Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Impact of Gamification Factor in the Acceptance of Cybersecurity Awareness Augmented Reality Game (CybAR)

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust (HCII 2020)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 12210))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Human behavior is considered to be the weakest link in the field of cybersecurity. Despite the development of a wide range of Augmented Reality (AR) applications in various domains, no AR application is available to educate users and increase their awareness of cybersecurity issues. Thus, we developed a game based on AR techniques as an Android app called CybAR. Since there have been few acceptance studies in the field of AR, it was particularly important to identify the factors that affect user acceptance of AR technology. This paper aims to identify whether gamification features influence users’ acceptance of the CybAR app and increase their cybersecurity awareness. The predictors of CybAR app usage were derived from the extended unified theory of acceptance and usage of technology (UTAUT2) with the addition of the gamification factor. In this paper, we present the preliminary results of a study addressing the impact of gamification features on acceptance of the CybAR game. The theoretical model was tested in a quantitative study using structural equation modelling, conducted in Australia, with 95 Macquarie University students. The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between gamification factors and behavioural intention to use the CybAR app and actual use of the CybAR app.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Alqahtani, H., Kavakli, M.: iMAP-CampUS (an intelligent mobile augmented reality program on campus as a ubiquitous system): a theoretical framework to measure user’s behavioural intention. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, pp. 36–43. ACM (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alqahtani, H., Kavakli, M.: A theoretical model to measure user’s behavioural intention to use iMAP-CampUs app. In: 2017 12th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), pp. 681–686. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Alqahtani, H., Kavakli, M., Sheikh, N.U.: Analysis of the technology acceptance theoretical model in examining users behavioural intention to use an augmented reality app (iMAP-CampUS). Int. J. Eng. Manage. Res. (IJEMR) 8(5), 37–49 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Arth, C., Grasset, R., Gruber, L., Langlotz, T., Mulloni, A., Wagner, D.: The history of mobile augmented reality. arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.01319 (2015)

  5. Azuma, R.T.: A survey of augmented reality. Presence Teleop. Virt. Environ. 6(4), 355–385 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Baptista, G., Oliveira, T.: Understanding mobile banking: the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology combined with cultural moderators. Comput. Hum. Behav. 50, 418–430 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Baptista, G., Oliveira, T.: Why so serious? Gamification impact in the acceptance of mobile banking services. Internet Res. 27, 118–139 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bogost, I.: Exploitationware. In: Colby, R., Johnson, M.S.S., Colby R.S. (eds.) Rhetoric/Composition/Play through Video Games. Palgrave Macmillan’s Digital Education and Learning, pp. 139–147. Springer, New York (2013). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137307675_11

  9. Brooks, F.M., Chester, K.L., Smeeton, N.C., Spencer, N.H.: Video gaming in adolescence: factors associated with leisure time use. J. Youth Stud. 19(1), 36–54 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bryman, A., Cramer, D.: Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS 12 and 13: A Guide for Social Scientists. Routledge, Abingdon (2004)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. Burke, J.W., McNeill, M., Charles, D.K., Morrow, P.J., Crosbie, J.H., McDonough, S.M.: Optimising engagement for stroke rehabilitation using serious games. Vis. Comput. 25(12), 1085 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-009-0387-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Chin, W.W.: Commentary: issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Q. 22, 7–16 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Chou, T.L., ChanLin, L.J.: Augmented reality smartphone environment orientation application: a case study of the fu-jen university mobile campus touring system. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 46, 410–416 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ciampa, M.: Security Awareness: Applying Practical Security in Your World. Cengage Learning, Boston (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Connolly, T.M., Boyle, E.A., MacArthur, E., Hainey, T., Boyle, J.M.: A systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games and serious games. Comput. Educ. 59(2), 661–686 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Davis, F.D.: Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Q. 13, 319–340 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dawson, J., Thomson, R.: The future cybersecurity workforce: going beyond technical skills for successful cyber performance. Front. Psychol. 9, 744 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Dhamija, R., Tygar, J.D., Hearst, M.: Why phishing works. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 581–590. ACM (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F.: Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J. Mark. Res. 18(1), 39–50 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Gefen, D., Straub, D., Boudreau, M.C.: Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 4(1), 7 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hofstede, G.: Culture and organizations. Int. Stud. Manage. Organ. 10(4), 15–41 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Jin, G., Tu, M., Kim, T.H., Heffron, J., White, J.: Game based cybersecurity training for high school students. In: Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 68–73. ACM (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kajzer, M., D’Arcy, J., Crowell, C.R., Striegel, A., Van Bruggen, D.: An exploratory investigation of message-person congruence in information security awareness campaigns. Comput. Secur. 43, 64–76 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Khan, I.U., Hameed, Z., Khan, S.U.: Understanding online banking adoption in a developing country: UTAUT2 with cultural moderators. J. Glob. Inf. Manag. (JGIM) 25(1), 43–65 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kumaraguru, P., Sheng, S., Acquisti, A., Cranor, L.F., Hong, J.: Teaching johnny not to fall for phish. ACM Trans. Internet Technol. (TOIT) 10(2), 7 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lee, G.A., Dunser, A., Kim, S., Billinghurst, M.: CityViewAR: a mobile outdoor AR application for city visualization. In: 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality-Arts, Media, and Humanities (ISMAR-AMH), pp. 57–64. IEEE (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Li, C.Y., Ku, Y.C.: The effects of persuasive messages on system acceptance. In: PACIS, p. 110. Citeseer (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Limayem, M., Hirt, S.G., Cheung, C.M.: How habit limits the predictive power of intention: the case of information systems continuance. MIS Q. 31(4), 705–737 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Locke, E.A.: Social foundations of thought and action: a social-cognitive view. Acad. Manage. Rev. 12, 169–171 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Martins, C., Oliveira, T., Popovič, A.: Understanding the internet banking adoption: a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application. Int. J. Inf. Manage. 34(1), 1–13 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Misra, G., Arachchilage, N.A.G., Berkovsky, S.: Phish phinder: a game design approach to enhance user confidence in mitigating phishing attacks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.06064 (2017)

  32. Moallem, A.: Cybersecurity Awareness Among Students and Faculty. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2019)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. Negahban, A., Chung, C.H.: Discovering determinants of users perception of mobile device functionality fit. Comput. Hum. Behav. 35, 75–84 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Read, J.L., Shortell, S.M.: Interactive games to promote behavior change in prevention and treatment. Jama 305(16), 1704–1705 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Robson, K., Plangger, K., Kietzmann, J.H., McCarthy, I., Pitt, L.: Is it all a game? Understanding the principles of gamification. Bus. Horiz. 58(4), 411–420 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Rogers, R.W.: A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change1. J. Psychol. 91(1), 93–114 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Sheng, S., et al.: Anti-phishing phil: the design and evaluation of a game that teaches people not to fall for phish. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security, pp. 88–99. ACM (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Taylor, S., Todd, P.: Assessing IT usage: the role of prior experience. MIS Q. 19, 561–570 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Thompson, M.F., Irvine, C.E.: CyberCIEGE scenario design and implementation. In: 2014 \(\{\)USENIX\(\}\) Summit on Gaming, Games, and Gamification in Security Education (3GSE 2014) (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Thompson, R.L., Higgins, C.A., Howell, J.M.: Personal computing: toward a conceptual model of utilization. MIS Q. 15, 125–143 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G., Davis, G.B., Davis, F.D.: User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view. MIS Q. 27, 425–478 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y., Xu, X.: Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Q. 36(1), 157–178 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Wen, Z.A., Lin, Z., Chen, R., Andersen, E.: What. hack: engaging anti-phishing training through a role-playing phishing simulation game. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p. 108. ACM (2019)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

    Hamed Alqahtani & Manolya Kavakli-Thorne

  2. Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Majed Alrowaily

Authors
  1. Hamed Alqahtani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Manolya Kavakli-Thorne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Majed Alrowaily
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hamed Alqahtani .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA

    Abbas Moallem

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Alqahtani, H., Kavakli-Thorne, M., Alrowaily, M. (2020). The Impact of Gamification Factor in the Acceptance of Cybersecurity Awareness Augmented Reality Game (CybAR). In: Moallem, A. (eds) HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12210. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50309-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50309-3_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-50308-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-50309-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation