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Beitrag zum Themenschwerpunkt

Alkohol-assoziierte kognitive Beeinträchtigungen

Published Online:March 14, 2007https://doi.org/10.1024/1011-6877.19.4.207

Abstract

Zusammenfassung: Alkoholmissbrauch kann in vielfältiger Weise zu kognitiven Defiziten beitragen, die von diskreten Beeinträchtigungen bis zu schweren demenziellen Syndromen reichen und zumindest partiell reversibel aber auch dauerhaft sein können. Dauerhafte kognitive Defizite allein aufgrund einer unmittelbaren neurotoxischen Wirkung des Žthanol sind sehr selten; sie sind meist mit neurologischen oder internistischen Alkoholfolgekrankheiten assoziiert bzw. der Alkohol wirkt als Kofaktor. Die neurobiologischen Korrelate sind nicht sehr spezifisch. Verschiedene pathogenetische Mechanismen werden diskutiert, die aus der Perspektive der Neurogenese besser verständlich werden. Eine besondere Rolle spielt das Korsakoff-Syndrom, wobei überkommene Vorstellungen zum Wernicke-Korsakoff-Komplex wahrscheinlich revidiert werden müssen. Nur Alkoholmissbrauch erhöht das Demenzrisiko, während moderater Alkoholkonsum mit einem gegenüber Abstinenz verminderten Risiko einhergeht. Der Terminus “Alkohol-assoziierte kognitive Beeinträchtigungen” (“alcohol-related cognitive impairment”) erscheint als übergeordnete Bezeichnung zweckmäßig. Gesicherte Erkenntnisse über symptomatische Therapiemöglichkeiten liegen nicht vor.


Alcohol-Related Cognitive Impairment - A Continuum from Subthreshold Drop in Efficiency up to Severe Dementia?

Abstract: Alcohol abuse may contribute to cognitive impairment by several different ways. Cognitive impairment may reach from subtle deficits to severe dementia, which may be reversible (at least in part) or permanent. Chronic cognitive impairment caused by direct neurotoxic effects of ethanol alone is very rare; mostly it is combined with neurological or other somatic syndromes due to alcohol or alcohol is acting as a co-factor. Neurobiological correlates are not highly specific. Different pathogenetic pathways are matter of debate, the perspective of neurogenesis may lead to a better understanding. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is holding a privileged position, but traditional concepts of Wernicke-Korsakoff complex probably must be reversed. Only abuse of alcohol does increase risk of dementia, whereas moderate consumption is related to decreased risk, even compared to abstainers. “Alcohol-related cognitive impairment” appears to be suitable as a collective term to mark these syndromes. With regard to symptomatically therapeutic approaches there is not yet sufficient evidence.

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