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Evolutionary Aspects of Macrophages Polarization

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Macrophages

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 62))

Abstract

Macrophages constitute a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that are essential for maintaining homeostasis and as a first line of innate responders controlling and organizing host defenses against pathogens. Monocyte–macrophage lineage cells are among the most functionally diverse and plastic cells of the immune system. They undergo specific activation into functionally distinct phenotypes in response to immune signals and microbial products. In mammals, macrophage functional heterogeneity is defined by two activation states, M1 and M2, which represent two polar ends of a continuum exhibiting pro-inflammatory and tissue repair activities, respectively. While the ancient evolutionary origin of macrophages as phagocytic defenders is well established, the evolutionary roots of the specialized division of macrophages into subsets with polarized activation phenotypes is less well defined. Accordingly, this chapter focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the evolution of macrophage polarization and functional heterogeneity with a focus on ectothermic vertebrates.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Ms. Maureen Banach for critical reading of the manuscript. Funding support R24-AI-059830 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) and IOS-1456213 from the National Science Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA

    Eva-Stina Edholm, Kun Hyoe Rhoo & Jacques Robert

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  1. Eva-Stina Edholm
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  2. Kun Hyoe Rhoo
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  3. Jacques Robert
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Correspondence to Jacques Robert .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA

    Malgorzata Kloc

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Edholm, ES., Rhoo, K.H., Robert, J. (2017). Evolutionary Aspects of Macrophages Polarization. In: Kloc, M. (eds) Macrophages. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 62. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_1

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