Zusammenfassung
Warum ist der Begriff „Vorurteil“ in unseren Köpfen so negativ behaftet? Dies liegt daran, dass Vorurteile neben positiven Effekten auf die Effizienz der Informationsverarbeitung auch verheerende Auswirkungen haben können und uns vor allem diese negative Seite der Medaille präsent ist. So können Vorurteile dazu führen, dass beispielsweise Ausländer, Behinderte oder auch Übergewichtige sowohl in der Schule als auch im Berufsleben gehänselt, drangsaliert und gemieden werden. Aufgrund dieser Auswirkungen von Vorurteilen und ihrer Eskalationen erscheint es besonders bedeutsam, Kenntnis darüber zu haben, was Vorurteile genau sind (Abschn. 4.1), wann und wie sie zur Anwendung kommen (Abschn. 4.2), wie sie entstehen (Abschn. 4.3) und was sie aufrechterhält (Abschn. 4.4). Auf Basis dieses Wissens ist es möglich, verantwortungsvoller mit eigenen Vorurteilen umzugehen.
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Notes
- 1.
Der Begriff „Rasse“ ist biologisch überholt, da sich gezeigt hat, dass die äußeren Merkmale, die zur Unterscheidung von Rassen herangezogen werden, keine genetisch unterscheidbaren Populationsgruppen definieren: Es gibt keine menschlichen Rassen im Sinne von abgrenzbaren Unterarten. In Deutschland ist daher der Begriff des Herkunftslands oder der Ethnie oder Ethnizität gebräuchlich, in den USA wird dennoch auch heute noch der Begriff der Rasse benutzt, besonders im Zusammenhang mit Euro- versus Afroamerikanern. Für ethnisch begründete Vorurteile im Speziellen wird der Begriff „Rassismus“ verwendet, da diese Vorurteile häufig mit Bezug auf biologische Unterschiede begründet werden.
- 2.
Für einen Überblick über modernen Sexismus vgl. Benokraitis und Feagin (Benokraitis und Feagin 1995).
- 3.
Unter Gruppe verstehen wir in diesem Zusammenhang nicht nur wechselseitig interagierende Gruppen mit bestimmten, definierenden Merkmalen (Abschn. 3.1), sondern vor allem Gruppen im weiteren Sinne, deren Definition nur erfordert, dass sich zwei oder mehr Personen selbst als Mitglieder der gleichen sozialen Kategorie wahrnehmen. Als Gruppen gelten demnach auch das Geschlecht, dem man angehört, und die eigene ethnische Gruppe (z. B. J. C. Turner 1982).
- 4.
Der Fremdgruppenhomogenitätseffekt kann sich unter bestimmten Umständen in einen Eigengruppenhomogenitätseffekt umkehren, d. h., dass Mitglieder der Eigengruppe als ähnlicher wahrgenommen werden als Mitglieder der Fremdgruppe (Simon 1992b; Simon und Pettigrew 1990). Dies tritt insbesondere in Minderheitsgruppen auf, d. h. wenn die Eigengruppe erheblich kleiner ist als die Fremdgruppe (R. Brown und Smith 1989; Guinote 2001; Simon und Brown 1987; bei Kindern: Stephan 1977), sowie auf Urteilsdimensionen, die für die Eigengruppe in besonderem Maße bedeutsam sind (R. Brown und Wooton-Millward 1993; Kelly 1989; Simon 1992a).
- 5.
Die Vorurteile gegenüber homosexuellen Frauen hatten sich dagegen nicht verändert.
- 6.
Viele Annahmen des Vergewaltigungsmythos wie beispielsweise, dass Frauen einen unbewussten Wunsch hätten, vergewaltigt zu werden (D. L. Payne et al. 1999), oder selbst dafür verantwortlich seien, ihrer Vergewaltigung vorzubeugen (Costin 1985), lassen sich nur sehr schwer auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt überprüfen oder aus logischen Gründen überhaupt nicht widerlegen (Bohner 1998). Dies bedeutet jedoch noch lange nicht, dass sie in irgendeiner Form zutreffen.
- 7.
Effekte von Stereotype Threat treten nicht nur aufgrund tatsächlich bestehender Vorurteile bzw. Stereotype über die Gruppe, der man angehört, auf, sondern auch wenn man – unabhängig von irgendwelchen Gruppenzugehörigkeiten – auf einem Gebiet, das in der Aufgabe geprüft wird, keine Erfahrung besitzt (z. B. Huguet et al. 2001).
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Werth, L., Seibt, B., Mayer, J. (2020). Vorurteile. In: Sozialpsychologie – Der Mensch in sozialen Beziehungen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53899-9_4
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