Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biopsychological Aspects of Motivation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Motivation and Action

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of biological approaches to motivational psychology. These approaches see the affective evaluation of stimuli as the foundation of motivation and locate this process as well as its outcomes in specific areas of the brain (amygdala, striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, hypothalamus). They also discuss the role of neurotransmitters and hormones. This chapter presents general principles and mechanisms of motivational processes and their delineation from other forms of behavioral regulation as well as a few specific motivational systems (eating, social affiliation, dominance, sexuality).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adolphs, R., & Tranel, D. (2000). Emotion recognition and the human amygdala. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala. A functional analysis (pp. 587–630). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aharon, I., Etcoff, N., Ariely, D., Chabris, C. F., O’Connor, E., & Breiter, H. C. (2001). Beautiful faces have variable reward value: fMRI and behavioral evidence. Neuron, 32, 537–551.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albert, D. J., Jonik, R. H., & Walsh, M. L. (1992). Hormone-dependent aggression in male and female rats: Experiential, hormonal, and neural foundations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 16, 177–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albert, D. J., Petrovic, D. M., Walsh, M. L., & Jonik, R. H. (1989). Medial accumbens lesions attenuate testosterone-dependent aggression in male rats. Physiology & Behavior, 46, 625–631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64, 359–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. W. (1981). Studying personality in the context of an advanced motivational psychology. American Psychologist, 36, 117–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. W., & Birch, D. (1970). The dynamics of action. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balleine, B. W., Delgado, M. R., & Hikosaka, O. (2007). The role of the dorsal striatum in reward and decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8161–8165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2000). The neural basis of romantic love. Neuroreport, 11, 3829–3834.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2004). The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. NeuroImage, 21, 1155–1166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, M. J. (1992). Neuroendocrinology of sexual behavior in the male. In J. B. Becker, S. M. Breedlove, & D. Crews (Eds.), Behavioral endocrinology (pp. 97–130). Cambridge, MA: MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 295–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293–1295.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berridge, K. C. (1996). Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 20, 1–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berridge, K. C. (2001). Reward learning: Reinforcement, incentives and expectations. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. Bd. 40, pp. 223–278). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015). Pleasure systems in the brain. Neuron, 86, 646–664.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: Hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Research Reviews, 28, 309–369.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003). Parsing reward. Trends in Neurosciences, 26, 507–513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Billington, C. J., & Levine, A. S. (1992). Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y regulation of feeding and energy metabolism. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2, 847–851.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bindra, D. (1978). How adaptive behavior is produced: A perceptual-motivational alternative to response-reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 41–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 11818–11823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670–686.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2010). Dopamine in motivational control: Rewarding, aversive, and alerting. Neuron, 68, 815–834.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanac, M. (1971). Physiological role of pleasure. Science, 173, 1103–1107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanac, M. (1992). Pleasure: The common currency. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 155, 173–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanac, M. (2014). The fifth influence. Or, the dialectics of pleasure (2nd ed.). Green Bay, WI: BookWhirl.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, L. (2000). Modulation of long-term memory in humans by emotional arousal: Adrenergic activation and the amygdala. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala. A functional analysis (pp. 425–446). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J. (2002). Emotion and motivation: The role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 321–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, L., Voisey, J., & van Daal, A. (2004). Mouse models of obesity. Clinics in Dermatology, 22, 345–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corr, P. J., Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (1997). Personality, punishment, and procedural learning: A test of J.A. Gray’s anxiety theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 337–344.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel – now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 59–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, W. (1918). Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Biological Bulletin of Woods Hole, 34, 91–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabbs, J. M., Frady, R. L., Carr, T. S., & Besch, N. F. (1987). Saliva testosterone and criminal violence in young adult prison inmates. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 174–182.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dabbs, J. M., & Hargrove, M. F. (1997). Age, testosterone, and behavior among female prison inmates. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 477–480.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ error. Emotion, reason, and the human brain. London: Papermac.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. New York: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Araujo, I. E., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., & Hobden, P. (2003). Representation of umami taste in the human brain. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90, 313–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delville, Y., DeVries, G. J., & Ferris, C. F. (2000). Neural connections of the anterior hypothalamus and agonistic behavior in golden hamsters. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 55, 53–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Depue, R. A., Luciana, M., Arbisi, P., Collins, P., & Leon, A. (1994). Dopamine and the structure of personality: Relation of agonist-induced dopamine activity to positive emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 485–498.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Depue, R. A., & Morrone-Strupinsky, J. V. (2005). A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding: Implications for conceptualizing a human trait of affiliation. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 313–350. discussion 350–395.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domjan, M., Blesbois, E., & Williams, J. (1998). The adaptive significance of sexual conditioning: Pavlovian control of sperm release. Psychological Science, 9, 411–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenegger, C., Naef, M., Snozzi, R., Heinrichs, M., & Fehr, E. (2010). Prejudice and truth about the effect of testosterone on human bargaining behaviour. Nature, 463, 356–359.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, L. H., Truesdale, R., Wojcik, A., Paluch, R. A., & Raynor, H. A. (2003). Effects of deprivation on hedonics and reinforcing value of food. Physiology and Behavior, 78, 221–227.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Everitt, B. J. (1990). Sexual motivation: A neural and behavioural analysis of the mechanisms underlying appetitive and copulatory responses of male rats. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 14, 217–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, Ill: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, A. S., Corter, C., Franks, P., Surbey, M., Schneider, B., & Steiner, M. (1993). Postpartum factors related to mother’s attraction to newborn infant odors. Developmental Psychobiology, 26, 115–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, J. M., & Halaas, J. L. (1998). Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature, 395, 763–770.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuster, J. M. (2001). The prefrontal cortex – an update: Time is of the essence. Neuron, 30, 319–333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gianotti, M., Roca, P., & Palou, A. (1988). Body weight and tissue composition in rats made obese by a cafeteria diet. Effect of 24 hours starvation. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 20, 208–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. M., & Desjardins, C. (1980). Classical conditioning: Induction of luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in anticipation of sexual activity. Science, 210, 1039–1041.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A. (1971). The psychology of fear and stress. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A. (1981). A critique of Eysenck’s theory of personality. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), A model for personality (pp. 246–276). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, P. B., Chapman, J. F., Burnham, T. C., McIntyre, M. H., Lipson, S. F., & Ellison, P. T. (2004). Human male pair bonding and testosterone. Human Nature, 15, 119–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenough, A., Cole, G., Lewis, J., Lockton, A., & Blundell, J. (1998). Untangling the effects of hunger, anxiety, and nausea on energy intake during intravenous cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) infusion. Physiology and Behavior, 65, 303–310.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. L., Stanton, S. J., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2010). Biopsychological and neural processes of implicit motivation. In O. C. Schultheiss & J. C. Brunstein (Eds.), Implicit motives (pp. 279–307). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H., & Harlow, M. H. (1966). Learning to love. American Scientist, 54, 244–272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hepper, P. G. (1994). Long-term retention of kinship recognition established during infancy in the domestic dog. Behavioural Processes, 33, 3–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikemoto, S., & Panksepp, J. (1999). The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in motivated behavior: A unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking. Brain Research Reviews, 31, 6–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T. R. (1997). A neurobiological basis of social attachment. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 726–735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T. R., Winslow, J. T., Wang, Z., & Young, L. J. (1998). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neuroendocrine basis of pair bond formation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 449, 215–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irani, B. G., & Haskell-Luevano, C. (2005). Feeding effects of melanocortin ligands – a historical perspective. Peptides, 26, 1788–1799.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick, K. M. (2004). The neurobiology of social bonds. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 16, 1007–1008.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keverne, E. B., & Curley, J. P. (2004). Vasopressin, oxytocin and social behaviour. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 777–783.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keverne, E. B., & Kendrick, K. M. (1994). Maternal behaviour in sheep and its neuroendocrine regulation. Acta Paediatrica. Supplement, 397, 47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keverne, E. B., Martensz, N. D., & Tuite, B. (1989). Beta-endorphin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys are influenced by grooming relationships. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 14, 155–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killcross, S., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (1997). Different types of fear-conditioned behaviour mediated by separate nuclei within amygdala. Nature, 388, 377–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klüver, H., & Bucy, P. C. (1937). “Psychic blindness” and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physiology, 119, 352–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klüver, H., & Bucy, P. C. (1939). Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 42, 979–1000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koepp, M. J., Gunn, R. N., Lawrence, A. D., Cunningham, V. J., Dagher, A., Jones, T., et al. (1998). Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature, 393, 266–268.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435, 673–676.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohls, G., Perino, M. T., Taylor, J. M., Madva, E. N., Cayless, S. J., Troiani, V., … Schultz, R. T. (2013). The nucleus accumbens is involved in both the pursuit of social reward and the avoidance of social punishment. Neuropsychologia, 51(11), 2062-2069. doi: S0028-3932(13)00249-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.020

    Google Scholar 

  • Kringelbach, M. L. (2005). The human orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 691–702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux, J. E. (2012). Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron, 73, 653–676.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux, J. E. (2002). The synaptic self. New York: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeVay, S., & Hamer, D. H. (1994). Evidence for a biological influence in male homosexuality. Scientific American, 270, 44–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, A. S., & Billington, C. J. (1997). Why do we eat? A neural systems approach. Annual Review of Nutrition, 17, 597–619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, A. S., & Billington, C. J. (2004). Opioids as agents of reward-related feeding: A consideration of the evidence. Physiology and Behavior, 82, 57–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, A. S., Kotz, C. M., & Gosnell, B. A. (2003). Sugars and fats: The neurobiology of preference. Journal of Nutrition, 133, 831S–834S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, M. D. (2003). Reflective and reflexive judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. In J. P. Forgas, K. R. Williams, & W. v. Hippel (Eds.), Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes (pp. 44–67). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H., & Way, B. M. (2007). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychological Science, 18, 421–428.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1973). The working brain. And introduction to neuropsychology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R., & Homskaya, E. D. (1964). Disturbances in the regulative role of speech with frontal lobe lesions. In J. M. Akert & K. Warren (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior (pp. 353–371). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, P. E., & Bridges, R. S. (2001). Lactogenic hormone regulation of maternal behavior. Progress in Brain Research, 133, 251–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, J. A. (2000). Body-weight regulation: Causes of obesity. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 59, 337–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2009). Two types of dopamine neuron distinctly convey positive and negative motivational signals. Nature, 459, 837–841.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuzawa, T. (2003). The Ai project: Historical and ecological contexts. Animal Cognition, 6, 199–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, G., & Gilliland, K. (1999). The personality theories of H. J. Eysenck and J. A. Gray: A comparative review. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 583–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazur, A. (1985). A biosocial model of status in face-to-face primate groups. Social Forces, 64, 377–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazur, A., & Booth, A. (1998). Testosterone and dominance in men. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 353–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1998). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature, 393, 467–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, E. A. (2007). The amygdala, reward and emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 489–497.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, E. E., & Panksepp, J. (1998). Brain substrates of infant-mother attachment: Contributions of opioids, oxytocin, and norepinephrine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 22, 437–452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. J. (2011). An introduction to behavioral endocrinology (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., & Andrews, C. (2001). Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 95–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Doherty, J., Rolls, E. T., Francis, S., Bowtell, R., & McGlone, F. (2001). Representation of pleasant and aversive taste in the human brain. Journal of Neurophysiology, 85, 1315–1321.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1215–1229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oyegbile, T. O., & Marler, C. A. (2005). Winning fights elevates testosterone levels in California mice and enhances future ability to win fights. Hormones and Behavior, 48, 259–267.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packard, M. G., Cornell, A. H., & Alexander, G. M. (1997). Rewarding affective properties of intra-nucleus accumbens injections of testosterone. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 219–224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panksepp, J. (2006). Emotional endophenotypes in evolutionary psychiatry. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 30, 774–784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panksepp, J., & Biven, L. (2012). The archaeology of mind. Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfaus, J. G., Damsma, G., Wenkstern, D., & Fibiger, H. C. (1995). Sexual activity increases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of female rats. Brain Research, 693, 21–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, R. H. (1998). Olfaction and human kin recognition. Genetica, 104, 259–263.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory (pp. 64–99). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S., Rainwater, A. J., Hnasko, T. S., & Palmiter, R. D. (2007). Viral restoration of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum restores instrumental conditioning to dopamine-deficient mice. Psychopharmacology, 191, 567–578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2000). The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: An incentive– sensitization view. Addiction, 95(Suppl 2), S91–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolls, E. T. (1999). The brain and emotion. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolls, E. T. (2000). The orbitofrontal cortex and reward. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 284–294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolls, E. T. (2004). The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex. Brain and Cognition, 55, 11–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolls, E. T. (2005a). Emotion explained. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolls, E. T. (2005b). Taste, olfactory, and food texture processing in the brain, and the control of food intake. Physiology and Behavior, 85, 45–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roney, J. R., Lukaszewski, A. W., & Simmons, Z. L. (2007). Rapid endocrine responses of young men to social interactions with young women. Hormones and Behavior, 52, 326–333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky, R. M. (1987). Stress, social status, and reproductive physiology in free-living baboons. In D. Crews (Ed.), Psychobiology and reproductive behavior: An evolutionary perspective (pp. 291–322). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneirla, T. C. (1959). An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. Bd. 7, pp. 1–42). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiss, O. C. (2007). A biobehavioral model of implicit power motivation arousal, reward and frustration. In E. Harmon-Jones & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Social neuroscience: Integrating biological and psychological explanations of social behavior (pp. 176–196). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiss, O. C. (2008). Implicit motives. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 603–633). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiss, O. C. (2013). The hormonal correlates of implicit motives. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 52–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (2001). Assessing implicit motives with a research version of the TAT: Picture profiles, gender differences, and relations to other personality measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 71–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiss, O. C., & Köllner, M. (2014). Implicit motives and the development of competencies: A virtuous-circle model of motive-driven learning. In R. Pekrun & L. Linnenbrink-Garcia (Eds.), International handbook of emotions in education (pp. 73–95). New York: Taylor & Francis/Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiss, O. C., Pang, J. S., Torges, C. M., Wirth, M. M., & Treynor, W. (2005). Perceived facial expressions of emotion as motivational incentives: Evidence from a differential implicit learning paradigm. Emotion, 5, 41–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiss, O. C., Wirth, M. M., Torges, C. M., Pang, J. S., Villacorta, M. A., & Welsh, K. M. (2005). Effects of implicit power motivation on men’s and women’s implicit learning and testosterone changes after social victory or defeat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 174–188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultheiss, O. C., Wirth, M. M., Waugh, C. E., Stanton, S. J., Meier, E., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2008). Exploring the motivational brain: Effects of implicit power motivation on brain activation in response to facial expressions of emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 333–343.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275, 1593–1599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1970). On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review, 77, 406–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R. L., & Wynne, L. C. (1953). Traumatic avoidance learning: Acquisition in normal dogs. Psychological Monographs, 67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Squire, L. R., & Zola, S. M. (1996). Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 13515–13522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton, S. J., Beehner, J. C., Saini, E. K., Kuhn, C. M., & Labar, K. S. (2009). Dominance, politics, and physiology: Voters’ testosterone changes on the night of the 2008 United States presidential election. PloS One, 4, e7543.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton, S. J., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2009). The hormonal correlates of implicit power motivation. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 942–949.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stricker, E. M., & Verbalis, J. G. (2002). Hormones and ingestive behaviors. In J. B. Becker, S. M. Breedlove, & D. Crews (Eds.), Behavioral endocrinology (2nd ed., pp. 451–473). Cambridge MA: MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stutz, A. M., Morrison, C. D., & Argyropoulos, G. (2005). The Agouti-related protein and its role in energy homeostasis. Peptides, 26, 1771–1781.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R. M., Wilson, D. A., Wong, R., Correa, A., & Leon, M. (1990). Modified behavioral and olfactory bulb responses to maternal odors in preweanling rats. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research, 53, 243–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swithers, S. E., & Martinson, F. A. (1998). Habituation of oral responding in adult rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112, 213–224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taira, K., & Rolls, E. T. (1996). Receiving grooming as a reinforcer for the monkey. Physiology and Behavior, 59, 1189–1192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107, 411–429.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, E. L. (1927). The law of effect. The American Journal of Psychology, 39, 212–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toates, F. (1986). Motivational systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, D. M., & Williamson, P. A. (1984). Asymmetric neural control systems in human self-regulation. Psychological Review, 91, 185–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1998). Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 819–835.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Westhuizen, D., & Solms, M. (2015). Basic emotional foundations of social dominance in relation to Panksepp’s affective taxonomy. Neuropsychoanalysis, 17, 19–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vuilleumier, P., Richardson, M. P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1271–1278. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallen, K. (2001). Sex and context: Hormones and primate sexual motivation. Hormones and Behavior, 40, 339–357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wassum, K. M., & Izquierdo, A. (2015). The basolateral amygdala in reward learning and addiction. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 57, 271–283.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Westergaard, G. C., Suomi, S. J., Higley, J. D., & Mehlman, P. T. (1999). CSF 5–HIAA and aggression in female macaque monkeys: Species and interindividual differences. Psychopharmacology, 146, 440–446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiemers, U. S., Schultheiss, O. C., & Wolf, O. T. (2015). Public speaking in front of an unreceptive audience increases implicit power motivation and its endocrine arousal signature. Hormones and Behavior, 71, 69–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. (1980). Sociobiology: The abridged edition. Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wingfield, J. C., Hegner, R. E., Dufty, A. M., & Ball, G. F. (1990). The “Challenge Hypothesis”: Theoretical implications for patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems, and breeding strategies. The American Naturalist, 136, 829–846.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winslow, J. T., & Insel, T. R. (2002). The social deficits of the oxytocin knockout mouse. Neuropeptides, 36, 221–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, M. M., Welsh, K. M., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2006). Salivary cortisol changes in humans after winning or losing a dominance contest depend on implicit power motivation. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 346–352.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodson, J. C. (2002). Including ‘learned sexuality’ in the organization of sexual behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynne-Edwards, K. E. (2001). Hormonal changes in mammalian fathers. Hormones and Behavior, 40, 139–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi, S., & Ninomiya, K. (2000). Umami and food palatability. Journal of Nutrition, 130, 921S–926S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. J., & Insel, T. R. (2002). Hormones and parental behavior. In J. B. Becker, S. M. Breedlove, D. Crews, & M. M. McCarthy (Eds.), Behavioral endocrinology (2nd ed., pp. 331–369). Cambridge, MA: MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zak, P. J., Kurzban, R., & Matzner, W. T. (2005). Oxytocin is associated with human trustworthiness. Hormones and Behavior, 48, 522–527.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zehr, J. L., Maestripieri, D., & Wallen, K. (1998). Estradiol increases female sexual initiation independent of male responsiveness in rhesus monkeys. Hormones and Behavior, 33, 95–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany

    Oliver C. Schultheiss

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

    Michelle M. Wirth

Authors
  1. Oliver C. Schultheiss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michelle M. Wirth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oliver C. Schultheiss .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

    Jutta Heckhausen

  2. Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research, Munich, Germany

    Heinz Heckhausen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Schultheiss, O.C., Wirth, M.M. (2018). Biopsychological Aspects of Motivation. In: Heckhausen, J., Heckhausen, H. (eds) Motivation and Action . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation