Zusammenfassung
Die Anforderungen an die kinderherzchirurgische Intensivmedizin haben in den vergangenen Jahren durch Fortschritte in der pädiatrischen Kardiologie und Kinderherzchirurgie weiter zugenommen. Nachdem die neonatale Korrekturoperation auch komplexer angeborener Herzfehler etabliert wurde und kombinierte chirurgisch-katheterinterventionelle Behandlungskonzepte entwickelt wurden, erweiterte sich das Spektrum der zu behandelnden Patienten zum einen um Neugeborene mit geringem Geburtsgewicht und zum anderen um Erwachsene mit angeborenem Herzfehler nach vorangegangenen Palliations-oder Korrekturoperationen. Im gleichen Zeitraum ist die perioperative Mortalität erheblich gesunken. Zudem erreicht eine kontinuierlich wachsende Patientengruppe nach Korrektur oder Palliation auch komplexer angeborener Herzfehler im Kindesalter jetzt das Erwachsenenalter. Die chirurgische Behandlung von Patienten mit angeborenen Herzfehlern setzt daher eine intensive Zusammenarbeit der in der Chirurgie angeborener Herzfehler tätigen Herzchirurgen mit pädiatrischen und Erwachsenenkardiologen voraus.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Aharon AS, Drinkwater DC, Churchwell KB et al. (2001) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children after repair of congenital cardiac lesions. AnnThorac Surg 72: 2095–2101
Andropoulos DB, Stayer SA, McKenzie DE et al. (2003) Novel cerebral physiologic monitoring to guide low-flow cerebral perfusion during neonatal aortic arch reconstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125: 491–499
Atz AM, Adatia I, Wessel DL (1996) Rebound pulmonary hypertension after inhalation of nitric oxide. Ann Thorac Surg 62: 1759–1764
Atz AM, Lefler AK, Fairbrother DC (2002) Sildenafil a ugments the effect of inhaled nitric oxide for postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crisis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124: 628–629
Bailey JM, Miller BE, Lu W et al. (1999) The pharmoco kinetics of milrinone in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 90: 1012–1018
Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, Long WA et al. (1996) A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 334: 296–302
Bassan H, Gauvreau K, Newberger JW et al. (2005) Identification of pressure passive cerebral perfusion and its mediators after infant cardiac surgery. Pediatr Res 57: 35–41
Batra AS, Chun DS, Johnson TR et al. (2006) A prospective analysis of the incidence and risk factors associated with junctional ectopic tachycardia following surgery for congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 27: 51–55
Beke DM, Braudis NJ, Lincoln P (2005) Management of the pediatric postoperative cardiac surgery patient. Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am 17: 405–416
Bellinger DC, Wypij D, du Plessis AJ et al. (2001) Developmental and neurologic effects of alpha-stat versus pH-stat strategies for deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in infants. J Thorac Cardio-vasc Surg 121: 374–383
Bellinger DC, Wypij D, Kuban KC et al. (1999) Developmental and neurological status of children at 4 years of age after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 100: 526–532
Berdat PA, Eichenberger E, Ebell J et al. (2004) Elimination of pro inflammatory cytokines in pediatric cardiac surgery: analysis of ultrafiltration method and filter type. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127: 1688–1696
Berg RA, Donnerstein RL, Padbury JF (1993) Dobutamine infusions in stable, critically ill children: pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic actions. Crit Care Med 21: 678–688
Bove T, Landoni G, Calabro MG et al. (2005) Renoprotective action of fenoldopam in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Circulation 111: 3230–3235
Brown KL, Ridout DA, Goldman AP et al. (2003) Risk factors for long intensive. care unit stay after cardiopulmonary bypass in children, Crit Care Med 31: 28–33
Bronicki RA, Backer CL, Baden HP et al. (2000) Dexamethasone reduces the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass in children, AnnThorac Surg 69: 1490–1495
Bulutcu FS, Ozbek U, Polat B et al. (2005) Which may be effective to reduce blood loss after cardiac operations in cyanotic children: tran-examine acid, aprotinin or a combination? Paediatr Anaesth 15: 41–46
Carvalho MV, Maluf MA, Catani R et al. (2001) Cytokines and pediatric open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiol Young 11: 36–43
Casey LC (1993) Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiopulmo-nary-induced multisystem organ failure. Ann Thorac Surg 36: S93–S96
Chan K, lp P, Chiu C, Cheung Y (2003) Peritoneal dialysis after surgery for congenital heart disease in infants and young children. Ann Thorac Surg 76: 1443–1449
Chaney MA (2002) Corticosteroids and cardiopulmonary bypass: A review of clinical investigations. Chest 121: 921–931
Chang AC (2003) Inflammatory mediators in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: Is there a unified field theory amidst this biomolecular chaos? Pediatr Crit Care Med 4: 386–387
Chang AC (2005) Common problems and their solutions in pediatric cardiac intensive care. Cardiol Young 15 (Suppl 1): 169–173
Chang AC, Atz AM, Wernovsky G et al. (1995) Milrinone: systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects in neonates after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 23: 1907–1914
Checchia PA, Backer CL, Bronicki RA et al. (2003) Dexamethson reduces postoperative troponin levels in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Crit Care Med 31: 1742–1746
Checchia PA, Bronicki RA, Costello JM et al. (2005) Steroid use before pediatric cardiac operation using cardiopulmonary bypass: An international survey of 36 centers. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6: 442–445
Cheung PY, Chui N, Joffe AR et al. (2005) Postoperative lactate concentrations predict the outcome of infants aged 6 weeks or less after intracardiac surgery: a cohort follow-up to 18 months. J Thorac Car-diovascSurg 130: 837–843
Christenson JT, Maurice J, Simonet F, Velebit V, Schmuziger M (1996) Open chest and delayed sternal closure after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10: 305–311
Clancy RR, McGaurn SA, Wernovsky G et al. (2003) Risk of seizures in survivors of newborn heart surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Pediatrics 11: 592–601
Codispoti M, Mankad PS (2000) Management of ant icoagulation and its reversal during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: A review of current UK practice. Perfusion 15: 191–201
Costello JM, Thiagarajan RR, Dionne RE et al. (2006) Initial experience with fenoldopam after cardiac surgery in neonates with an insufficient response to conventional diuretics. Pediatr Crit Care Med 7: 28–33
Craig J, Fineman LD, Moynihan P e tal. (2001) Cardiovascular critical care problems. In: Curley MAQ, Moloney-Harmon P (eds) Critical care nursing of infants and children, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 579–654
Davis S, Worley S, Mee RB, Harrison AM (2004) Factors associated with early extubation after cardiac surgery in young children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5: 63–68
Dent CL, Spaeth JP, Jones BV et al. (2006) Brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities after the Norwood procedure using regional cerebral perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131: 190–197
Despot is GJ, Avidan MS, Hogue CW (2001) Mechanisms and attenuation of hemostatic activation during extracorporal circulation. Ann Thorac Surg 72: 1821–1831
Diaz LK (2006) Anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Paediatr Drugs 8: 223–233
Dickerson HA, Chang AC (2005) Steroids and low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery in children, Pediatr Crit Care Med 6: 495–496
Dodge-Khatami A, Miller Ol, Anderson RH et al. (2002) Surgical substrate of postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in congenital heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 123: 624–630
Donald C, Duncan R, Blair L, Thakore S, Clark M (2007) Paediatric analgesia in the emergency department, are we getting it right? Eur J Emerg Med 14: 157–159
Douri M, Shafi T, Khudairi D (2000) Effect of the ad ministration of recombinant activated factor VII in the management of severe uncontrolled bleeding in patients undergoing heart valve replacement surgery. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 11 (Suppl 1): 121–127
Doyle RA, Dhir AK, Moors AH et al.(1995) Treatment of perioperative low cardiac output syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 59: S3–S11
Duggal B, Pratap U, Slavik Z, Kaplanova J, Macrae D (2005) Milrinone and low cardiac output following cardiac surgery in infants: is there a direct myocardial effect? PediatrCardiol 26: 642–645
Duncan BW, Ibrahim AE, Hraska V et al. (1998) Use of rapid-deployment extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the resuscitation of pediatric patients with heart disease after cardiac arrest. J Thorac Car-diovascSurg 116: 305–311
Dunser MW, Mayr AJ, Stallinger A et al. (2003) Cardiac performance during vasopressin infusion in postcardiotomy shock. Intensive Care Med 28: 746–751
Finkelstein R, Rabino G, Mashiah T et al. (2002) Vancomycin versus cefazolin prophylaxis for cardiac surgery in the setting of a high prevalence of methicillin-resistent staphylococcal infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 123: 326–332
Follath F, Franco F, Cardoso JS (2005) European experience on the practical use of levosimendan in patients with acute heart failure syndromes. Am J Cardiol 96: 80G–85G
Forbess JM, Visconti KJ, Bellinger DC et al. (2002) Neurodevelopmental outcomes after biventricular repair of congenital heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 123: 631–639
Freed MD (1989) Invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, Part 1: Cardiac catheterization. In: Adams FH, Emmanoulides GC, Riemenschneider TA (eds) Moss’ heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents, 4th edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 143
Fuhrman BP, Hernan U, Rotta AT et al. (1999) Pathophysiology of cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Artif Organs 23; 966–969
Gajarski RJ, Mosca RS, Ohye RG (2003) Use of extracorporeal life support as a bridge to pediatric cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 22: 28–34
Galie N, Hinderliter AL, Torbicki A et al. (2003) Effects of the oral en-dothelin-receptorantagonist bosentan on echocardiographic and Doppler measures in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 16: 1380–1386
Galli KK, Zimmerman RA, Jarvik GP et al. (2004) Periventricular leukoma-lacia is common after neonatal cardiac surgery. JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 127: 692–704
Gaynor JW (2003) The effect of modified ultrafiltration on the postoperative course in patients with congenital heart disease. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 6: 128–139
Gaynor JW, Jarvik GP, Bernbaum J et al. (2006) The relationship of postoperative electrographic seizures to neurodevelopmental outcome at I year of age after neonatal and infant cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131: 181–189
Goldstein SL, Chang AC (2006) Fluid balance in children after cardiac surgery: is fenoldopam an answer? Pediatr Crit Care Med 7: 89–90
Gregorates G, Abrams J, Epstein AE et al. (2002) ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guidelines update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and an-tiarrhythmia devices. Circulation 106: 2145–2161
Grossi EA, Kallenbach K, Chau S et al. (2000) Impact of hepa rin bonding on pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective randomised study. Ann Thorac Surg 70: 191–196
Gupta VK, Cheifetz IM (2006) Heliox administration in the pediatric intensive care unit: An evidence-based review. Pediatr Crit Care 6: 204–211
Hanisch D (2001) Pediatric arrhythmias. J Pediatr Nurs 16: 351–362
Hanrahan JD, Cox IJ, Azzopardi D et al. (1999) Relation between proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy within 18 hours of birth asphyxia and neurodevelopment at 1 year of age. Dev Med Child Neurol 41: 76–82
Hausdorf G (2000) Intensivtherapie angeborener Herzfehler. Stein kopff, Darmstadt
Hayashida M, Chinzei M, Komatsu K et al. (2003) Detection of cerebral hypoperfusion with bispectral index during cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 90: 694–698
Hintz SR, Benitz WE, Colby CE et al. (2005) Utilization and outcomes of neonatal cardiac extracorporeal life support 1996–2000. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6: 33–38
Hoffman TM, Wernovsky G, Wieand TS et al. (2003) The incidence of arrhythmias in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Pediatr Cardiol 23: 598–604
Hoffmann TM, Wernovsky G, Atz AM et al. (2002) Prophylactic intravenous use of milrinone after cardiac operation in pediatrics (PRIMACORP). Am Heart 143: 1 5–21
Hoffmann TM, Wernovsky G, Atz AM et al. (2003) Efficacy an safety of milrinone in preventing low cardiac output syndrome in infants and children after corrective surgery for congenital heart disease. Circulation 107: 996–1002
Horton SB, Butt WW, Mullaly RJ et al. (1999) IL-6 and IL-8 levels after cardiopulmonary bypass are not affected by surface coating. Ann Thorac Surg 68: 1751–1755
Huang H, Yao T, Wang W et al. (2003) Continuous ultrafiltration attenu-the pulmonary injury that follows open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 76: 136–140
Huber D, Kretz FJ (2005) Efficacy of Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia. Anästhsiol Intensivmed 40: 567–575
Janousek J, Vojtovic V, Chaloupecky V et al. (2000) Hemodynamically optimized temporary cardiac pacing after surgery for congenital heart defects. Pacing Clin Electro physiol 23: 1250–1259
Journois D, Baufreton C, Mauriat P et al. (2005) Effects of inhaled nitric oxide administration on early postoperative mortality in patients operated for correction of atrioventricular canal defects. Chest 128: 3537–3544
Kaltman JR, Dl H, Tian Z et al. (2005) Impact of congenital heart disease on cerebrovascular blood flow dynamics in the fetus. Ultrasound ObstrGyn 25: 32–36
Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG (1993) Postoperative care. In: Terry D (ed) Cardiac suregry. Curchill Livingstone, New York, pp 222–225
Kissoon N, Rimensberger PC, Bohn D (2008) Ventilation strategies and adjunctive therapy in severe lung disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 55: 709–733
Kolovos NS, Bratton SL, Moler FW et al. (2003) Outcome of pediatric patients treated with extracorporeal life support after cardiac surgery. AnnThorac Surg 76: 1435–1441
Laird WP, Snyder CS, Kertesz NJ et al. (2003) Use of amiodarone for postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in children. Pediatr Cardiol 24: 133–137
Langley SM, Chai PJ, Miller JR et al. (1999) Intermittent perfusion protects the brain during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann ThoracSurg 68: 4–12
Lechner E, Hofer A, Mair R et al. (2007) Arg inine-vasopressin in neonates with vasodilatory shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Pediatr 166; 1221–1227
Lee C, Mason LJ (2001) Pediatric cardiac emergencies. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 19: 287–308
Leonhard SR, Nikaidoh H, Copeland MM et al, (1997) Cardiothoracic surgery. In: Levin DL, Morris FC (eds) Essentials of pediatric intensive care, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 611–623
Li JS, Bengur AR, Ungerleider RM et al. (1998) Abnormal left ventricular filling after neonatal repair of congenital heart disease: association with increased mortality and morbidity. Am Heart J 136: 1075–1080
Limperopoulos C, Majnemer A, Shevell Ml et al. (2000) Neurodevelopmental status of newborns and infants with congenital heart defects before and after open heart surgery. J Pediatr 137: 638–645
Lind berg L, Forsell C, J/:ogi P, Olsson AK (2003) Effects of dexamethasone on clinical course, C-reactive protein, S100B protein and von Willebrand factorantigen after paediatric cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 90: 728–732
Mackie AS, Booth T, Newburger JW et al. (2005) A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of trijodthyronine in neonatal heart surgery. JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 130: 810–816
Maher KO, Van Der Elzen K, Mosca RS, Chenoweth CE, Kulik TJ (2002) A retrospective review of three antibiotic prophylaxis regimes for pediatric cardiac surgical patients. Ann Thorac Surg 74: 1195–1200
Mahle WT, Cuadrado AR, Kirshbom PM, Kanter KR, Sinsic JM (2005) Niseritide in infants and children with congestive heart failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6: 543–546
Mahle WT, Tavani F, Zimmerman R et al. (2002) An MRI study of neurological injury before and after congenital heart surgery. Circulation 106: 109–114
Mahmoud AS, Burhani MS, Hannef AA et al. (2005) Effect of modified ultrafiltration on pulmonary function after cardiopulmonary by-pass. Chest 128: 3447–3453
Mehta U, Laks H, Sadeghi A et al. (2000) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac support in pediatric patients. Am Surg 66: 879–886
Miller Ol, Tang SF, Keech A et al. (2000) Inhaled nitric oxide and prevention of pulmonary hypertension after congenital heart surgery: a randomised double-blind study. Lancet 356; 1464–1469
Moffett BS, Chang AC (2006) Future pharmacologic agents for treatment of heart failure in children. Pediatr Cardiol 27: 533–551
Monroe DM, Hoffman M, Oliver JA (1997) Platelet activity of high-dose factor Vila is independent of tissue factor. Br J Haematol 99: 542–547
Montgomery VL, Strotman JM, Ross MP (2000) Impact of multiple organ system dysfunction and nosocomial infections on survival of children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after heart surgery. Crit Care Med 28: 526–531
Morris MC, Ittenbach, RF, Godinez Rl et al. (2004) Risk factors for mortality in 137 pediatric cardiac intensive care unit patients managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Med 32: 1061–1069
Mossinger H, Dietich W, Braun SL (2003) High-dose aprotinin reduces activation of hemosta sis, allogeneic requirements and duration of postoperative ventilation in pediatric cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 75: 430–437
Mou SS, Haudek SB, Lequier L et al. (2002) Myocardial inflammatory activation in children with congenital heart disease. Crit Care Med 30: 827–832
Murzi B, Lervasi G, Masini S et al. (1995) Thyroid hormones hemostasis in patients during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 59: 481–485
Nagashima M, Imai Y, Seo K et al. (2000) Effect of hemofiltrated whole blood pump priming on hemodynamics and respiratory function after arterial switch operation in neonates, Ann Thorac Surg 70: 1901–1906
Nagdyman N, Fleck T, Schubert S et al. (2005) Comparison between cerebral tissue oxygenation index measured by near-infrared spectroscopy and venous jugular bulb saturation in children. Intensive Care Med 31: 846–850
Naik SK, Knight A, Elliott MJ (1991) A successful modification of ultrafiltration for cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Perfusion 6: 41–50
Neuhof C, Walter O, Dapper F et al. (2003) Bradykinin and histamine generation with generalized enhancement of microvascular permeability in neonates, infants,and children undergoing cardiopulmonary monary bypass surgery. Pediatr Crit Care 4: 299–304
Newburger JW, Wypij D, Bellinger DC et al. (2003) Length of stay after infant heart surgery is related to cognitive outcome at age 8 years. JPediatr 143: 67–73
Niederhäuser U, Vogt M, Vogt P et al. (1997) Cardiac surgery in a high-risk group of patients: is prolonged postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis effective? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 114: 162–168
Penny DJ, Sano T, Smolich JJ (2001) Increased systemic oxygen consumption offsets improved oxygen delivery during dobutamine infusion in newborn lambs. Intensive Care Med 27: 1518–1525
Perry JC, Walsh EP (1998) Diagnosis and management of cardiac arrhythmias. In: Chang AC, Hanley FL, Wernovsky G et al. (eds) Pediatric cardiac intensive care. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 461–480
Prins I, Plötz FB, Uiterwaal C, van Vught HJ (2001) Low-dose dopamine in neonatal and pediatric intensive care: a systematic review. Int Care Med 27: 206–210
Pychynska-Pokorska M, Moll JJ, Krajewski W, Jarosik P (2004) The use of recombinant coagulation factor Vila in uncontrolled postoperative bleeding in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5: 246–250
Rappaport LA, Wypij D, Bellinger DC et al. (1998) Relation of seizures after cardiac surgery in early infancy to neurodevelopmental outcome. Boston Circulatory Arrest Study Group. Circulation 97: 773–779
Ravinshankar C, Tabbutt S, Wernovsky G (2003) Critical care in cardiovascular medicine. Curr Opin Pediatr 15: 443–453
Reid RW, Zimmermann AA, Laussen PC (1997) The efficacy oft ra nexam-ic acid versus placebo in decreasing blood loss in pediatric patients undergoing repeat cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 84: 990–996
Reinhartz O, Stiller B, Eilers R et al. (2002) Current clinical status of pulsatile pediatric circulatory support. ASAIO J 48: 455–459
Rimensberger PC, Spahr-Schopfer I, Berner M et al. (2001) Inhaled nitric oxide versus aerolized iloprost in secondary pulmonary hypertension in children with congenital heart disease. Circulation 103: 544–548
Ririe DG, James RL, O’Brien JJ (2002) The pharmagokinetics of epsilon-aminocaproic acid in children undergoing surgical repair of congenital heart disease. Anesth Analg 94: 44–49
Rosenzweig EB, Starc TJ, Chen JM et al. (1999) Intravenous arginine-va-sopressin in children with vasodilatory shock after cardiac surgery. Circulation 100: 182–186
Rossano JW, Chang AC (2006) Perioperative management of patients with poorlyfunctioningventricles inthe setting ofthefunctionally univentricular heart. Cardiol Young 16 (Suppl): 47–54
Samir K, Riberi A, Ghez O et al. (2002) Delayed sternal closure: a life-saving measure in neonatal open heart surgery; could it be predictable? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21: 787–793
Schulze-Neick l, Dietz P, Stiller B et al. (2002) Sildenafil is a potent pulmonary vasodilator in children after heart surgery. Circulation 19 (Suppl): 396
Schulze-Neick I, Li J, Penny DJ, Reddington AN (2001) Pulmonary vascular resistance after cardiopulmonary bypass in infants: effect on postoperative recovery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 121: 1033–1039
Seri I, Tan R, Evans J (2001) Cardiovascular effects of hydrocortisone in preterm infantswith pressor-resistent hypotension. Pediatrics 107: 1070–1074
Shen I, Ungerleider RM (2004) Routine use of mechanical ventricualr assist following the Norwood procedure. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 7: 16–21
Shillingford AJ, Marino BS, Ittenbach RF et al. (2005) Microcephaly is common in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 25: 581
Shore S, Nelson DP, Pearl JM et al. (2001) Usefulness of corticosteroid therapy in decreasing epinephrine requirements in critically ill infants with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 88: 591–594
Simsic J, Scheurer M, Tobias JD et al. (2006) Perioperative effects and safety of nesiritide following cardiac surgery in children. J Intensive Care Med 21: 22–26
Skaryak LA, Lodge AJ, Kirshbom PM et al. (1996) Low-flow cardiopulmonary by pass produces greater pulmonary dysfunction than circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 62: 1284–1288
Sorof JM, Stromberg D, Brewer ED et al. (1999) Early initiation of peritoneal dialysis after surgical repair of congenital heart disease. Pediatr Nephrol 13: 641–645
Stocker C, Penny DJ, Brizard CP et al. (2003) Intravenous sildenafil and inhaled nitric oxide: a randomised trial in infants after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 29: 1996–2003
Stocker CF, Shekerdemian LS (2006) Recent developments in the perioperative managementofthe paediatriccardiac patient. CurrOpin Anaesthesiol 19: 375–381
Stocker CF, Shekerdemian LS, Norgaard M et al. (2007) Mechanism of a reduced cardiac output and the effects of milrinone and levosi-mendan in a model of infant cardiopulmonary bypass. Pediatr Crit Care 35: 252–259
Suominen PK, Dickerson HA, Moffett BS et al. (2005) Hemodynamic effects of rescue protocol hydrocortisone in neonates with low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6: 655–659
Tabbutt S, Duncan BW, McLaughlin D et al. (1997) Delayed sternal closure after cardiac operations in a pediatric population. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 113: 886–893
Takami Y, Ina H (2002) Significance of the initial arterial lactate level and transpulmonary arteriovenous lactate difference after open-heart surgery. Surg Today 32: 207–212
Tarnok A, Hambsch J, Emmrich F et al. (1999) Complement activation, cytokines, and adhesion molecules in children undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Pediatr Cardiol 20: 113–125
Thompson LD, McElhinney DB, Findlay P et al. (2001) A prospective randomised study comparing volume-standardized modified and conventional ultrafiltration in pediatric cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122: 220–228
Tobias JD, Berkenbosch JW, Russo P (2003) Recombinant factor Vila to treat bleeding after cardiac surgery in an infant. Pediatr Crit Care Med 4: 49–51
Tortoriello TA, Stayer SA, Mott AR et al. (2005) A noninvasive estimation of mixed venous oxygen saturation using near-infrared spectroscopy by cerebral oximetry in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Pediatr Anesthesia 15: 495–503
Turanlahti M, Boldt T, Palkama T et al. (2004) Pharmacokinetics of levosi-mendan in pediatric patients evaluated for cardiac surgery. Pediatr Crit Care 5: 457–462
Ungerleider RM, Shen l, Yeh T et al. (2004) Routine mechanical ventricular assist following the Norwood procedure — improved neurologic outcome and excellent hospital survival. Ann Thorac Surg 77: 18–22
Van der Vorst MM, Ruys-Dudok van Heel I, Kist-van Holthe JE et al. (2001) Continuous intravenous furosemide in haemodynamically unstable children after cardiac surgery. Int Care Med 27: 711–715
Walker GM, McLeod K, Brown KL et al. (2003) Extracorporeal life support as a treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in infants. Pediatr Crit Care Ned 4: 52–54
Wernosky G (2006) Current insights regarding neurological and developmental abnormalities in children and young adults with complex congenital cardiac disease. Cardiol Young 16: 92–104
Wernovsky G, Hoffman TM (2001) Pediatric heart failure: solving the puzzle. Crit Care Med 29: S212–S213
Wernovsky G, Wypij D, Jonas RA et al. (1995) Postoperative course and hemodynamic profil afterthe arterial switch operation in neonates and infants — a comparison of low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest. Circulation 92: 2226–2235
Wessel DL (2001) Managing low cardiac output syndrome after congenital heart surgery. Crit Care Med 29: S220–S230
Williams GD, Bratton SL, Riley EC (1999) Efficacy of epsilon-aminocap-roic acid in children undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 13: 304–308
Wypij D, Newberger JW, Rappaport LA et al. (2003) The effect of duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in infants on late neurode-velopment: the Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126: 1397–1403
Zhang S, Wang S, Li Q et al. (2005) Capillary leak syndrome in children with C4A-deficiency undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a double-blind, randomised controlled study. Lancet 366: 556–562
Ziemer G, Karck M, MÜller H, Luhmer I (1992) Staged chest closure in pediatric cardiac surgery preventing typical and atypical cardiac tamponade. Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg 6: 91–95
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaulitz, R., Ziemer, G. (2010). Intensivtherapie in der Kinderherzchirurgie. In: Herzchirurgie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79713-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79713-5_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-79712-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-79713-5
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)