Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Usability Evaluation of Short Dwell-Time Activated Eye Typing Techniques

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Design Approaches and Supporting Technologies (HCII 2020)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 12188))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Gaze-based interfaces introduce dwell time-based selection method to avoid the Midas Touch problem - it is a fixed amount of time the users must fixate their gaze upon an object before it is selected. In gaze-based text typing, spending such time on each character key composition effectively decreases the overall eye typing rate. Researchers proposed several interaction mechanisms to minimize or diminish the dwelling in the desktop environment, however, they lack in understanding the usability of such mechanisms for regular users, specifically in a constrained eye tracking setup. We conducted a within-subject usability evaluation of four such representative short dwell-time activated eye typing techniques. The results of the first-time usability study, longitudinal study and subjective evaluation conducted with 15 participants confirm the superiority of controlled eye movement-based advanced eye typing method (Adv-EyeK) compare to the other techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.yorku.ca/mack/PhraseSets.zip.

  2. 2.

    http://aactext.org/comm2/comm2.zip.

References

  1. Agustin, J.S., et al.: Evaluation of a low-cost open-source gaze tracker. In: Proceedings of ETRA, pp. 77–80. ACM, New York (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bee, N., André, E.: Writing with your eye: a dwell time free writing system adapted to the nature of human eye gaze. In: André, E., Dybkjær, L., Minker, W., Neumann, H., Pieraccini, R., Weber, M. (eds.) PIT 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5078, pp. 111–122. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69369-7_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Chakraborty, T., Sarcar, S., Samanta, D.: Design and evaluation of a dwell-free eye typing technique. In: CHI 2014 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1573–1578. ACM (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Collins, J.F., Blackwell, L.K.: Effects of eye dominance and retinal distance on binocular rivalry. Percept. Mot. Skills 39, 747–754 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Drewes, H., Luca, A.D., Schmidt, A.: Eye-gaze interaction for mobile phones. In: Proceedings of the Mobility Conference, pp. 364–371. ACM (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Huckauf, A., Urbina, M.: Gazing with pEYE: new concepts in eye typing. In: Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization, pp. 141–141. ACM (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Jacob, R.J.K.: The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 9(2), 152–169 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kristensson, P.O., Vertanen, K.: The potential of dwell-free eye-typing for fast assistive gaze communication. In: Proceedings of ETRA, pp. 241–244. ACM (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kurauchi, A., Feng, W., Joshi, A., Morimoto, C., Betke, M.: EyeSwipe: dwell-free text entry using gaze paths. In: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1952–1956. ACM (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  10. MacKenzie, I.S., Soukoreff, R.W.: Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques. In: Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 754–755. ACM, Florida (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Majaranta, P.: Text entry by eye gaze. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Science (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Majaranta, P., Ahola, U.K., Špakov, O.: Fast gaze typing with an adjustable dwell time. In: Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 357–360. ACM, Boston (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Majaranta, P., Aula, A., Räihä, K.J.: Effects of feedback on eye typing with a short dwell time. In: Proceedings of ETRA, pp. 139–146. ACM (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Majaranta, P., Räihä, K.J.: Twenty years of eye typing: systems and design issues. In: Proceedings of ETRA, pp. 15–22. ACM (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Majaranta, P., Räihä, K.J.: Text entry by gaze: utilizing eye-tracking. In: Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality, pp. 175–187. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Miniotas, D., Spakov, O., Evreinov, G.: Symbol creator: an alternative eye-based text entry technique with low demand for screen space. In: Proceedings of INTERACT, pp. 137–143 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Morimoto, C.H., Amir, A.: Context switching for fast key selection in text entry applications. In: Proceedings of ETRA, ETRA 2010, pp. 271–274. ACM, New York (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mott, M.E., Williams, S., Wobbrock, J.O., Morris, M.R.: Improving dwell-based gaze typing with dynamic, cascading dwell times. In: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 2558–2570. ACM (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Nielsen, J.: Usability 101: introduction to usability (2010). www.nngroup.com/articles/usability-101-introduction-to-usability. Accessed Jan 2014

  20. Panwar, P., Sarcar, S., Samanta, D.: EyeBoard: a fast and accurate eye gaze-based text entry system. In: Proceedings of IHCI, pp. 1–8. IEEE (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pedrosa, D., Pimentel, M.D.G., Wright, A., Truong, K.N.: Filteryedping: design challenges and user performance of dwell-free eye typing. ACM Trans. Accessible Comput. (TACCESS) 6(1), 3 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Phonetic Sciences IFA: The wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test (2014), available: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/Service/Statistics/Signed_Rank_Test.html. Accessed Jan 2014

  23. San Agustin, J., et al.: Evaluation of a low-cost open-source gaze tracker. In: Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications, pp. 77–80. ACM (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sarcar, S., Panwar, P., Chakraborty, T.: Eyek: an efficient dwell-free eye gaze-based text entry system. In: Proceedings of the 11th Asia Pacific Conference on Computer Human Interaction, pp. 215–220. ACM (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Schneider, N., Bex, P., Barth, E., Dorr, M.: An open-source low-cost eye-tracking system for portable real-time and offline tracking. In: Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Novel Gaze-controlled Applications, p. 8. ACM (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Soukoreff, R.W., MacKenzie, I.S.: Metrics for text entry research: an evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a new unified error metric. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 113–120. ACM (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Špakov, O., Majaranta, P.: Scrollable Keyboards for eye typing. In: Proceedings of COGAIN, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 63–66 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Špakov, O., Miniotas, D.: On-line adjustment of dwell time for target selection by gaze. In: Proceedings of NordiCHI, pp. 203–206. ACM (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Špakov, O., Miniotas, D.: On-line adjustment of dwell time for target selection by gaze. In: Proceedings of the third Nordic Conference on Human-computer Interaction, pp. 203–206. ACM (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Tonsen, M., Steil, J., Sugano, Y., Bulling, A.: Invisibleeye: mobile eye tracking using multiple low-resolution cameras and learning-based gaze estimation. Proc. ACM Interact. Mobile Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 1(3), 106 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tuisku, O., Majaranta, P., Isokoski, P., Räihä, K.J.: Now dasher! dash away!: longitudinal study of fast text entry by eye gaze. In: Proceedings of the 2008 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, pp. 19–26. ACM (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Urbina, M.H., Huckauf, A.: Dwell time free eye typing approaches. In: Proceedings of COGAIN, pp. 3–4 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Vertanen, K., Kristensson, P.O.: A versatile dataset for text entry evaluations based on genuine mobile emails. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, pp. 295–298. ACM (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ward, D.J., Blackwell, A.F., MacKay, D.J.: Dasher-a data entry interface using continuous gestures and language models. In: UIST, pp. 129–137 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ward, D.J., MacKay, D.J.: Artificial intelligence: fast hands-free writing by gaze direction. Nature 418(6900), 838 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ware, C., Mikaelian, H.T.: An evaluation of an eye tracker as a device for computer input. In: Proceedings of the CHI+GI, pp. 183–188. ACM (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Wobbrock, J.O., Myers, B.A.: Analyzing the input stream for character-level errors in unconstrained text entry evaluations. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. (TOCHI) 13(4), 458–489 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Wobbrock, J.O., Rubinstein, J., Sawyer, M.W., Duchowski, A.T.: Longitudinal evaluation of discrete consecutive gaze gestures for text entry. In: Proceedings of ETRA, pp. 11–18. ACM (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zhang, X., Ren, X., Zha, H.: Modeling dwell-based eye pointing target acquisition. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 2083–2092. ACM (2010)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

    Sayan Sarcar

Authors
  1. Sayan Sarcar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sayan Sarcar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece

    Margherita Antona

  2. University of Crete and Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece

    Constantine Stephanidis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Sarcar, S. (2020). Usability Evaluation of Short Dwell-Time Activated Eye Typing Techniques. In: Antona, M., Stephanidis, C. (eds) Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Design Approaches and Supporting Technologies. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12188. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49282-3_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49282-3_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49281-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49282-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation