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Altered Electrolyte and Fluid Balance

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Handbook of Teratology

Abstract

Every embryologist knows that there are many important fluid-filled spaces in and around the intrauterine individual, such as the ventricles of the brain, the canal of the spinal cord, the pelvis of the ureter, the lumens of various portions of the gut and glands, the entire cardiovascular system, the blastocoele, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac. Every teratologist also knows that many developmental abnormalities involve deficiencies or overenlargements of these spaces, e.g., hydronephrosis, hydroureter, hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus-like conditions, exencephaly, hydramnois, and the occlusion of various hollow organs. Less well known are details of the composition of the fluids that fill these spaces, how their volume is controlled, and their precise role in the normal and abnormal morphogenesis of the structures with which they are associated. Although the extracellular proteins (e.g., plasma proteins and some enzymes) of some developing fluids are reasonably well known, less is known of small organic molecules, inorganic constituents, and the means by which their concentrations are controlled. It is often assumed that, apart from that performed by the placenta, little or no regulation is possible on the part of the embryo and young fetus, due to physiological immaturity of organs (Howard, 1957) or cells (Widdowson, 1968). The primary aim of this chapter is to review reports which demonstrate that a study of the embryonic and fetal fluids, their composition, and the physiology of their regulation is a valuable approach to an analysis of abnormal development caused by known teratogenic agents, as well as to provide insight into the role of these fluids in normal development.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33124, USA

    Casimer T. Grabowski

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  1. Casimer T. Grabowski
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Children’s Hospital Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    James G. Wilson

  2. Departments of Biology and Paediatrics, McGill University and The Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Canada

    F. Clarke Fraser

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© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

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Grabowski, C.T. (1977). Altered Electrolyte and Fluid Balance. In: Wilson, J.G., Fraser, F.C. (eds) Handbook of Teratology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8933-4_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8933-4_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8935-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8933-4

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