Figure 1Examples of the materials (English version). (A) Reading materials and (B) arithmetic materials.
Figure 2Changes neuropsychological characteristics for study 1. All of the subjects were patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. (A) Mini-Mental Status Examination score and (B) Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside score. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean. ns, not significant.
Figure 3Changes in neuropsychological characteristics for study 2. All the subjects were community dwelling elderly people. (A) Mini-Mental Status Examination score, (B) Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside score, and (C) Digit Symbol Substitution Test of the WAIS-R score. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean.
Table 1.Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of the experimental and control groups of study 1
|
Experimental (n = 16) |
Control (n = 16) |
Mean age (y) |
85.1 (5.4) |
86.3 (4.9) |
Age range (y) |
76-96 |
78-96 |
Mean MMSE score |
19.9 (7.0) |
19.6 (5.4) |
MMSE range |
7-30 |
7-29 |
Mean FAB score |
7.0 (2.8) |
6.8 (3.2) |
FAB range |
3-14 |
3-12 |