koumaras B, Meng X, Brannan S (2010) Safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsule with memantine in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease: a 26-week, open-label, prospective trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 25 (4): 419–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onder G, Liperoti R, Foebel A, Fialova D, Topinkova E, van der Roest HG, Gindin J, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Fini M, Gambassi G, Bernabei R; SHELTER project (2013) Polypharmacy and mortality among nursing home residents with advanced cognitive impairment: results from the SHELTER study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14 (6) 450.e7–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons C, Haydock J, Mathie E, Baron N, Machen I, Stevenson E, Amador S, Goodman C. (2011) Sedative load of medications prescribed for older people with dementia in care homes. BMC Geriatr 30; 11: 56

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peskind ER, Tsuang DW, Bonner LT, Pascualy M, Riekse RG, Snowden MB, Thomas R, Raskind MA (2005) Propranolol for disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents with probable or possible Alzheimer disease: a placebo-controlled study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 19: 23–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porsteinsson AP, Grossberg GT, Mintzer J, Olin JT (2008) Memantine treatment in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease already receiving a cholinesterase inhibitor: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Alzheimer Res 5: 83–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prein RF, Klett CJ, Caffey EM (1976) Polypharmacy in the psychiatric treatment of elderly hospitalized patients: a survey of 12 Veterans Administration Hospitals. Dis Nerv Syst 37: 333–336

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rektorova I, Rektor I, Bares M, Dostal V, Ehler E, Fanfrdlova Z, Fiedler J, Klajblova H, Kulist’ak P, Ressner P (2003) Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study. European Journal Of Neurology: The Official Journal Of The European Federation Of Neurological Societies 10: 399–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Riepe MW, Adler G, Ibach B, Weinkauf B, Gunay I, Tracik F (2006) Adding Memantine to Rivastigmine Therapy in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: Results of a 12-Week, Open-Label Pilot Study. Prim. Care Companion. J Clin Psychiatry 8: 258–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Riepe MW, Adler G, Ibach B, Weinkauf B, Tracik F, Gunay I (2007) Domain-specific improvement of cognition on memantine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease treated with rivastigmine. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 23: 301–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rochon PA, Clark JP, Gurwitz JH. (1999) Challenges of prescribing low-dose drug therapy for older people CMAJ 6 160 (7): 1029–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosse RB, Deutsch SI (2002) Adjuvant galantamine administration improves negative symptoms in a patient with treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Clin Neuropharmacol 25: 272–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sajatovic M, Coconcea N, Ignacio RV, Blow FC, Hays RW, Cassidy KA, Meyer WJ (2008) Aripiprazole therapy in 20 older adults with bipolar disorder: a 12-week, open-label trial. J Clin Psychiatry 69: 41–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmucker DL, Vesell ES (1999) Are the elderly underrepresented in clinical drug trials? J Clin Pharmacol 39: 1103–1108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider LS, Small GW, Hamilton SH, Bystritsky A, Nemeroff CB, Meyers BS (1997) Estrogen replacement and response to fluoxetine in a multicenter geriatric depression trial. Fluoxetine Collaborative Study Group. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal Of The American Association For Geriatric Psychiatry 5: 97–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P (2005) Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA 294 (15): 1934–1943

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider LS, Dagerman K, Insel PS (2006) Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 14 (3): 191–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegmund W (2001) Arzneitherapie im Alter in Pharmakotherapie Klinische Pharmakologie. In: Lemmer B, Brune K (Hrsg) Urban & Fischer, München Jena

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl SM, Markowitz JS, Gutterman EM, Papadopoulos G (2003) Co-use of donepezil and hypnotics among Alzheimer’s disease patients living in the community. J Clin Psychiatry 64: 466–472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stryjer R, Strous RD, Shaked G, Bar F, Feldman B, Kotler M, Polak L, Rosenzcwaig S, Weizman A (2003a) Amantadine as augmentation therapy in the management of treatment-resistant depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 18: 93–96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stryjer R, Strous RD, Bar F, Werber E, Shaked G, Buhiri Y, Kotler M, Weizman A, Rabey JM (2003b) Beneficial effect of donepezil augmentation for the management of comorbid schizophrenia and dementia. Clin Neuropharmacol 26: 12–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun Y, Lu CJ, Chien KL, Chen ST, Chen RC (2007) Efficacy of multivitamin supplementation containing vitamins B6 and B12 and folic acid as adjunctive treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor in Alzheimer's disease: a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Taiwanese patients. Clin Ther 29 (10): 2204–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki T, Uchida H, Tanaka KF, Nomura K, Takano H, Tanabe A, Watanabe K, Yagi G, Kashima H (2004) Revising polypharmacy to a single antipsychotic regimen for patients with chronic schizophrenia. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology/Official Scientific Journal Of The Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP) 7: 133–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, Graham SM, McDonald S, Gergel I (2004) Memantine Study G: Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA: The Journal Of The American Medical Association 291: 317–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavassoli N, Sommet A, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Bagheri H, Montrastruc JL (2007) Drug interactions with cholinesterase inhibitors: an analysis of the French pharmacovigilance database and a comparison of two national drug formularies (Vidal, British National Formulary). Drug Saf 30 (11): 1063–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tollefson GD, Bosomworth JC, Heiligenstein JH, Potvin JH, Holman S (1995) A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of fluoxetine in geriatric patients with major depression. The Fluoxetine Collaborative Study Group. International Psychogeriatrics/IPA 7: 89–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viola R, Csukonyi K, Doro P, Janka Z, Soos G (2004) Reasons for polypharmacy among psychiatric patients. Pharmacy World & Science: PWS 26: 143–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiser M, Rotmensch HH, Korczyn AD, Hartman R, Cicin-Sain A, Anand R (2002) Rivastigmine-Risperidone Study G: A pilot, randomized, open-label trial assessing safety and pharmakokinetic parameters of co-administration of rivastigmine with risperidone in dementia patients with behavioral disturbances. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry 17: 343–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whyte EM, Basinski J, Farhi P, Dew MA, Begley A, Mulsant BH, Reynolds CF (2004) Geriatric depression treatment in nonresponders to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry 65: 1634–1641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson D, Holmes C, Woolford J, Stammers S, North J (2002) Prophylactic therapy with lithium in elderly patients with unipolar major depression. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry 17: 619–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woerner MG, Alvir JM, Saltz BL, Lieberman JA, Kane JM (1998) Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly: rates and risk factors. Am J Psychiatry 155 (11): 1521–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woerner MG, Correll CU, Alvir JM, Greenwald B, Delman H, Kane JM (2011) Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with risperidone or olanzapine in the elderly: results from a 2-year, prospective study in antipsychotic-naïve patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 36 (8): 1738–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolter DK (2009) Risiken von Antipsychotika im Alter, speziell bei Demenzen. Z Gerontopsychologie & -psychiatrie 22: 17–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright RM, Sloane R, Pieper CF, Ruby-Scelsi C, Twersky J, Schmader KE, Hanlon JT (2009) Underuse of indicated medications among physically frail older US veterans at the time of hospital discharge: results of a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Geriatric Evaluation and Management Drug Study. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 7 (5): 271–80

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yancheva S, Ihl R, Nikolova G, Panayotov P, Schlaefke S, Hoerr R; GINDON Study Group (2009) Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R), donepezil or both combined in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, double-blind, exploratory trial. Aging Ment Health 13 (2): 183–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann T, Kaduszkiewicz H, van den Bussche H, Schön G, Brettschneider C, König HH, Wiese B, Bickel H, Mösch E, Luppa M, Riedel-Heller S, Werle J, Weyerer S, Fuchs A, Pentzek M, Hänisch B, Maier W, Scherer M, Jessen F; AgeCoDe-Study Group (2013) Potentially inappropriate medication in elderly primary care patients: A retrospective, longitudinal analysis. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 56 (7): 941–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bernd Ibach .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ibach, B. (2016). Gerontopsychiatrie. In: Messer, T., Schmauß, M. (eds) Polypharmazie in der Behandlung psychischer Erkrankungen. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1849-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1849-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-1848-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-1849-8

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics