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Prosoziales Verhalten – Wann und warum wir anderen helfen

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Sozialpsychologie – Der Mensch in sozialen Beziehungen

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Zusammenfassung

Im Jahr 1997 wurde in Hamburg ein 17-jähriges Mädchen in der S-Bahn vergewaltigt. Das Opfer rief um Hilfe, aber keiner der anderen Fahrgäste griff ein oder rief die Polizei. Angesichts solcher Vorfälle sind wir entsetzt, nicht nur ob der Grausamkeit der Verbrechen an sich, sondern insbesondere deshalb, weil die Zeugen – obwohl sie gekonnt hätten – den Opfern nicht zu Hilfe kamen. Warum haben sie es nicht getan? Waren die Zeugen alle Egoisten, die sich nicht für ihre Umwelt interessierten? Wie sich gezeigt hat, ist dies nicht der Fall, sondern es sind insbesondere situative Faktoren bedeutsam dafür, ob Menschen helfen oder nicht (Abschn. 6.1). Unsere Bestürzung angesichts unterlassener Hilfeleistung spiegelt wider, dass wir grundsätzlich erwarten, dass Menschen anderen helfen, die ihrer Hilfe bedürfen. Weshalb? Liegt prosoziales Verhalten in der Natur des Menschen? Welche Motive für prosoziales Verhalten gibt es? Diesen Fragen ist Abschn. 6.2 gewidmet.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Im Folgenden werden wir auf die Unterscheidung zwischen prosozialem und altruistischem Verhalten weitestgehend verzichten. Zum einen lässt sich schwer ausschließen, „dass sich hinter altruistischer Motivation letztendlich doch wieder egoistische Beweggründe verbergen“ (Wiswede 2004, S. 233), zum anderen ist die Frage, ob und inwieweit es rein altruistisches Verhalten gibt, d. h. prosoziales Verhalten, das in keinster Weise eigennützig ist und nur aus altruistischen Motiven gespeist wird, eher philosophischer Natur und hat für eine sozialpsychologische Betrachtung dessen, unter welchen Bedingungen Menschen Hilfeverhalten zeigen bzw. nicht zeigen, weniger Relevanz.

  2. 2.

    Einflüsse der Stimmung auf das Hilfeverhalten werden immer an den jeweils entscheidenden Stellen im Urteilsprozess dargestellt. Stimmung als Motiv für Hilfeverhalten wird in Abschn. 6.2.2 behandelt.

  3. 3.

    Eine weitere Erhebung nach sechs Wochen legte jedoch nahe, dass das einmalige Sehen eines Erste-Hilfe-Films das Kompetenzgefühl nicht dauerhaft erhöht (Pantin und Carver 1982).

  4. 4.

    Ein Bro ist die Kurzform des englischen Wortes brother. Nicht nur Blutsverwandte, sondern einem emotional nahestehende Personen, insbesondere die engsten Kumpels, werden in der heutigen Umgangssprache als Bros bezeichnet (https://de.wikihow.com/Ein-Bro-sein).

  5. 5.

    Inwieweit empathische Helfer tatsächlich selbstlos handeln oder ob nicht letztendlich andere, in letzter Konsequenz egoistische Faktoren die entscheidende Rolle spielen, ist umstritten (Batson 1997; Batson et al. 1997; Cialdini et al. 1987, 1997; Neuberg et al. 1997). In einer Studie von Cialdini und Kollegen (1997) verschwand beispielsweise der Einfluss von Empathie als Motivator für Hilfeverhalten, wenn das Gefühl von Einssein (Oneness) mit dem Opfer berücksichtigt wurde. Dieses Gefühl beruht darauf, dass wesentliche Bestandteile unseres Selbstkonzepts außerhalb der eigenen und in anderen Personen lokalisiert sein können. Je stärker dies der Fall ist, desto eher wird geholfen, und diese Hilfe käme dann in letzter Konsequenz wieder dem eigenen Selbstkonzept und damit der eigenen Person zugute.

  6. 6.

    Es wird angenommen, dass die belohnende Wirkung und damit der gezielte Einsatz von prosozialem Verhalten zur Stimmungsverbesserung im Laufe der Sozialisation gelernt werden muss; damit können Befunde erklärt werden, dass Kinder in schlechter Stimmung weniger helfen als Erwachsene (Cialdini und Kenrick 1976).

  7. 7.

    Dieser Einfluss von Medien gilt auch in umgekehrter Richtung: Wer gewalttätige Videospiele spielte, zeigte eine Reduktion des prosozialen Verhaltens (C. A. Anderson und Bushman 2001; Abschn. 5.5.2

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fachgebiet Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologie, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Deutschland

    Lioba Werth

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norwegen

    Beate Seibt

  3. Zentrum für Soziales und Ökonomisches Verhalten (C-SEB), Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland

    Jennifer Mayer

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Werth, L., Seibt, B., Mayer, J. (2020). Prosoziales Verhalten – Wann und warum wir anderen helfen. In: Sozialpsychologie – Der Mensch in sozialen Beziehungen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53899-9_6

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