Skip to main content
Log in

Percentile reference charts for selected sleep parameters for 20- to 80-Year-Old healthy subjects from the SIESTA database

Referenzkurven für ausgewählte Schlafparameter 20- bis 80-jähriger gesunder Personen aus der SIESTA-Datenbank

  • Published:
Somnologie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Question of the study

One of the aims of the SIESTA project was to establish a normative database of sleep parameters for healthy and sleep-disturbed patients. Reference data for sleep parameters in non-sleep-disturbed subjects are scarce and usually refer to means and standard deviations. However, since most of the parameters do not follow a Gaussian distribution, percentiles of the distribution provide more detailed information.

Subjects and methods

The present results are based on data from 198 healthy, non-sleep-disturbed subjects (104 females) in the age range of 20 to 95 years. For every subject, two consecutive nights were polysomnographically recorded in one of the eight participating clinical centres. Percentile charts were created on the basis of moving averages computed for 10 year age intervals with the presented age being the midpoint of the underlying interval. The resulting percentile curves were smoothed by a spline function. Since sample size in the oldest age groups is comparatively small, the percentile curves are restricted to the age range of 20 to 80 years.

Results

Percentile curves have been created for the parameters sleep period time (SPT), total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency, REM sleep latency, sleep efficiency index, and percentages of NREM1, NREM2, REM sleep, SWS, and WAKE (with reference to SPT). The charts reflect the known changes of sleep parameters with age, e.g. decrease of TST and sleep efficiency with increasing age.

Conclusion

The reference charts are intended to be a helpful tool to evaluate selected aspects of sleep quality in sleep-disturbed patients.

Zusammenfassung

Fragestellung

Eines der Ziele des SIESTA-Projekts war die Erstellung einer normativen Datenbank für Schlafparameter von gesunden Probanden und Patienten mit Schlafstörungen. Referenzdaten zum Schlaf von nicht schlafgestörten Personen sind rar und werden gewöhnlich in Form von Mittelwerten und Standardabweichungen angegeben. Da die meisten Schlafparameter jedoch keine Normalverteilung aufweisen, sind Perzentilkurven informativer.

Probanden und Methodik

Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse basieren auf Daten von 198 nicht schlafgestörten Personen (104 Frauen) im Alter von 20 bis 95 Jahren. Bei jedem Probanden wurden in einem der acht teilnehmenden Zentren zwei aufeinanderfolgende Nächte polysomnographisch aufgezeichnet. Die Perzentilkurven wurden auf der Basis gleitender Mittelwerte für 10 Jahresintervalle ermittelt, wobei das Bezugsalter den Mittelpunkt des zugrundeliegenden Altersintervalls darstellt. Die resultierenden Perzentile wurden mit einer Spline-Funktion geglättet. Da der Stichprobenumfang in der höchsten Altersklasse vergleichsweise klein war, sind die Perzentilkurven auf die Altersspanne 20 bis 80 Jahre beschränkt.

Ergebnisse

Perzentilkurven für die Parameter Schlafperiodenzeit, Gesamtschlafzeit, Einschlaflatenz, REM-Schlaf-Latenz und Schlafeffizienz-Index sowie für die prozentualen Anteile der Stadien NREM1, NREM2, REM-Schlaf, Tiefschlaf und Wach nach Schlafbeginn an der Schlafperiodenzeit erstellt. Die Kurven spiegeln die bekannten Veränderungen der Schlafparameter mit dem Alter wider, so z. B. die Abnahme der Gesamtschlafzeit und der Schlafeffizienz mit zunehmendem Alter.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Referenz-Kurven sind als einfach zu handhabende Bewertungshilfen für ausgewählte Aspekte der Schlafqualität bei Patienten mit Schlafstörungen gedacht.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agnew HW: Integrator analysis of the sleep electroencephalogram. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1973; 34: 391–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Agnew HW, Webb WB, Williams RL: Sleep patterns in late middle age males: an EEG study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 23: 168–171, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Benca RM, Obermeyer WH, Thisted RA, Gillin JC: Sleep and psychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 651–668, 1992.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bixler EO, Kales A, Jacoby JA, Soldatos CR, Vela-Bueno A: Nocturnal sleep and wake fulness: effects of age and sex in normal sleepers. Int J Neurosci 23: 33–42, 1984.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Buysse DJ, Browman KE, Monk TH, Reynolds III CF, Fasiczka AL, Kupfer DJ. Napping and 24-hour sleep/wake patterns in healthy elderly and young adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 40: 779–786, 1992.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Carrier J, Land ST, Buysee DJ, Kupfer DJ, Monk TH: The effects of age and gender on sleep EEG power spectral density in the middle years of life (ages 20–60 years old) Psychophysiology 38: 232–242, 2001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Carrier J, Monk T, Buysse DJ, Kupfer DJ: Sleep and morningness-eveningness in the ‘middle’ years of life (20 y−59 y). J Sleep Res 6: 230–237, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ehlers CL, Kupfer DJ: Effects of age on delta and REM sleep parameters. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 72: 118–125, 1989.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Feinberg I: Changes in sleep cycle patterns with age. J Psychiatr Res 10: 283–306, 1974.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Feinberg I, Koresko RL, Heller N: EEG sleep patterns as a function of normal and pathological aging in man. J Psychiatr Res 5: 107–144, 1967.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hayashi Y, Endo S: All-night sleep polygraphic recordings of healthy persons: REM and slow-wave sleep. Sleep 3: 277–283, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hein H, Magnusson H: Literature-based values of control subjects in sleep medicine. Somnologie 7: 28–34, 2003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hirshkovitz M, Moore CA, Hamilton III CR, Rando KC, Karacan I. Polysomnography of adults and elderly: sleep architecture, respiration, and leg movement. J Clin Neurophys 9: 56–62, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kahn E, Fisher C: The sleep characteristics of the normal aged male. J Nerv Ment Dis 148: 477–494, 1969.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kahn E, Fisher C, Liebermann L: Sleep characteristics of the human aged female. Compr Psychiatry 11: 274–278, 1970.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kales A, Wilson T, Kales JD, Jacobson A, Paulson MJ, Kollar E, Walter RD. Measurement of all-night sleep in normal elderly persons: effects of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 5: 405–414, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Klösch G, Kemp B, Penzel Th, Schlögl A, Rappelsberger P, Trenker E, Gruber G, Zeitlhofer J, Saletu B, Herrmann WM, Himanen SL, Kunz D, Barbanoj MJ, Röschke J, Värri A, Dorffner G: The SIESTA project polygraphic and clinical database. A new approach to studying subjective and objective measurements of human sleep. IEEE Eng Med Biol 20: 51–57, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Landolt HP, Borbély AA: Age-dependent5 changes in sleep EEG topography. Clin Neurophysiol 112: 369–377, 2001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Landolt HP, Dijk DJ, Achermann P, Borbély AA: Effect of age on sleep EEG: slow-wave activity and spindle frequency activity in young and middle-aged men. Brain Res 738: 205–212, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Prinz PN: Sleep patterns in healthy aged: relationship with intellectual function. J Gerontol 32: 179–186, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Rappelsberger P, Trenker E, Rothmann Ch, Gruber G, Sykacek P, Roberts St, Klösch G, Zeitlhofer J, Anderer P, Saletu B, Schlögl A, Värri A, Kemp B, Penzel Th, Herrmann W, Hasan J, Barbanoj MJ, Röschke J, Kunz D, Dorffner G: Das Projekt SIESTA. Klin Neurophysiol 32: 76–88, 2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Rechtschaffen A, Kales A: A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring systems for sleep stages of human subjects. U. S. Govemment Printing Office. Washington DC, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Redline S, Bonekat W, Gottlieb D, Iber C, Lind B, Quan SF, Rapoport DM, Sanders M, Smith PL: Sleep stage distribution in the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) cohort. Sleep 21: S210, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Reynolds CF III, Kupfer DJ, Taska LS, Hoch CC, Sewitch DE, Spiker DG: Sleep in healthy seniors: a revisit. Sleep 8: 20–29, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Reynolds CF III, Monk TH, Hoch CC, Jennings R, Buysse DJ, Houck PR, Jarrett DB, Kupfer DJ: Electroencephalographic sleep in the healthy ‘old old’: a comparison with the ‘young old’ in visually scored and automated measures. J Gerontol 46: M39-M46, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Riemann D, Hohagen F, Bahro M, Berger M: Sleep in depression: the influence of age, gender and diagnostic subtype on baseline sleep and the cholinergic REM induction test with RS 86. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 243: 279–290, 1994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Spiegel R: Sleep and sleeplessness in advanced age. MTP Press Limited, Lancaster, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L: Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men. JAMA 284: 861–868, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Webb WB: Sleep in older persons: sleep structures of 50- to 60-year-old men and women. J Gerontol 37: 581–586, 1982.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Webb WB, Dreblow LM: A modified method for scoring slow wave sleep of older subjects. Sleep 5: 195–199, 1982.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Williams RL, Agnew HW, Webb WB: Sleep patterns in young adults: an EEG study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophys 17: 376–381, 1964.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Williams RL, Karacan I, Hursch CJ: EEG of human sleep: clinical applications. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Williams RL, Karacan I, Thornby JI, Salis PJ: The electroencephalogram sleep patterns of middle-aged males. J Nerv Ment Dis 154: 22–30, 1972.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heidi Danker-Hopfe.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Danker-Hopfe, H., Schäfer, M., Dorn, H. et al. Percentile reference charts for selected sleep parameters for 20- to 80-Year-Old healthy subjects from the SIESTA database. Somnologie 9, 3–14 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-054X.2004.00038.x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-054X.2004.00038.x

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation