Fondaparinux Sodium Mechanism of Action

Abstract

Background: Fondaparinux sodium is a novel antithrombotic agent, the first of a new class of selective factor Xa inhibitors. It has favourable pharmacokinetics including 100% bioavailability, low variability and a mean terminal half-life of 17 hours for young and 21 hours for elderly healthy volunteers, enabling once-daily administration. Studies on the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after orthopaedic surgery demonstrated significantly improved efficacy over the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin, with a >50% reduced risk of VTE and a similar safety profile.

Objective:To investigate the in vitro binding of fondaparinux sodium to purified antithrombin III (ATIII) and other plasma proteins.

Methods: Fondaparinux sodium was incubated with human plasma, anti-thrombin-depleted plasma or purified human plasma proteins, including anti-thrombin, α1-acid glycoprotein, serum albumin and immunoglobulin. Non-protein-bound fondaparinux sodium was determined using a validated chromogenic assay method, enabling the calculation of the free fraction of fondaparinux sodium and its binding parameters.

Results: At steady state, fondaparinux sodium at therapeutic concentrations [i.e. those attainable in the prevention (0.14 to 0.50 mg/L) and treatment (up to approximately 2 mg/L) of VTE] was extensively bound (>97%) to plasma proteins and specifically bound (>94%) to purified ATIII. The specific binding parameters B_max (binding capacity) and K_D (dissociation constant) were similar for human plasma (B_max = 2072 nmol/L, K_D = 28 nmol/L) and purified ATIII (B_max = 1627 nmol/L and K_D = 32 nmol/L). There was no specific binding of fondaparinux sodium to other purified plasma proteins.

Conclusion: At clinically relevant concentrations, fondaparinux sodium is highly and specifically bound to ATIII in human plasma, suggesting that potential interaction with drugs via albumin or α1-acid glycoprotein displacement is unlikely.