Abstract
The primary heart field, secondary heart field, cardiac neural crest, and proepicardium are the four major embryonic regions involved in the process of vertebrate heart development (Fig. 1). They each make an important contribution to overall cardiac development, which occurs with complex developmental timing and regulation. This chapter describes how these regions interact to form the final structure of the heart in relationship to the generalized developmental timeline of human embryology (Table 1).
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Srivastava, D. and Olson, E.N. (2000) A genetic blueprint for cardiac development. Nature. 407, 221–226.
Kelly, R.G., Brown, N.A., and Buckingham, M.E. (2001) The arterial pole of the mouse heart forms from Fgf10-expressing cells in pharyngeal mesoderm. Dev Cell. 1, 435–440.
Mjaatvedt, C.H., Nakaoka, T., Moreno-Rodriguez, R., et al. (2001) The outflow tract of the heart is recruited from a novel heart-forming field. Dev Biol. 238, 97–109.
Waldo, K.L., Kumiski, D.H., Wallis, K.T., et al. (2001) Conotruncal myocardium arises from a secondary heart field. Development. 128, 3179–3188.
Kelly, R.G. and Buckingham, M.E. (2002) The anterior heart-forming field: voyage to the arterial pole of the heart. Trends Genet. 18, 210–216.
Hatada, Y. and Stern, C.D. (1994) A fate map of the epiblast of the early chick embryo. Development. 120, 2879–2889.
Yutzey, K.E. and Kirby, M.L. (2002) Wherefore heart thou? Embryonic origins of cardiogenic mesoderm. Dev Dyn. 223, 307–320.
Sherman, L.S., Potter, S.S., and Scott, W.J. (eds.) (2001) Human Embryology, 3rd Ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY.
Garcia-Martinez, V. and Schoenwolf, G.C. (1993) Primitive-streak origin of the cardiovascular system in avian embryos. Dev Biol. 159, 706–719.
Psychoyos, D. and Stern, C.D. (1996) Fates and migratory routes of primitive streak cells in the chick embryo. Development. 122, 1523–1534.
DeHaan, R.L. (1963) Organization of the cardiogenic plate in the early chick embryo. Acta Embryol Morphol Exp. 6, 26–38.
Ehrman, L.A. and Yutzey, K.E. (1999) Lack of regulation in the heart forming region of avian embryos. Dev Biol. 207, 163–175.
Harvey, R.P. and Rosenthal, N. (eds.) (1998) Heart Development. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Kirby, M.L. (2002) Molecular embryogenesis of the heart. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 5, 516–543.
Lohr, J.L. and Yost, J.H. (2000) Vertebrate model systems in the study of early heart development: xenopus and zebrafish. Am J Med Genet. 97, 248–257.
Kirby, M.L., Gale, T.F., and Stewart, D.E. (1983) Neural crest cells contribute to normal aorticopulmonary septation. Science. 220, 1059–1061.
Kirby, M.L. and Stewart, D.E. (1983) Neural crest origin of cardiac ganglion cells in the chick embryo: identification and extirpation. Dev Biol. 97, 433–443.
Kirby, M.L., Turnage, K.L., 3rd, and Hays, B.M. (1985) Characterization of conotruncal malformations following ablation of “cardiac” neural crest. Anat Rec. 213, 87–93.
Bockman, D.E., Redmond, M.E., and Kirby, M.L. (1989) Alteration of early vascular development after ablation of cranial neural crest. Anat Rec. 225, 209–217.
Waldo, K., Miyagawa-Tomita, S., Kumiski, D., and Kirby, M.L. (1998) Cardiac neural crest cells provide new insight into septation of the cardiac outflow tract: aortic sac to ventricular septal closure. Dev Biol. 196, 129–144.
Waldo, K.L., Lo, C.W., and Kirby, M.L. (1999) Connexin 43 expression reflects neural crest patterns during cardiovascular development. Dev Biol. 208, 307–323.
Komiyama, M., Ito, K., and Shimada, Y. (1987) Origin and development of the epicardium in the mouse embryo. Anat Embryol. 176, 183–189.
Noden, D.M., Poelmann, R.E., and Gittenberger-de Groot, A.C. (1995) Cell origins and tissue boundaries during outflow tract development. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 5, 69–75.
Mikawa, T. and Gourdie, R.G. (1996) Pericardial mesoderm generates a population of coronary smooth muscle cells migrating into the heart along with ingrowth of the epicardial organ. Dev Biol. 174, 221–232.
Noden, D.M. (1990) Origins and assembly of avian embryonic blood vessels. Ann NY Acad Sci. 588, 236–249.
Gittenberger-de Groot, A.C., Vrancken Peeters, M.P., Bergwerff, M., Mentink, M.M., and Poelmann, R.E. (2000) Epicardial outgrowth inhibition leads to compensatory mesothelial outflow tract collar and abnormal cardiac septation and coronary formation. Circ Res. 87, 969–971.
Hood, L.C. and Rosenquist, T.H. (1992) Coronary artery development in the chick: origin and development of smooth muscle cells, and effects of neural crest ablation. Anat Rec. 234, 291–300.
Anderson, P.A.W. (2000) Developmental cardiac physiology and myocardial function, In Pediatric Cardiovascular Medicine (Moller, J.H. and Hoffman, J.I.E., eds.), Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY, pp. 35–57.
Huttenbach, Y., Ostrowski, M.L., Thaller, D., and Kim, H.S. (2001) Cell proliferation in the growing human heart: MIB-1 immunostaining in preterm and term infants at autopsy. Cardiovasc Pathol. 10, 119–123.
Kern, F.H., Bengur, A.R., and Bello, E.A. (1996) Developmental cardiac physiology, In Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care, 3rd Ed. (Rogers, M.C., ed.), Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 397–423.
Kim, H.D., Kim, D.J., Lee, I.J., Rah, B.J., Sawa, Y., and Schaper, J. (1992) Human fetal heart development after mid-term: morphometry and ultrastructural study. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 24, 949–965.
Beltrami, A.P., Urbanek, K., Kajstura, J., et al. (2001) Evidence that human cardiac myocytes divide after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 344, 1750–1757.
Vick, G.W. and Fisher, D.A. (1998) Cardiac metabolism, in The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology, 2nd ed. (Garson, A.J., Bricker, T.J., Timothy, J., Fisher, D.J., and Neish, S.R., eds.), Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore, MD, pp. 155–169.
Opie, L.H. (1991) Carbohydrates and lipids, In The Heart: Physiology and Metabolism, 2nd Ed. (Opie, L.H., ed.), Raven Press, New York, NY, pp. 208–246.
Price, K.M., Littler, W.A., and Cummins, P. (1980) Human atrial and ventricular myosin light-chains subunits in the adult and during development. Biochem J. 191, 571–580.
Morano, M., Zacharzowski, U., Maier, M., et al. (1996) Regulation of human heart contractility by essential myosin light chain isoforms. J Clin Invest. 98, 467–473.
Morano, I. (1999) Tuning the human heart molecular motors by myosin light chains. J Mol Med. 77, 544–555.
Boheler, K.R., Carrier, L., de la Bastie, D., et al. (1991) Skeletal actin mRNA increases in the human heart during ontogenic development and is the major isoform of control and failing adult hearts. J Clin Invest. 88, 323–330.
Anderson, P.A.W., Kleinman, C.S., Lister, G., and Talner, N. (1998) Cardiovascular function during normal fetal and neonatal development and with hypoxic stress, in Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, 2nd Ed. (Polin, R.A. and Fox, W.W., eds.), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 837–890.
Hewett, T.E., Grupp, I.L., Grupp, G., and Robbins, J. (1994) Alpha-skeletal actin is associated with increased contractility in the mouse heart. Circ Res. 74, 740–746.
Muthuchamy, M., Grupp, I.L., Grupp, G., et al. (1995) Molecular and physiological effects of overexpressing striated muscle beta-tropomyosin in the adult murine heart. J Biol Chem. 270, 30,593–30,603.
Palmiter, K.A., Kitada, Y., Muthuchamy, M., Wieczorek, D.F., and Solaro, R.J. (1996) Exchange of beta-for alpha-tropomyosin in hearts of transgenic mice induces changes in thin filament response to Ca2+, strong cross-bridge binding, and protein phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 271, 11,611–11,614.
Muthuchamy, M., Boivin, G.P., Grupp, I.L., and Wieczorek, D.F. (1998) Beta-tropomyosin overexpression induces severe cardiac abnormalities. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 30, 1545–1557.
Kim, S.H., Kim, H.S., and Lee, M.M. (2002) Re-expression of fetal troponin isoforms in the postinfarction failing heart of the rat. Circ J. 66, 959–964.
Hunkeler, N.M., Kullman, J., and Murphy, A.M. (1991) Troponin I isoform expression in human heart. Circ Res. 69, 1409–1414.
Purcell, I.F., Bing, W., and Marston, S.B. (1999) Functional analysis of human cardiac troponin by the in vitro motility assay: comparison of adult, foetal and failing hearts. Cardiovasc Res. 43, 884–891.
Morimoto, S. and Goto, T. (2000) Role of troponin I isoform switching in determining the pH sensitivity of Ca(2+) regulation in developing rabbit cardiac muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 267, 912–917.
Tanaka, H., Sekine, T., Nishimaru, K., and Shigenobu, K. (1998) Role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in myocardial contraction of neonatal and adult mice. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 120, 431–438.
Buchorn, R., Hulpke-Wette, M., Ruschewski, W., et al. (2002) Beta-receptor downregulation in congenital heart disease: a risk factor for complications after surgical repair? Ann Thorac Surg. 73, 610–613.
Schiffmann, H., Flesch, M., Hauseler, C., Pfahlberg, A., Bohm, M., and Hellige, G. (2002) Effects of different inotropic interventions on myocardial function in the developing rabbit heart. Basic Res Cardiol. 97, 76–87.
Sun, L.S. (1999) Regulation of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor function in adult and neonatal rabbits. Biol Neonate. 76, 181–192.
Dees, E. and Baldwin, H.S. (2002) New frontiers in molecular pediatric cardiology. Curr Opin Pediatr. 14, 627–633.
McFadden, D.G. and Olson, E.N. (2002) Heart development: learning from mistakes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 12, 328–335.
Martinsen, B.J., Groebner, N.J., Frasier, A.J., and Lohr, J.L. (2003) Expression of cardiac neural crest and heart genes isolated by modified differential display. Gene Expr Patterns. 3, 407–411.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martinsen, B.J., Lohr, J.L. (2005). Cardiac Development. In: Iaizzo, P.A. (eds) Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-835-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-835-9_2
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-443-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-835-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)