Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Embryonic Intermediary Metabolism under Normal and Pathological Conditions

  • Chapter
Handbook of Teratology

Abstract

To elucidate the mode of action of drug-induced teratogenesis, the special susceptibility and sensitivity of the developing embryo to embryotoxic substances, compared to the toxicity seen in the adult organism, has to be considered. A number of parameters may be responsible for these toxicological differences including: (1) possible differences in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics which may allow an accumulation of a given drug or its metabolites in embryonic cells; (2) the high rate of proliferation in certain stages of prenatal development; (3) typical induction and differentiation processes with characteristic transcriptional and translational regulations obligatory for a normal development; and (4) possible qualitative and quantitative differences in the intermediary metabolism of embryonic cells, for example, a metabolic pathway essential for normal prenatal development might produce little effect if inhibited in an adult organism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adamson, R. H., and Fabro, S., 1968, Embryotoxic effect of L-asparaginase, Nature 218:1164–1165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach, S., and Brinster, R. L., 1968, Effect of oxygen concentration on the development of two-cell mouse embryos, Nature 217:465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aydelotte, M. B., and Kochhar, D. M., 1972, Development of mouse limb buds in organ culture: Chondrogenesis in the presence of a proline analog, L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, Dev. Biol. 28:191–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrach, H.-J., 1970, Effect of 6-aminonicotinamide on the glucose metabolism of mammalian embryonic tissue, in: Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and its Modification by Drugs (R. Bass, F. Beck, H.-J. Merker, D. Neubert, and B. Randhahn, eds.), pp. 365–384, Free University Press, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, R., 1970, Respiration and oxicative phosphorylation of mitochondrial fractions isolated from rat embryos, in: Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and its Modification by Drugs (R. Bass, F. Beck, H.-J. Merker, D. Neubert, and B. Randhahn, eds.), pp. 309–319, Free University Berlin Press, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, R., Beck, F., Merker, H.-J., Neubert, D., and Randhahn, B., 1970, Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and its Modification by Drugs, Free University Berlin Press, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, R., Barrach, H.-J., and Neubert, D., 1977, Some aspects of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in mammalian embryos under normal and pathological conditions, Ergeb. Physiol. Biol. Chem. Pharmacol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, F., Lloyd, J. B., and Griffiths, A., 1967, Lysosomal enzyme inhibition by trypan blue: A theory of teratogenesis, Science 157:1180–1182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, P., and Krowke, R., 1975, Biochemical studies with dissected blastema and epithelium of mouse embryo extremities after in vivo treatment with 6-mercaptopurine-riboside, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 287:R87(abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, P. L., Krowke, R., and Merker, H.-J., 1975, Studies on blastema and epithelium of the limb anlage of mouse embryos, in: New Approaches to the Evaluation of Abnormal Embryonic Development (D. Neubert and H.-J. Merker, eds.), pp. 151–160, Georg Thieme Publishers, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bochert, G., 1972, Eine Analyse der DNA-Synthese im embryonalen Säugetiergewebe unter dem Einfluss einiger embryotoxischer Pharmaka, Dissertation, Free University Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bochert, G., 1975, unpublished results.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bochert, G., Mewes, P., and Krowke, R., 1973, Labelling of RNA and DNA moieties of mammalian embryos in vivo by 14C-U-glucose and 32P-orthophosphate, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 277:413–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bresnick, E., Lanclos, K., and Gonzales, E., 1965, The biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid in the liver of the rat fetus in vivo, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 108:568–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burk, D., Woods, M., and Hunter, J., 1967, On the significance of glycolysis for cancer growth, with special reference to Morris rat hepatomas, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 38:839–863.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, K., 1956, A study of the conditions and mechanism of the reaction for the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribosenucleic acid, Biochem. J. 62:315–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chepenik, K. P., Johnson, E. M., and Kaplan, S., 1970, Effects of transitory maternal pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) deficiency on levels of adenosin phosphates in developing rat embryos, Teratology 3:229–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dagg, C. P., Doerr, A., and Offutt, C., 1966, Incorporation of 5-fluorouracil-2-C14 by mouse embryos, Biol. Neonate 10:32–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, R. L., and Cooper, M. F., 1971, Incorporation of radioactivity from thymidine into mammalian glucose and glycogen, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 254:393–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engels, K., 1970, Biochemical studies on the embryotoxic action of cyclophosphamide, in: Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and its Modification by Drugs (R. Bass, F. Beck, H.-J. Merker, D. Neubert, and B. Randhahn, eds.), pp. 123–136, Free University Berlin Press, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouts, J. R., 1962, Metabolism of drugs by livers from fetal and newborn animals, in: Perinatal Pharmacology, Report of Forty-first Ross Conference on Pediatric Research (C. D. May, ed.), pp. 54–61, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouts, J. R., and Adamson, R. H., 1959, Drug metabolism in the newborn rabbit, Science 129:897–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, O. M., and Boger, B. A., 1961, Colorimetric estimation of nitrogen mustards in aqueous media: Hydrolytic behavior of Bis(beta-chloroethyl)-amine, nor-HN2, Anal. Chem. 33:906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fridland, A., 1974, Effect of methotrexate on deoxyribonucleotide pools and DNA synthesis in human lymphocytic cells, Cancer Res. 34:1883–1888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. E., and Becker, B. A., 1969, Effect of phénobarbital and SKF 525-A on the teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide in mice, Teratoloty 1:393–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. E., and Becker, B. A., 1971, Teratogenicity of structural truncates of cyclophosphamide in mice, Teratology 4:141–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, C., Ott, D., Deaven, H., Spielmann, H., Krowke, R., and Neubert, D., 1975, The search for biological effects of 13C-enrichment in developing mammalian systems, Proc. of the 2nd Intern. Conference on Stable Isotopes (E. R. Klein and P. D. Klein, eds.), pp. 61–70, United States Energy Research and Development Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, T. T., and Kazmierowski, D., 1970, Placental and fetal RNA metabolism. I. In vivo labelling of the fetal and placental RNA in the 14-day pregnant rat, Gynecol Invest. 1:31–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, W. L., Christine, M., and Stollar, B. D., 1973, A radioimmunoassay for measurement of serum thymidine, Anal. Biochem. 55:468–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kochhar, D. M., Larsson, K. S., and Boström, H., 1968, Embryonic uptake of 35S-sulfate: Change in level following treatment with some teratogenic agents, Biol Neonate 12:41–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, E., 1970, Growth kinetics of mammalian embryos during organogenesis, in: Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and its Modification by Drugs (R. Bass, F. Beck, H.-J. Merker, D. Neubert, and B. Randhahn, eds.), pp. 17–27, Free University Berlin Press, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, E., Barrach, H.-J., and Neubert, D., 1970, Inhibition of NADP-dependent oxidoreductases by the 6-aminonicotinamide analogue of NADP, FEBS Lett. 6:225–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, E., Merker, H.-J., Ehmke, W., and Wojnorowicz, F., 1972, Growth kinetics of mammalian embryos during the stage of differentiation, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol 272:169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, E., Wojnorowicz, F., and Borner, F., 1974, The maintenance of pregnancy by progesterone and estrone in rats fed a protein-free diet, in: Advances of the Biosciences 13. Hormones and Embryonic Development (G. Raspé, ed.), pp. 103–117, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krowke, R., 1970, Studies on the incorporation of 14C-glucose and 32P into nucleic acids and other cell components of rat embryos in vivo, in: Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and its Modification by Drugs (R. Bass, F. Beck, H.-J. Merker, D. Neubert, and B. Randhahn, eds.), pp. 99–120, Free University Berlin Press, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krowke, R., and Bochert, G., 1975, Inhibition of RNA synthesis, a possible mode of the em-bryotoxic action of hydroxyurea, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 288:7–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krowke, R., Siebert, G., and Neubert, D., 1971a, Effect of 5-fluoro-deoxycytidine, 5-fluoro-uracil and cycloheximide on the incorporation of 14C-glucose and 32P into different cell components of rat embryos in vivo, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol 269:229–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krowke, R., Pielsticker, K., and Siebert, G., 1971b, A simple fractionation procedure for studying incorporation of radioactively labelled precursors into mammalian cell components, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 271:121–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krowke, R., Siebert, G., and Neubert, D., 1971c, A biochemical screening test with 14C-glucose and 32P-phosphate for the evaluation of embryotoxic effects in vivo, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol 271:274–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krowke, R., Bochert, G., and Mewes, P., 1971d, Effects of some metabolic inhibitors on nucleic acid synthesis in early stages of mammalian embryonic development, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29(Suppl. 4):27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krowke, R., Berg, P., and Merker, H.-J., 1977, Effect of cytosine arabinoside, 6-aminonicotin-amide, and 6-mercaptopurine riboside on ectoderm and mesoderm of the mouse limb bud, Teratology (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J. B., 1970, Histiotrophic nutrition—a target for “macromolecular” teratogens in rats, in: Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and its Modification by Drugs (R. Bass, F. Beck, H.-J. Merker, D. Neubert, and B. Randhahn, eds.), pp. 575–592, Free University Berlin Press, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Meyer, R., and DePlaen, J., 1964, An approach to the biochemical study of teratogenic substances on isolated rat embryos, Life Sci. 3:709–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molloy, G. R., Jellinek, W., Salditt, M., and Darnell, J. E., 1974, Arrangement of specific oligonucleotides within poly(A)terminated Hn RNA molecules, Cell 1:43–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., 1966, Untersuchungen über den Nucleinsäurestoffwechsel in Zellkernen und Mitochondrien von Morris-Hepatomen, in: Molekulare Biologie des malignen Wachstums, 17. Coll. Ges. Physiol. Chem. Mosbach (H. Holzer and A. W. Holldorf, eds.), pp. 69–73, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., 1970a, Activity of DNA and RNA polymerases in isolated nuclei of mammalian embryos, in: Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and its Modification by Drugs (R. Bass, F. Beck, H.-J. Merker, D. Neubert, and B. Randhahn, eds.), pp. 79–95, Free University Berlin Press, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., 1970b, Aerobic glycolysis in mammalian embryos, in: Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and its Modification by Drugs (R. Bass, F. Beck, H.-J. Merker, D. Neubert, and B. Randhahn, eds.), pp. 225–246, Free University Berlin Press, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., 1977, An attempt of a molecular and multilateral approach towards developmental toxicology, Arch. Toxicol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., and Dillmann, I., 1972, Embryotoxic effects in mice treated with 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 272:243–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., and Herken, H., 1955, Wirkungssteigerung von Schlafmitteln durch den Phenyl-diallylessigsäureester des Diäthylaminoathanols, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 225:453–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., and Rautenberg, M., 1976, Activity of nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in mouse limb buds differentiating in vivo or in organ culture, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 357:1623–1635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., Oberdisse, E., Merker, H.-J., Köhler, E., and Balda, B.-R., 1968, Biochemical studies on the nucleic acid metabolism of embryonic tissues and the effect of drugs, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 259:186–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., Merker, H.-J., Köhler, E., Krowke, R., and Barrach, H.-J., 1971a, Biochemical aspects of teratology, in: Advances in the Biosciences 6, Schering Symposium on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Early Mammalian Development (G. Raspe, ed.), pp. 575–621, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., Peters, H., Teske, S., Köhler, E., and Barrach, H.-J., 1971b, Studies on the problem of “aerobic glycolysis” occurring in mammalian embryos, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 268:235–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., Zens, P., Rothenwallner, A., and Merker, H.-J., 1973, A survey of the embryotoxic effects of TCDD in mammalian species, Environ. Health Perspect. 5:67–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., Merker, H.-J., and Tapken, S., 1974a, Comparative studies on the prenatal development of mouse extremities in vivo and in organ culture, Naunyn Schmiedeberg Arch. Pharmakol. 286:251–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., Tapken, S., and Merker, H.-J., 1974b, Induction of skeletal malformations in organ cultures of mammalian embryonic tissues, Naunyn’ Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 286:271–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D., Gregg, C. T., Bass, R., and Merker, H.-J., 1975, Occurrence and possible functions of mitochondrial DNA in animal development, in: The Biochemistry of Animal Development (R. Weber, ed.), Vol. III, Chapter 10, pp. 387–464, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • New, D. A. T., 1966, The Culture of Vertebrate Embryos, Logos Press Ltd., Elek Books, Ltd., London; Academic Press, New York, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oerter, D., and Bass, R., 1975, Embryonic development and mitochondrial function. I. Effects of chloramphenicol infusion on the synthesis of cytochrome oxidase and DNA in rat embryos during organogenesis, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 290:175–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packard, D. S., Menzies, R. A., and Skalko, R. G., 1973, Incorporation of thymidine and its analogue, bromodeoxyuridine, into embryos and maternal tissues of the mouse, Differentiation 1:397–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelkonen, O., 1973, Drug metabolism in the human fetal liver. Relationship to fetal age, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 202:281–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pictet, R., and Rutter, W. J., 1972, Development of the embryonic endocrine pancreas, in: Handbook of Physiology—Endocrinology I (D. F. Steiner and N. Freinkel, eds.), Chapter 2, pp. 25–66, American Physiology Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rane, A., Berggren, M., Yaffe, S., and Ericsson, J. L. E., 1973, Oxidative drug metabolism in the perinatal rabbit liver and placenta. A biochemical and morphologic study-, Xenobiotica 3:37–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raspé, G., ed., 1971, Advances in the Biosciences 6, Schering Symposium on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Early Mammalian Development, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raspé, G., ed., 1974, Advances in the Biosciences 13, Hormones and Embryonic Development, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rautenberg, P., and Neubert, D., 1975, Methods for the evaluation of mRNA fractions synthesized in limb buds differentiating in organ culture, in: New Approaches to the Evaluation of Abnormal Embryonic Development (D. Neubert and H.-J. Merker, eds.), pp. 133–144, Georg Thieme Publishers, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, E. J., Scott, W. J., and Wilson, J. G., 1973, Relationship of temporal patterns of cell death and development to malformations in the rat limb. Possible mechanism of teratogenesis with inhibitors of DNA synthesis, Teratology 7:219–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruddick, J. A., and Runner, M. N., 1974. 5-FU in chick embryos as a source of label for DNA and a depressant of protein synthesis, Teratology 10:39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, W. J., Pictet, R. L., and Morris, P. W., 1973, Toward molecular mechanisms of developmental processes, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 42:601–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sazaki, H., and Ohmori, K., 1973, The influence of single or fractionated doses of 5-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine teratogenicity in mice, Teratology 8:191–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmelpfennig, K., 1971, Problems connected with in vivo labelling of embryonic glycosaminoglycans with Na2 35SO4 in teratological studies, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol 271:320–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmelpfennig, K., Baumann, I., and Kaufmann, C., 1971, Studies on glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in mammalian embryonic tissue. I. A micromethod for the fractionating and characterisation of GAG according to their anionic behaviour, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. 271:430–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, W. C., and Greco, A. E., 1970, Incorporation of pyrimidine deoxynucleosides into liver lipids and other components, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 228:610–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, H.-J., Wilson, J. G., and Jordan, R. L., 1969, Potentiation of the teratogenic effects of 5-fluorouracil by natural pyrimidines. II. Biochemical aspects, Teratology 2:99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. J., Ritter, E. J., and Wilson, J. G., 1971, DNA synthesis inhibition and cell death associated with hydroxyurea teratogenesis in rat embryos, Dev. Biol. 26:306–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, T. H., Tanimura, T., and Robkin, M. A., 1970, Energy metabolism in early mammalian embryos, Dev. Biol. Suppl. 4:42–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skoog, L., and Nordenskjold, B. O., 1971, Effects of hydroxyurea and l-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine on deoxyribonucleotide pools in mouse embryo cells, Eur. J. Biochem. 19:81–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solter, A. W., and Handschumacher, R. E., 1969, A rapid quantitative determination of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates based on the enzymatic synthesis of DNA, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 174:585–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stellwagen, R. H., and Tomkins, G. M., 1971, Preferential inhibition by 6-bromodeoxyuridine of the synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase in hepatoma cell cultures, J. Mol. Biol. 56:167–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanimura, T., and Shepard, T. H., 1970, Glucose metabolism by rat embryos in vitro, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol Med. 135:51–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tidd, D. M., and Paterson, A. R. P., 1974, A biochemical mechanism for the delayed cytotoxic reaction of 6-mercaptopurine, Cancer Res. 34:738–746.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, W., Shimada, M., and Langman, J., 1973, Effect of fluorodeoxyuridine, colcemid, and bromodeoxyuridine on developing neocortex of the mouse, Am. J. Anat. 137:67–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, R. A., 1973, Nuclear RNA metabolism (review), Annu. Rev. Biochem. 42:329–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub, H., Campbell, G. L. M., and Holtzer, H., 1972, Identification of a developmental program using bromodeoxyuridine, J. Mol. Biol. 70:337–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. G., Shepard, T. H., and Gennaro, J. F., 1963, Studies on the site of teratogenic action of 14C-labeled trypan blue, Anat. Rec. 145:300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. G., Jordan, R. L., and Schumacher, H., 1969, Potentiation of the teratogenic effect of 5-fluorouracil by natural pyrimidines. I. Biological aspects, Teratology 2:91–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yaffe, S. J., Rane, A., Sjöqvist, F., Boreus, L. O., and Orrenius, S., 1970, The presence of a monooxygenase system in human fetal liver microsomes, Life Sci. 9:1189–1200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Toxikologie und Embryonal-Phar-makologie der Freien Universität Berlin, Garystr. 1-9, 1000, Berlin 33, Germany

    Ralf Krowke & Diether Neubert

Authors
  1. Ralf Krowke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Diether Neubert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Children’s Hospital Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    James G. Wilson

  2. Departments of Biology and Paediatrics, McGill University and The Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Canada

    F. Clarke Fraser

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Krowke, R., Neubert, D. (1977). Embryonic Intermediary Metabolism under Normal and Pathological Conditions. In: Wilson, J.G., Fraser, F.C. (eds) Handbook of Teratology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8933-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8933-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8935-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8933-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation