Abstract
This chapter describes the effects of objective reality in terms of personal factors such as genetics, biology, health, drugs, life events, and the physical environment on the subjective aspects of quality of life (hedonic wellbeing, life satisfaction, and eudaimonia). With respect to biology, wellbeing research is discussed in relation to genes; hormones; stress, anxiety, and depression; food, sex, and drugs; sleep, physical exercise, obesity, body image, and diurnal preference. With respect to health, research is discussed in reference to how both physical and mental health influence wellbeing at large. Research is also discussed covering drugs and substance abuse and their effects on wellbeing. Focusing on life events, two research streams are discussed: facilitating adaptation to negative events and mitigating adaptation to positive events. Finally, the wellbeing effects of the physical environment (seasonal variation, climate, and weather; the natural environment; environmental pathogens; and resource scarcity) are highlighted.
A healthy body is a guest chamber for the soul: a sick body is a prison.
—Francis Bacon ( https://www.wiseoldsayings.com/wellness-quotes/#ixzz6cArTknKA )
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Notes
- 1.
Neuroscientists make a distinction between “hormones” (chemicals excreted into the bloodstream) and “neurotransmitters” (chemicals released by neurons from their presynaptic nerve terminals). Examples of neurotransmitters include such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, glutamate, endorphins, and lipid amide anandamide (Advokat, Comaty, & Julien, 2019, pp. 53–68).
- 2.
For an informative review article on the effects of physical activity interventions on wellbeing, see Ehlers et al., (2018).
- 3.
In addition to the evidence we have about the impact of the natural environment on wellbeing, we now have additional evidence suggesting that the positive role of leisure activities wellbeing is diminished by air pollution in urban China (Chang, Song, & Lin, 2020). Another study (Apergis, 2018) demonstrated a link between personal wellbeing and per capita greenhouse emissions involving a panel of 58 countries.
- 4.
There are, of course, many other environmental factors that play a significant role in wellbeing. For example, a recent study investigated the effect of piped water connection on wellbeing (Mahasuweerachai & Pangjai, 2018). The study findings suggested that piped water increased happiness mainly through convenience and time saving.
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Sirgy, M.J. (2021). Effects of Biology, Drugs, Life Events, and the Environment on Wellbeing. In: The Psychology of Quality of Life. Social Indicators Research Series, vol 83. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71888-6_8
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