Brief introduction to the subject
Introduction and background
Study design and methods
Participants
Materials
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Assessment of the stress situation in the rescue service according to the Slesina questionnaire [26]
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Work-Related Behavior and Experience Patterns (AVEM) questionnaire by Schaarschmidt and Fischer [19]
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The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (EBF) according to Kallus [11]
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The Questionnaire for Physical, Psychological, and Social Symptoms (KOEPS; [14])
Stress situation in the ambulance service according to Slesina
The AVEM questionnaire by Schaarschmidt and Fischer
AVEM pattern | Characteristics |
---|---|
Risk pattern | |
A | Excessive work engagement |
Limited distancing ability from work-related problems | |
Reduced emotional resilience to stress | |
Limited enjoyment of life | |
B | Reduced work engagement |
Limited distancing ability from work-related problems | |
Marked tendency to resignation | |
Reduced emotional resilience to stress | |
Significantly limited enjoyment of life | |
Healthy pattern | |
G | Clear, but not excessive work engagement |
Good distancing from work-related problems | |
Proactive problem-solving | |
Resilience to stress | |
Positive feelings about life | |
S | Taking it easy |
Low level of work engagement | |
Marked distancing ability from work-related problems | |
Emotional resilience to stress | |
Intervention from point of view of motivation can be recommended |
EBF according to Kallus
KOEPS according to Manz
Statistical analysis
Results
Occupational data
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88.4% (n = 244) paramedics and emergency paramedics
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11.6% (n = 32) emergency medical technicians
Classification of EMP into work-related behavioral and experiential patterns
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Risk pattern A: 40 (19%)
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Risk pattern B: 27 (13%)
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Risk pattern G: 63 (31%)
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Risk pattern S: 75 (37%)
Recovery and stress within the AVEM patterns
Feature | AVEM sample | pKruskal—Wallis | pMann—Whitney | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | G | S | |||
AV ± SD Median (Min–Max) [95% CI] | ||||||
EBF | ||||||
Strain | 2.5 ± 0.96 2.4 (0.2–4.9) [2.16–2.77] | 2.6 ± 0.70 2.4 (1.4–4.0) [2.31–2.86] | 1.3 ± 0.78 1.4 (0.1–3.5) [1.12–1.51] | 1.5 ± 0.77 1.5 (0.1–4.2) [1.3–1.7] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
General stress—despondency | 2.2 ± 1.13 2 (0.5–6) [1.86–2.59] | 2.6 ± 1.10 2.5 (1–5.5) [2.12–2.99] | 0.9 ± 0.99 0.5 (0–4) [0.69–1.19] | 1.3 ± 0.99 1 (0–5) [1.05–1.50] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
Emotional stress | 2.5 ± 1.00 2.5 (1–5.5) [2.22–2.86] | 2.6 ± 0.95 2.5 (1–4) [2.18–2.93] | 1.5 ± 0.89 1.5 (0–3.5) [1.23–1.68] | 1.5 ± 0.89 1.5 (0–4) [1.29–1.70] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
Social tensions | 2.5 ± 1.29 2.5 (0.5–6) [2.10–2.93] | 2.7 ± 1.16 2.5 (1–5) [2.28–3.20] | 1.4 ± 0.95 1.5 (0–4.5) [1.12–1.60] | 1.4 ± 0.90 1 (0–4) [1.15–1.56] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
Unresolved conflicts—lack of success | 3.1 ± 1.25 3 (1–6) [2.72–3.53] | 2.7 ± 0.85 2.5 (1–4.5) [2.37–3.04] | 1.7 ± 1.05 1.5 (0–4) [1.44–1.96] | 1.9 ± 1.03 2 (0–5) [1.64–2.11] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
Overtiredness—time pressure | 2.7 ± 1.30 2.5 (0.5–5.5) [2.30–3.13] | 2.8 ± 1.11 3 (0–4.5) [2.38–3.25] | 1.5 ± 1.19 1.5 (0–4.5) [1.21–1.81] | 1.6 ± 0.93 1.5 (0–4) [1.42–1.85] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
Lack of energy, lack of concentration | 2.3 ± 0.75 2 (1–4) [2.01–2.49] | 2.5 ± 0.80 2.5 (1.5–4) [2.15–2.78] | 1.4 ± 0.87 1 (0–4) [1.15–1.58] | 1.6 ± 0.95 1.5 (0–4.5) [1.41–1.85] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
Physical ailments | 2.1 ± 1.00 2 (0.5–4.5) [1.77–2.41] | 2.2 ± 1.11 2 (0–5) [1.75–2.62] | 1.0 ± 0.83 1 (0–3.5) [0.77–1.18] | 1.2 ± 0.95 1 (0–5) [0.95–1.39] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
Recovery | 2.2 ± 0.54 2.25 (0.7–3.2) [2.05–2.40] | 2.3 ± 0.68 2.1 (1.2–3.9) [1.99–2.52] | 3.6 ± 0.86 3.6 (1.6–5.4) [3.38–3.81] | 3.2 ± 0.81 3.3 (0.9–5) [3–3.38] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
Success—capability | 1.8 ± 0.79 1.75 (0.5–4.5) [1.59–2.09] | 1.9 ± 0.82 1.5 (0.5–3.5) [1.53–2.18] | 2.8 ± 1.15 2.5 (0–5.5) [2.52–3.10] | 2.3 ± 0.98 2.5 (0–4) [2.13–2.54] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S** B‑G*** B‑S* |
Recovery in the social field | 2.1 ± 0.81 2 (0.5–4) [1.86–2.39] | 2.2 ± 1.07 2 (0.5–4.5) [1.82–2.66] | 3.3 ± 1.32 3.5 (0.5–6) [2.98–3.65] | 3.0 ± 1.16 3 (0.5–5.5) [2.74–3.27] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S** |
Physical recovery | 2.3 ± 0.76 2.25 (1–4) [2.03–2.52] | 2.3 ± 0.82 2.5 (1–4) [2.01–2.66] | 3.7 ± 1.04 4 (1.5–5.5) [3.43–3.95] | 3.2 ± 1.07 3 (0.5–5.5) [2.95–3.44] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
General recovery, wellbeing | 2.4 ± 0.79 2.5 (1–5) [2.18–2.69] | 2.4 ± 0.89 2.5 (1–4) [2.04–2.74] | 4.2 ± 1.05 4.5 (1–6) [3.89–4.42] | 3.6 ± 0.97 3.5 (1–5.5) [3.36–3.80] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |
Restorative sleep | 2.5 ± 1.07 2.5 (0–4.5) [2.12–2.80] | 2.5 ± 0.81 2.5 (1–4) [2.14–2.78] | 4.0 ± 1.40 4 (0.5–6) [3.63–4.34] | 3.8 ± 1.26 4 (0.5–6) [3.53–4.11] | < 0.001 | A‑G*** A‑S*** B‑G*** B‑S*** |