nach oben

Erschienen in:

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Plazentafunktion – Nährstofftransport – Gasaustausch

verfasst von : Michael Gruber, Birgit Hirschmugl, Carolin Schliefsteiner, Christian Wadsack

Erschienen in: Die Plazenta

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die vorrangigste Aufgabe der Plazenta ist es, den wachsenden Fetus mit Energie in Form von Nährstoffen und mit Sauerstoff zu versorgen. Auf diese beiden Funktionen wird im folgenden Kapitel im Detail eingegangen. Die Versorgung mit Nährstoffen ist in den Transport von 1) Lipiden und Fettsäuren, 2) Glukose, 3) Proteinen und Aminosäuren sowie 4) den Transport von Spurenelementen und Mineralien untergliedert. Abschließend wird der maternofetale Gasaustausch von Sauerstoff und Kohlendioxid sowie die besonderen Eigenschaften des fetalen Hämoglobins beschrieben.

Vorheriges Kapitel Plazentamorphologie

Nächstes Kapitel Endokrinologie der Plazenta

Arnone A (1972) X-ray diffraction study of binding of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate to human Deoxyhaemoglobin. Nature 237(5351):146–149CrossRef

Aslam N, McArdle HJ (1992) Mechanism of zinc uptake by microvilli isolated from human term placenta. J Cell Physiol 151(3). doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041510312CrossRefPubMed

Aynsley-Green A et al (1985) The metabolic and endocrine milieu of the human fetus at 18–21 weeks of gestation. II. Blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate and ketone body concentrations. Biol Neonate 47(1):19–25CrossRef

Bajoria R et al (2002) Placenta as a link between amino acids, insulin-IGF axis, and low birth weight: Evidence from twin studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(1):308–315CrossRef

Barker DJP (1998) In utero programming of chronic disease. Clin Science 95(2):115–128CrossRef

Beer R, Doll E, Wenner J (1958) Shift in oxygen dissociation curve of the blood of infants in the first month of life. Pflugers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere 265(6):526–540CrossRef

Belkacemi L et al (2003) Expression of Calbindin-D28k (CaBP28k) in Trophoblasts from Human Term Placenta1. Biol Reprod 68(6):1943–1950CrossRef

Belkacemi L et al (2005) Calcium channels, transporters and exchangers in placenta: a review. Cell Calcium 37(1):1–8CrossRef

Benesch R, Benesch RE (1967) The effect of organic phosphates from the human erythrocyte on the allosteric properties of hemoglobin. biochemical and biophysical research communications. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 26(2):162–167CrossRef

Bohr C, Hasselbalch K, Krogh A (1904) Über einen in biologischer Beziehung wichtigen Einfluss, den die Kohlensäurespannung des Blutes auf dessen Sauerstoffbindung übt. Skand Archiv Physiol 16(2):402–412CrossRef

Bozzetti P et al (1988) The relationship of maternal and fetal glucose concentrations in the human from midgestation until term. Metabolism 37(4):358–363CrossRef

Buchanan TA et al (1990) Insulin sensitivity and B-cell responsiveness to glucose during late pregnancy in lean and moderately obese women with normal glucose tolerance or mild gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162(4):1008–1014CrossRef

Burd LI et al (1975) Placental production and foetal utilisation of lactate and pyruvate. Nature 254(5502):710–711CrossRef

Catalano PM et al (1991) Incidence and risk factors associated with abnormal postpartum glucose tolerance in women with gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165(4 Pt 1):914–919CrossRef

Cetin I et al (2005) Maternal and fetal amino acid concentrations in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192(2):610–617CrossRef

Challis DE et al (2000) Glucose metabolism is elevated and vascular resistance and maternofetal transfer is normal in perfused placental cotyledons from severely growth-restricted fetuses. Pediatr Res 47(3):309–315CrossRef

Chanutin A, Curnish RR (1967) Effect of organic and inorganic phosphates on the oxygen equilibrium of human erythrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 121(1):96–102CrossRef

Chubanov V et al (2016) Epithelial magnesium transport by TRPM6 is essential for prenatal development and adult survival. Elife 5. doi: 10.7554/elife.20914

Cleal JK et al (2007) Modification of fetal plasma amino acid composition by placental amino acid exchangers in vitro. J Physiol 582(2):871–882CrossRef

Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, McGowan J (2011) Oxygen transport and delivery. In: Polin R, Fox W, Abman S (eds) Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Elsevier, p 972CrossRef

Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Roncevic N, Oski F (1971) Postnatal changes in oxygen transport of term, premature, and sick infants: the role of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adult hemoglobin. Pediatr Res 5:235CrossRef

Desoye G, Gauster M, Wadsack C (2011) Placental transport in pregnancy pathologies. Am J Clin Nutr 94(6):1896–1902CrossRef

Douglas GC et al (1998) Uptake of 125I-labelled alpha2-macroglobulin and albumin by human placental syncytiotrophoblast in vitro. J Cell Biochem 68(4):427–435CrossRef

Drakesmith H, Nemeth E, Ganz T (2015) Ironing out ferroportin. Cell Metab 22(5):777–787CrossRef

Durnwald C et al (2004) Evaluation of body composition of large-for-gestational-age infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with women with normal glucose tolerance levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191(3):804–808CrossRef

Ericsson A et al (2005) Hormonal regulation of glucose and system A amino acid transport in first trimester placental villous fragments. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288(3):R656–662CrossRef

Finch CA et al (1983) Fetal iron balance in the rat. Am J Clin Nutr 37(6):910–917CrossRef

Fleming MD et al (1998) Nramp2 is mutated in the anemic Belgrade (b) rat: evidence of a role for Nramp2 in endosomal iron transport. Genetics 95:1148–1153

Ford D (2004) Intestinal and placental zinc transport pathways. Proc Nutr Soc 63(1):21–29CrossRef

Freinkel N (1980) Banting lecture 1980. Of pregnancy and progeny. Diabetes 29(12):1023–1035CrossRef

Gauster M et al (2007) Dysregulation of placental endothelial lipase and lipoprotein lipase in intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies. J Clin Endocrin Metabol 92(6):2256–2263CrossRef

Gilbert M, Hauguel S, Bouisset M (1984) Uterine blood flow and substrate uptake in conscious rabbit during late gestation. Am J Physiol 247(5 Pt 1):E574–580PubMed

Glazier JD et al (1997) Association between the activity of the system A amino acid transporter in the microvillous plasma membrane of the human placenta and severity of fetal compromise in intrauterine growth restriction. Pediatr Res 42(4):514–519CrossRef

Goyer RA, Haust MD, Cherian MG (1992) Cellular localization of metallothionein in human term placenta. Placenta 13(4):349–355CrossRef

Haggarty P (2010) Fatty acid supply to the human fetus. Ann Rev Nutr 30(1):237–255CrossRef

Hahn D et al (2001) From maternal glucose to fetal glycogen: expression of key regulators in the human placenta. Mol Hum Reprod 7(12):1173–1178CrossRef

Hahn T et al (1995) Localisation of the high affinity facilitative glucose transporter protein GLUT 1 in the placenta of human, marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) and rat at different developmental stages. Cell Tissue Res 280(1):49–57PubMed

Hahn T et al (2000) Hyperglycaemia-induced subcellular redistribution of GLUT1 glucose transporters in cultured human term placental trophoblast cells. Diabetologia 43(2):173–180CrossRef

He Z, Russell J (2001) Expression, purification, and characterization of human hemoglobins Gower-1 (zeta2epsilon2), Gower-2 (alpha2epsilon2), and Portland-2 (zeta2beta2) assembled in complex transgenic-knockout mice. Blood 97(4):1099–1105CrossRef

Herrera E et al (2006) Maternal lipid metabolism and placental lipid transfer. Horm Res 65(S3):9–64

Herrera E, Desoye G (2016) Maternal and fetal lipid metabolism under normal and gestational diabetic conditions. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 26(2):109–127PubMed

Hill AV (1910) The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of hæmoglobin on its dissociation curves. J Physiol 40(Supplement-Proceedings of the physiological society), iv–vii

Hofmann O, Mould R, Brittain T (1995) Allosteric modulation of oxygen binding to the three human embryonic haemoglobins. Biochem J 306(Pt 2):367–370CrossRef

Hüfner G von (1889) Ueber krystallinisches Hämaglobin. Zeitschrift für physiolog. Chemie, XI–XIII

Husain SM, Mughal MZ (1992) Mineral transport across the placenta. Arch Dis Child 67:874–878CrossRef

Innis SM (2005) Essential fatty acid transfer and fetal development. Placenta 26 Suppl A: 70–75CrossRef

Jansson T et al (2002a) Alterations in the activity of placental amino acid transporters in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Diabetes 51(7):2214–2219CrossRef

Jansson T et al (2002b) Glucose transport and system A activity in syncytiotrophoblast microvillous and basal plasma membranes in intrauterine growth restriction. Placenta 23(5):392–399CrossRef

Jansson T, Powell TL (2006) IFPA 2005 Award in placentology lecture. Human placental transport in altered fetal growth: does the placenta function as a nutrient sensor? – a review. Placenta, 27 Suppl A: 91–97CrossRef

Jansson T, Scholtbach V, Powell TL (1998) Placental transport of leucine and lysine is reduced in intrauterine growth restriction. Pediatr Res 44(4):532–537CrossRef

Jansson T, Wennergren M, Illsley NP (1993) Glucose transporter protein expression in human placenta throughout gestation and in intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77(6):1554–1562PubMed

Kalhan S, Parimi P (2000) Gluconeogenesis in the fetus and neonate. Semin Perinatol 24(2):94–106CrossRef

Kalhan SC et al (1979) Glucose production in pregnant women at term gestation. sources of glucose for human fetus. J Clin Invest 63(3):388–394CrossRef

Kolisek M et al (2013) Hypertension in pregnancy SLC41A1 is the only magnesium responsive gene significantly overexpressed in placentas of preeclamptic women. Hypertension in Pregnancy 32(4):378–389CrossRef

Kovalevsky AY et al (2010) Direct determination of protonation states of histidine residues in a 2 A neutron structure of deoxy-human normal adult hemoglobin and implications for the Bohr effect. J Mol Biol 398(2):276–291CrossRef

Kudo Y, Boyd CAR (2001) Characterisation of L-tryptophan transporters in human placenta: a comparison of brush border and basal membrane vesicles. J Physiol 531(2):405–416CrossRef

Lafond J et al (2001) Hormonal regulation and implication of cell signaling in calcium transfer by placenta. Endocrine 14(3):285–294CrossRef

Lafond J et al (1988) Parathyroid hormone receptor in human placental syncytiotrophoblast brush border and basal plasma membranes. Endocrinology 123(6):2834–2840CrossRef

Lajeunesse D, Brunette MG (1988) Sodium gradient-dependent phosphate transport in placental brush border membrane vesicles. Placenta 9(2):117–128CrossRef

Leitner Y, Fattal-Valevski a, Geva R, Eshel R, Toledano-Alhadef H, Rotstein M, Bassane H, Radianu B, Bitchonsky O, Jaffa aJ et al (2007) Neurodevelopmental outcome of children with intrauterine growth retardation: a longitudinal, 10-Year prospective study. J Child Neurol 22:580–587CrossRef

Lourdes M et al (1992) Effect of chronic maternal dietary magnesium deficiency on placental calcium transport. J Am Coll Nutr 11(1):87–92CrossRef

Mahendran D et al (1993) Amino acid (system A) transporter activity in microvillous membrane vesicles from the placentas of appropriate and small for gestational age babies. Pediatr Res 34(5):661–665CrossRef

Mas A, Sarkar B (1991) Binding, uptake and efflux of 65Zn by isolated human trophoblast cells. BBA - Molecular Cell Research 1092(1):35–38PubMed

Maymon R et al (2000) Localization of p43 placental isoferritin in human maternal-fetal tissue interface. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182(3):670–674CrossRef

Moreau R et al (2003) Expression and role of calcium-ATPase pump and sodium-calcium exchanger in differentiated trophoblasts from human term placenta. Molecular Reproduction and Development 65(3):283–288CrossRef

Morriss FH et al (1974) The glucose/oxygen quotient of the term human fetus. Biol Neonate 25(1–2):44–52CrossRef

Nelson DM et al (2003) Hypoxia reduces expression and function of system A amino acid transporters in cultured term human trophoblasts. AJP: CellPhysiology 284(2):C310–C315

Nishimura M, Naito S (2008) Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of human solute carrier transporter superfamilies. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 23(1):22–44CrossRef

Ohgami RS et al (2006) The steap proteins are metalloreductases. Blood 108(4):1388–1394CrossRef

Okamoto Y et al (2002) Expression and regulation of 4F2hc and hLAT1 in human trophoblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282(1):C196–204CrossRef

Osmond DT et al (2001) Placental glucose transport and utilisation is altered at term in insulin-treated, gestational-diabetic patients. Diabetologia 44(9):1133–1139CrossRef

Paolini CL et al (2001) Placental transport of leucine, phenylalanine, glycine, and proline in intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(11):5427–5432CrossRef

Perutz MF (1964) The hemoglobin molecule. Sci Am 211:64–76CrossRef

Perutz MF (1970) Stereochemistry of cooperative effects in haemoglobin. Nature 228:726–734CrossRef

Pinilla-Tenas JJ et al (2011) Zip14 is a complex broad-scope metal-ion transporter whose functional properties support roles in the cellular uptake of zinc and nontransferrin-bound iron. AJP: Cell Physiology 301(4):C862–C871

Ponka P, Lok CN (1999) The transferrin receptor: role in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 31(10):1111–1137CrossRef

Roos S et al (2007) Mammalian target of rapamycin in the human placenta regulates leucine transport and is down-regulated in restricted fetal growth. J Physiol 582(1):449–459CrossRef

Salle B et al (1987) Vitamin D metabolism in preterm infants. Biol Neonate 52:119–130CrossRef

Schauberger CW, Pitkin RM (1979) Maternal-perinatal calcium relationships. Obstet Gynecol 53(1):74–76PubMed

Shibata E et al (2006) Angiotensin II decreases system A amino acid transporter activity in human placental villous fragments through AT1 receptor activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291(5):E1009–1016CrossRef

Sibley CP, Boyd RD (1988) Control of transfer across the mature placenta. Ox Rev Reprod Biol 10:382–435

Tjoelker LW et al (1994) Human, mouse, and rat calnexin cDNA cloning: identification of potential calcium binding motifs and gene localization to human chromosome 5. Biochemistry 33(11):3229–3236CrossRef

Tobin JD, Roux JF, Soeldner JS (1969) Human fetal insulin response after acute maternal glucose administration during labor. Pediatrics 44(5):668–671PubMed

Voets T et al (2004) TRPM6 forms the Mg2+ influx channel involved in intestinal and renal Mg2+ absorption. J Biol Chem 279(1):19–25CrossRef

Wang CY et al (2012) ZIP8 is an iron and zinc transporter whose cell-surface expression is up-regulated by cellular iron loading. J Biol Chem 287(41):34032–34043CrossRef

Waterman IJ et al (2000) Further characterization of a novel triacylglycerol hydrolase activity (pH 6.0 optimum) from microvillous membranes from human term placenta. Placenta 21(8):813–823CrossRef

Whaley WH, Zuspan FP, Nelson GH (1966) Correlation between maternal and fetal plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 94(3):419–421CrossRef

Xing AY et al (1998) Unexpected expression of glucose transporter 4 in villous stromal cells of human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(11):4097–4101PubMed

Yang H et al (2014) Comparing the expression patterns of placental magnesium/phosphorus-transporting channels between healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies. Mol Reprod Dev 81(9):851–860CrossRef

Zhang Y et al (2003) The cooperativity of human fetal and adult hemoglobins is optimized: a consideration based on the effectiveness of the Bohr shift. Zoolog Sci 20(1):23–28CrossRef

Titel: Plazentafunktion – Nährstofftransport – Gasaustausch
verfasst von: Michael Gruber
Birgit Hirschmugl
Carolin Schliefsteiner
Christian Wadsack
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Die Plazenta
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-55621-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-55622-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55622-1_4

Springerpflege

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten