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Time-Position Relationships

With Particular Reference to Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate

  • Chapter
Handbook of Teratology

Abstract

Most anatomical birth defects can be classified either as deformations, alterations in shape or structure of a normally formed part, such as congenital torticollis and some types of clubfoot; or malformations, primary structural defects that result from an error in morphogenesis. (Morphogenesis refers, in this context, to the progressive emergence of organized structures in the embryo.) Normal morphogenesis depends on a system of highly integrated and interacting sets of reactions. The embryonic cells are programmed in such a way that certain genes are turned on in the cells of certain tissues and others remain inactive, according to a progressive set of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. At this level of interaction, the production of abnormal molecules (enzymes, organelle components, membrane constituents, intercellular matrix) or the production of normal molecules at altered rates or at the wrong time may change the properties of the cells or their products, leading to errors in development. At another level of interaction, normal development depends on the properties of groups of cells, tissues, or organs and their relations to one another. There may be interaction of cells within a tissue, for example, when a group of cells has to reach a certain critical mass for its cellular components to proceed with differentiation and organ formation. Or there may be interaction between tissues. One tissue may require an inductive stimulus from another before it will proceed further along its developmental pathway. Or two or more tissues may need to meet one another by merging or fusion to form a structure. These kinds of interaction often involve a developmental threshold, in which the structure is morphologically normal if the threshold is reached and abnormal if it is not; this threshold concept has been dealt with in Chapter 3, Vol. 1.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Daphne G. Trasler & Clarke Fraser

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  1. Daphne G. Trasler
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Children’s Hospital Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    James G. Wilson

  2. Departments of Biology and Paediatrics, McGill University and The Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Canada

    F. Clarke Fraser

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© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

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Trasler, D.G., Fraser, C. (1977). Time-Position Relationships. In: Wilson, J.G., Fraser, F.C. (eds) Handbook of Teratology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8933-4_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8933-4_11

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