18 Chirurgie und Transplantation

Literatur

• 1 Velanovich V. The value of routine preoperative laboratory testing in predicting postoperative complications: a multivariate analysis.  Surgery. 1991;  109 236-243
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2 Engelman D T, Adams D H, Byrne J G. et al . Impact of body mass index and albumin on morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;  118 866-873
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 3 Kama N A, Coskun T, Yuksek Y N, Yazgan A. Factors affecting post-operative mortality in malignant biliary tract obstruction.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;  46 103-107
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 4 Takagi K, Yamamori H, Toyoda Y, Nakajima N, Tashiro T. Modulating effects of the feeding route on stress response and endotoxin translocation in severely stressed patients receiving thoracic esophagectomy.  Nutrition. 2000;  16 355-360
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 Koval K J, Maurer S G, Su E T, Aharonoff G B, Zuckerman J D. The effects of nutritional status on outcome after hip fracture.  J Orthop Trauma. 1999;  13 164-169
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 6 Klein J D, Hey L A, Yu C S. et al . Perioperative nutrition and postoperative complications in patients undergoing spinal surgery.  Spine. 1996;  21 2676-2682
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 7 Dannhauser A, Zyl J M Van, Nel C J. Preoperative nutritional status and prognostic nutritional index in patients with benign disease undergoing abdominal operations - Part I.  J Am Coll Nutr. 1995;  14 80-90
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 Jagoe R T, Goodship T H, Gibson G J. The influence of nutritional status on complications after operations for lung cancer.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;  71 936-943
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Mazolewski P, Turner J F, Baker M, Kurtz T, Little A G. The impact of nutritional status on the outcome of lung volume reduction surgery: a prospective study.  Chest. 1999;  116 693-696
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 10 Bokhorst-de van der Schueren M A van, Leeuwen P A van, Sauerwein H P, Kuik D J, Snow G B, Quak J J. Assessment of malnutrition parameters in head and neck cancer and their relation to postoperative complications.  Head Neck. 1997;  19 419-425
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 11 Bokhorst-de van der Schuer M A van, Leeuwen P A van, Kuik D J. et al . The impact of nutritional status on the prognoses of patients with advanced head and neck cancer.  Cancer. 1999;  86 519-527
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Lavernia C J, Sierra R J, Baerga L. Nutritional parameters and short-term outcome in arthroplasty.  J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;  18 274-278
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Patterson B M, Cornell C N, Carbone B, Levine B, Chapman D. Protein depletion and metabolic stress in elderly patients who have a fracture of the hip.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;  74 251-260
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Rey-Ferro M, Castano R, Orozco O, Serna A, Moreno A. Nutritional and immunologic evaluation of patients with gastric cancer before and after surgery.  Nutrition. 1997;  13 878-881
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 Guo C B, Ma D Q, Zhang K H. Applicability of the general nutritional status score to patients with oral and maxillofacial malignancies.  Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994;  23 167-169
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 16 Guo C B, Zhang W, Ma D Q, Zhang K H, Huang J Q. Hand grip strength: an indicator of nutritional state and the mix of postoperative complications in patients with oral and maxillofacial cancers.  Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;  34 325-327
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Pedersen N W, Pedersen D. Nutrition as a prognostic indicator in amputations. A prospective study of 47 cases.  Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;  63 675-678
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Mohler J L, Flanigan R C. The effect of nutritional status and support on morbidity and mortality of bladder cancer patients treated by radical cystectomy.  J Urol. 1987;  137 404-407
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 Saluja S S, Kaur N, Shrivastava U K. Enteral nutrition in surgical patients.  Surg Today. 2002;  32 672-678
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 20 Durkin M T, Mercer K G, McNulty M F. et al . Vascular surgical society of great britain and ireland: contribution of malnutrition to postoperative morbidity in vascular surgical patients.  Br J Surg. 1999;  86 702
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Nezu K, Yoshikawa M, Yoneda T. et al . The effect of nutritional status on morbidity in COPD patients undergoing bilateral lung reduction surgery.  Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;  49 216-220
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 Hulsewe K W, Meijerink W J, Soeters P B, Meyenfeldt M F von. Assessment of outcome of perioperative nutritional interventions.  Nutrition. 1997;  13 996-998
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 23 Butters M, Straub M, Kraft K, Bittner R. Studies on nutritional status in general surgery patients by clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory parameters.  Nutrition. 1996;  12 405-410
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Correia M I, Caiaffa W T, Silva A L da, Waitzberg D L. Risk factors for malnutrition in patients undergoing gastroenterological and hernia surgery: an analysis of 374 patients.  Nutr Hosp. 2001;  16 59-64
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 25 Lumbers M, New S A, Gibson S, Murphy M C. Nutritional status in elderly female hip fracture patients: comparison with an age-matched home living group attending day centres.  Br J Nutr. 2001;  85 733-740
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 Haugen M, Homme K A, Reigstad A, Teigland J. Assessment of nutritional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis undergoing joint replacement surgery.  Arthritis Care Res. 1999;  12 26-32
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 27 Saito T, Kuwahara A, Shigemitsu Y. et al . Factors related to malnutrition in patients with esophageal cancer.  Nutrition. 1991;  7 117-121
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 28 Weimann A, Meyer H J, Müller M J. et al . Bedeutung des präoperativen Gewichtsverlustes für die perioperative Stoffwechseladaptation und das Operationsrisiko bei Patienten mit Tumoren im oberen Gastrointestinaltrakt.  Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1992;  377 45-52
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Bollschweiler E, Schröder W, Hölscher A H, Siewert J R. Preoperative risk analysis in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus.  Br J Surg. 2000;  87 1106-1110
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 Takagi K, Yamamori H, Morishima Y, Toyoda Y, Nakajima N, Tashiro T. Preoperative immunosuppression: its relationship with high morbidity and mortality in patients receiving thoracic esophagectomy.  Nutrition. 2001;  17 13-17
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Padillo F J, Andicoberry B, Muntane J. et al . Factors predicting nutritional derangements in patients with obstructive jaundice: multivariate analysis.  World J Surg. 2001;  25 413-418
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 32 Moukarzel A A, Najm I, Vargas J, McDiarmid S V, Busuttil R W, Ament M E. Effect of nutritional status on outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation in pediatric patients.  Transplant Proc. 1990;  22 1560-1563
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 33 Müller M J, Lautz H U, Plogmann B, Bürger M, Körber J, Schmidt F W. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in patients with cirrhosis: the impact of cause, clinical staging and nutritional state.  Hepatology. 1992;  15 782-794
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Pikul J, Sharpe M D, Lowndes R, Ghent C N. Degree of preoperative malnutrition is predictive of postoperative morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients.  Transplantation. 1994;  57 469-472
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Shaw Jr B W, Wood R P, Gordon R D, Iwatsuki S, Gillquist W P, Starzl T E. Influence of selected patient variables and operative blood loss on six-month survival following liver transplantation.  Semin Liver Dis. 1985;  5 385-393
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 Selberg O, Böttcher J, Tusch G, Pichlmayr R, Henkel E, Müller M J. Identification of high- and low-risk patients before liver transplantation: a prospective cohort study of nutritional and metabolic parameters in 150 patients.  Hepatology. 1997;  25 652-657
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Roggero P, Cataliotti E, Ulla L. et al . Factors influencing malnutrition in children waiting for liver transplants.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;  65 1852-1857
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Plöchl W, Pezawas L, Artemiou O, Grimm M, Klepetko W, Hiesmayr M. Nutritional status, ICU duration and ICU mortality in lung transplant recipients.  Intensive Care Med. 1996;  22 1179-1185
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Schwebel C, Pin I, Barnoud D. et al . Prevalence and consequences of nutritional depletion in lung transplant candidates.  Eur Respir J. 2000;  16 1050-1055
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Figueiredo F, Dickson E R, Pasha T. et al . Impact of nutritional status on outcomes after liver transplantation.  Transplantation. 2000;  70 1347-1352
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 41 Stephenson G R, Moretti E W, El Moalem H, Clavien P A, Tuttle-Newhall J E. Malnutrition in liver transplant patients: preoperative subjective global assessment is predictive of outcome after liver transplantation.  Transplantation. 2001;  72 666-670
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 Linn B S, Robinson D S, Klimas N G. Effects of age and nutritional status on surgical outcomes in head and neck cancer.  Ann Surg. 1988;  207 267-273
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 43 Kornowski A, Cosnes J, Gendre J P, Quintrec Y. Enteral nutrition in malnutrition following gastric resection and cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1992;  39 9-13
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Velez J P, Lince L F, Restrepo J I. Early enteral nutrition in gastrointestinal surgery: a pilot study.  Nutrition. 1997;  13 442-445
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Weimann A, Müller M J, Adolph M. et al . Kriterien der Überwachung und des Erfolgs einer künstlichen Ernährung - Loccumer Gespräche 1997.  Intensivmed. 1997;  34 744-748
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 46 Hedberg A M, Lairson D R, Aday L A. et al . Economic implications of an early postoperative enteral feeding protocol.  J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;  99 802-807
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Hamaoui E, Lefkowitz R, Olender L. et al . Enteral nutrition in the early postoperative period: a new semi-elemental formula versus total parenteral nutrition.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990;  14 501-507
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 Moore F A, Feliciano D V, Andrassy R J. et al . Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. The results of a meta-analysis.  Ann Surg. 1992;  216 172-183
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 Mochizuki H, Togo S, Tanaka K, Endo I, Shimada H. Early enteral nutrition after hepatectomy to prevent postoperative infection.  Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;  47 1407-1410
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Shaw-Stiffel T A, Zarny L A, Pleban W E, Rosman D D, Rudolph R A, Bernstein L H. Effect of nutrition status and other factors on length of hospital stay after major gastrointestinal surgery.  Nutrition. 1993;  9 140-145
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Neumayer L A, Smout R J, Horn H G, Horn S D. Early and sufficient feeding reduces length of stay and charges in surgical patients.  J Surg Res. 2001;  95 73-77
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 52 Weimann A, Müller M J, Herz U von. et al . Lebensqualität als Kriterium des Erfolgs einer künstlichen Ernährung - Loccumer Gespräche 1998.  Intensivmed. 1998;  35 724-726
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 53 Bruning P F, Halling A, Hilgers F J. et al . Postoperative nasogastric tube feeding in patients with head and neck cancer: a prospective assessment of nutritional status and well-being.  Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1988;  24 181-188
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 54 Hammerlid E, Wirblad B, Sandin C. et al . Malnutrition and food intake in relation to quality of life in head and neck cancer patients.  Head Neck. 1998;  20 540-548
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 55 Weimann A. Sinnvolle Ziele für eine Ernährungstherapie beim Tumorpatienten.  Aktuel Ernaehr Med. 2001;  26 167-169
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 56 Lewis S J, Egger M, Sylvester P A, Thomas S. Early enteral feeding versus „nil by mouth” after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.  BMJ. 2001;  323 773-776
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 57 Marik P E, Zaloga G P. Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: a systematic review.  Crit Care Med. 2001;  29 2264-2270
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 58 Weimann A, Jauch K W, Kemen M. et al . DGEM-Leitlinie Enterale Ernährung: Chirurgie und Transplantation.  Aktuel Ernaehr Med. 2003;  28 S51-S60
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 59 Schilder J M, Hurteau J A, Look K Y. et al . A prospective controlled trial of early postoperative oral intake following major abdominal gynecologic surgery.  Gynecol Oncol. 1997;  67 235-240
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 60 Stewart B T, Woods R J, Collopy B T, Fink R J, Mackay J R, Keck J O. Early feeding after elective open colorectal resections: a prospective randomized trial.  Aust N Z J Surg. 1998;  68 125-128
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 61 Moiniche S, Bulow S, Hesselfeldt P, Hestbaek A, Kehlet H. Convalescence and hospital stay after colonic surgery with balanced analgesia, early oral feeding, and enforced mobilisation.  Eur J Surg. 1995;  161 283-288
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 62 Bickel A, Shtamler B, Mizrahi S. Early oral feeding following removal of nasogastric tube in gastrointestinal operations. A randomized prospective study.  Arch Surg. 1992;  127 287-289
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 63 Elmore M F, Gallagher S C, Jones J G, Koons K K, Schmalhausen A W, Strange P S. Esophagogastric decompression and enteral feeding following cholecystectomy: a controlled, randomized prospective trial.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1989;  13 377-381
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 64 Reissman P, Teoh T A, Cohen S M, Weiss E G, Nogueras J J, Wexner S D. Is early oral feeding safe after elective colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial.  Ann Surg. 1995;  222 73-77
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 65 Jeffery K M, Harkins B, Cresci G A, Martindale R G. The clear liquid diet is no longer a necessity in the routine postoperative management of surgical patients.  Am Surg. 1996;  62 167-170
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 66 Choi J, O'Connell T X. Safe and effective early postoperative feeding and hospital discharge after open colon resection.  Am Surg. 1996;  62 853-856
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 67 Detry R, Ciccarelli O, Komlan A, Claeys N. Early feeding after colorectal surgery. Preliminary results.  Acta Chir Belg. 1999;  99 292-294
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 68 Chen H H, Wexner S D, Iroatulam A J. et al . Laparoscopic colectomy compares favorably with colectomy by laparotomy for reduction of postoperative ileus.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;  43 61-65
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 69 Bronnimann S, Studer M, Wagner H E. Early postoperative nutrition after elective colonic surgery.  Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd. 1998;  115 1094-1095
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 70 Daly J M, Bonau R, Stofberg P, Bloch A, Jeevanandam M, Morse M. Immediate postoperative jejunostomy feeding. Clinical and metabolic results in a prospective trial.  Am J Surg. 1987;  153 198-206
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 71 Kemen M, Senkal M, Homann H H. et al . Early postoperative enteral nutrition with arginine-omega-3 fatty acids and ribonucleic acid-supplemented diet versus placebo in cancer patients: an immunologic evaluation of Impact.  Crit Care Med. 1995;  23 652-659
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 72 Pacelli F, Bossola M, Papa V. et al . Enteral vs parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: an even match.  Arch Surg. 2001;  136 933-936
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 73 Bozzetti F, Braga M, Gianotti L, Gavazzi C, Mariani L. Postoperative enteral versus parenteral nutrition in malnourished patients with gastrointestinal cancer: a randomised multicentre trial.  Lancet. 2001;  358 1487-1492
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 74 Schwenk W, Böhm B, Haase O, Junghans T, Müller J M. Laparoscopic versus conventional colorectal resection: a prospective randomised study of postoperative ileus and early postoperative feeding.  Langenbecks Arch Surg. 1998;  383 49-55
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 75 Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Kehlet H. Rapid rehabilitation in elderly patients after laparoscopic colonic resection.  Br J Surg. 2000;  87 1540-1545
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 76 Sandström R, Drott C, Hyltander A. et al . The effect of postoperative intravenous feeding (TPN) on outcome following major surgery evaluated in a randomized study.  Ann Surg. 1993;  217 185-195
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 77 ASPEN Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force . Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2002;  26 1SA-138SA
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 78 Muggia-Sullam M, Bower R H, Murphy R F, Joffe S N, Fischer J E. Postoperative enteral versus parenteral nutritional support in gastrointestinal surgery. A matched prospective study.  Am J Surg. 1985;  149 106-112
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 79 Adams S, Dellinger E P, Wertz M J, Oreskovich M R, Simonowitz D, Johansen K. Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support following laparotomy for trauma: a randomized prospective trial.  J Trauma. 1986;  26 882-891
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 80 Bower R H, Talamini M A, Sax H C, Hamilton F, Fischer J E. Postoperative enteral vs parenteral nutrition. A randomized controlled trial.  Arch Surg. 1986;  121 1040-1045
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 81 Moore F A, Moore E E, Jones T N, McCroskey B L, Peterson V M. TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma - reduced septic morbidity.  J Trauma. 1989;  29 916-922
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 82 Reilly J, Mehta R, Teperman L. et al . Nutritional support after liver transplantation: a randomized prospective study.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990;  14 386-391
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 83 No authors listed . Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. The Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group.  N Engl J Med. 1991;  325 525-532
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 84 Kudsk K A, Croce M A, Fabian T C. et al . Enteral versus parenteral feeding. Effects on septic morbidity after blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma.  Ann Surg. 1992;  215 503-511
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 85 Meyenfeldt M F von, Meijerink W J, Rouflart M MJ, Builmaassen M THJ, Soeters P B. Perioperative nutritional support: a randomised clinical trial.  Clin Nutr. 1992;  11 180-186
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 86 Iovinelli G, Marsili I, Varrassi G. Nutrition support after total laryngectomy.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1993;  17 445-448
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 87 Brennan M F, Pisters P W, Posner M, Quesada O, Shike M. A prospective randomized trial of total parenteral nutrition after major pancreatic resection for malignancy.  Ann Surg. 1994;  220 436-441
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 88 Dunham C M, Frankenfield D, Belzberg H, Wiles C, Cushing B, Grant Z. Gut failure - predictor of or contributor to mortality in mechanically ventilated blunt trauma patients?.  J Trauma. 1994;  37 30-34
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 89 Fan S T, Lo C M, Lai E C, Chu K M, Liu C L, Wong J. Perioperative nutritional support in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma.  N Engl J Med. 1994;  331 1547-1552
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 90 Wicks C, Somasundaram S, Bjarnason I. et al . Comparison of enteral feeding and total parenteral nutrition after liver transplantation.  Lancet. 1994;  344 837-840
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 91 Jauch K W, Kroner G, Hermann A, Inthorn D, Hartl W, Günther B. Postoperative infusion therapy: electrolyte solution in comparison with hypocaloric glucose and carbohydrate exchange-amino acid solutions.  Zentralbl Chir. 1995;  120 682-688
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 92 Baigrie R J, Devitt P G, Watkin D S. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after oesophagogastric surgery: a prospective randomized comparison.  Aust N Z J Surg. 1996;  66 668-670
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 93 Reynolds J V, Kanwar S, Welsh F K, Harry M. et al . Vars Research Award. Does the route of feeding modify gut barrier function and clinical outcome in patients after major upper gastrointestinal surgery?.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997;  21 196-201
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 94 Sand J, Luostarinen M, Matikainen M. Enteral or parenteral feeding after total gastrectomy: prospective randomised pilot study.  Eur J Surg. 1997;  163 761-766
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 95 Shirabe K, Matsumata T, Shimada M. et al . A comparison of parenteral hyperalimentation and early enteral feeding regarding systemic immunity after major hepatic resection - the results of a randomized prospective study.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1997;  44 205-209
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 96 Hu S S, Fontaine F, Kelly B, Bradford D S. Nutritional depletion in staged spinal reconstructive surgery. The effect of total parenteral nutrition.  Spine. 1998;  23 1401-1405
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 97 Bozzetti F, Gavazzi C, Miceli R. et al . Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in malnourished, gastrointestinal cancer patients: a randomized, clinical trial.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2000;  24 7-14
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 98 Braga M, Gianotti L, Gentilini O, Parisi V, Salis C, Di C V. Early postoperative enteral nutrition improves gut oxygenation and reduces costs compared with total parenteral nutrition.  Crit Care Med. 2001;  29 242-248
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 99 Woodcock N P, Zeigler D, Palmer M D, Buckley P, Mitchell C J, MacFie J. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: a pragmatic study.  Nutrition. 2001;  17 1-12
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 100 Braunschweig C L, Levy P, Sheean P M, Wang X. Enteral compared with parenteral nutrition: a meta-analysis.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;  74 534-542
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 101 Heyland D K, Montalvo M, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Su X Y, Drover J W. Total parenteral nutrition in the surgical patient: a meta-analysis.  Can J Surg. 2001;  44 102-111
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 102 Heyland D K, Dhaliwal R, Drover J W, Gramlich L, Dodek P. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003;  27 355-373
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 103 Dhaliwal R, Jurewitsch B, Harrietha D, Heyland D K. Combination enteral and parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: harmful or beneficial? A systematic review of the evidence.  Intensive Care Med. 2004;  30 1666-1671
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 104 McCowen K C, Friel C, Sternberg J. et al . Hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition: effectiveness in prevention of hyperglycemia and infectious complications - a randomized clinical trial.  Crit Care Med. 2000;  28 3606-3611
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 105 Lin M T, Saito H, Fukushima R. et al . Preoperative total parenteral nutrition influences postoperative systemic cytokine responses after colorectal surgery.  Nutrition. 1997;  13 8-12
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 106 Gil M J, Franch G, Guirao X. et al . Response of severely malnourished patients to preoperative parenteral nutrition: a randomized clinical trial of water and sodium restriction.  Nutrition. 1997;  13 26-31
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 107 Bolder U, Ebers M, Tacke J, Löhlein D. Effekte einer unmittelbaren präoperativen Substratzufuhr auf das postoperative Stoffwechselverhalten..  Aktuel Ernaehr Med. 1995;  20 98-103
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 108 Morlion B J, Stehle P, Wachtler P. et al . Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.  Ann Surg. 1998;  227 302-308
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 109 Fürst P. Effects of supplemental parenteral L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Ala-Gln) following elective operation - a European multicentre study.  Clin Nutr. 1999;  18 16
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 110 Jacobi C A, Ordemann J, Zuckermann H, Docke W, Volk H D, Müller J M. The influence of alanyl-glutamine on immunologic functions and morbidity in postoperative total parenteral nutrition. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial.  Zentralbl Chir. 1999;  124 199-205
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 111 Jiang Z M, Cao J D, Zhu X G. et al . The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999;  23 S62-S66
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 112 Powell-Tuck J. Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide shortened hospital stays and improved immune status and nitrogen economy after major abdominal surgery.  Gut. 1999;  44 155
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 113 Mertes N, Schulzki C, Goeters C. et al . Cost containment through L-alanyl-L-glutamine supplemented total parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled study.  Clin Nutr. 2000;  19 395-401
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 114 Karwowska K A, Szulc R, Dworacki G, Zeromski J. Influence of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition on nitrogen balance and immunologic status in patients undergoing elective aortic aneurysm repair.  Clin Nutr. 2000;  19 22
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 115 Neri A, Mariani F, Piccolomini A, Testa M, Vuolo G, Cosmo L di. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition in major abdominal surgery.  Nutrition. 2001;  17 968-969
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 116 Fuentes-Orozco C, Anaya-Prado R, Gonzalez-Ojeda A. et al . L-alanyl-L-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves infectious morbidity in secondary peritonitis.  Clin Nutr. 2004;  23 13-21
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 117 Novak F, Heyland D K, Avenell A, Drover J W, Su X. Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence.  Crit Care Med. 2002;  30 2022-2029
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 118 Jiang Z M, Jiang H, Fürst P. The impact of glutamine dipeptides on outcome of surgical patients: systematic review of randomized controlled trials from Europe and Asia.  Clin Nutr Suppl. 2004;  1 17-23
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 119 Exner R, Tamandl D, Goetzinger P. et al . Perioperative GLY-GLN infusion diminishes the surgery-induced period of immunosuppression: accelerated restoration of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha response.  Ann Surg. 2003;  237 110-115
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 120 Jing-Xiang S, Xiao-Huang T, Lie W, Chen-Jing L. Glutamine dipeptide-supplemented parenteral nutrition in patients with colorectal cancer.  Clin Nutr Suppl. 2004;  1 49-53
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 121 Yao G X, Xue X B, Jiang Z M, Yang N F, Wilmore D W. Effects of perioperative parenteral glutamine-dipeptide supplementation on plasma endotoxin level, plasma endotoxin inactivation capacity and clinical outcome.  Clin Nutr. 2005;  24 510-515
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 122 Lin M T, Kung S P, Yeh S L. et al . Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition attenuates plasma interleukin-6 in surgical patients with lower disease severity.  World J Gastroenterol. 2005;  11 6197-6201
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 123 Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L, Laviano A, Ljungqvist O, Soeters P. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including Organ Transplantation.  Clin Nutr. 2006;  25 224-244
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 124 Marin V B, Rebollo M G, Castillo-Duran C D. et al . Controlled study of early postoperative parenteral nutrition in children.  J Pediatr Surg. 1999;  34 1330-1335
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 125 Shulman R J, Phillips S. Parenteral nutrition in infants and children.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;  36 587-607
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 126 Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D. et al . Safe practices for parenteral nutrition.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;  28 S39-S70
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 127 Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft für künstliche Ernährung (DAKE), Österreichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für künstliche Ernährung (AKE) . Empfehlungen zur parenteralen Infusions- und Ernährungstherapie im Kindesalter.  Klin Pädiatr. 1987;  199 315-317
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 128 Albers M J, Steyerberg E W, Hazebroek F W. et al . Glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition does not improve intestinal permeability, nitrogen balance, or outcome in newborns and infants undergoing digestive-tract surgery: results from a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.  Ann Surg. 2005;  241 599-606
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 129 Amii L A, Moss R L. Nutritional support of the pediatric surgical patient.  Curr Opin Pediatr. 1999;  11 237-240
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 130 Kaufman S S. Prevention of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in children.  Pediatr Transplant. 2002;  6 37-42
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 131 Sondheimer J M, Cadnapaphornchai M, Sontag M, Zerbe G O. Predicting the duration of dependence on parenteral nutrition after neonatal intestinal resection.  J Pediatr. 1998;  132 80-84
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 132 Weimann A, Kuse E R, Bechstein W O, Neuberger J M, Plauth M, Pichlmayr R. Perioperative parenteral and enteral nutrition for patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Results of a questionnaire from 16 European transplant units.  Transpl Int. 1998;  11 S289-S291
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 133 Plauth M, Merli M, Kondrup J. et al . ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation.  Clin Nutr. 1997;  16 43-55
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 134 Wicks C, Somasundaram S, Bjarnason I. et al . Comparison of enteral feeding and total parenteral nutrition after liver transplantation.  Lancet. 1994;  344 837-840
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 135 Hasse J M, Blue L S, Liepa G U. et al . Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1995;  19 437-443
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 136 Kuse E R, Kotzerke J, Muller S, Nashan B, Luck R, Jaeger K. Hepatic reticuloendothelial function during parenteral nutrition including an MCT/LCT or LCT emulsion after liver transplantation - a double-blind study.  Transpl Int. 2002;  15 272-277
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 137 Delafosse B, Viale J P, Pachiaudi C. et al . Long- and medium-chain triglycerides during parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients.  Am J Physiol. 1997;  272 E550-E555
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 138 Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T. et al . Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation - a randomized, double-blind trial.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 125-130
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 139 Pescovitz M D, Mehta P L, Leapman S B, Milgrom M L, Jindal R M, Filo R S. Tube jejunostomy in liver transplant recipients.  Surgery. 1995;  117 642-647
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 140 Rovera G M, Graham T O, Hutson W R. et al . Nutritional management of intestinal allograft recipients.  Transplant Proc. 1998;  30 2517-2518
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 141 Murray M, Grogan T A, Lever J, Warty V S, Fung J, Venkataramanan R. Comparison of tacrolimus absorption in transplant patients receiving continuous versus interrupted enteral nutritional feeding.  Ann Pharmacother. 1998;  32 633-636
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 142 Li Y S, Li J S, Jiang J W. et al . Glycyl-glutamine-enriched long-term total parenteral nutrition attenuates bacterial translocation following small bowel transplantation in the pig.  J Surg Res. 1999;  82 106-111
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 143 Jaksic T, Shew S B, Keshen T H, Dzakovic A, Jahoor F. Do critically ill surgical neonates have increased energy expenditure?.  J Pediatr Surg. 2001;  36 63-67
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar