Clinical paperLow apparent diffusion coefficient cluster-based analysis of diffusion-weighted MRI for prognostication of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors☆
Introduction
Cardiac arrest carries very poor prognosis in terms of both short-term survival and long-term neurologic recovery. Although some do survive and achieve good recovery, most of survivors do not regain consciousness and need prolonged, if not permanent, inpatient care.1 Therefore, accurate prediction of prognosis is often requested, especially in current situation of limited health care resources. However, accurate prediction of neurologic outcome has been difficult task. And it became even more so since widespread adoption of therapeutic hypothermia which made the validity of previously suggested methods doubtful.2, 3, 4
Recent studies had reported quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) analysis as a promising tool for prediction of neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest.5, 6, 7, 8 They employed various anatomy or lesion-based quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurement for the prognostication. Their reported sensitivity for poor outcome was variable ranging from 41 to 93% when their specificity was 100%. In our previous study, we reported that one of such methods could provide useful prognostic information even in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia.8
However, most of these methods require significant human effort such as outlining regions of interests (ROIs) which can lead to poor reproducibility and generalizability. Therefore, it might be useful if there is a simple, objective but accurate computerized algorithm-based prediction method available. We hypothesized that analysis of locally connected low ADC pixels (low-ADC cluster) identified by computerized algorithm would provide a simple but reproducible starting point for measuring various ADC features. Therefore, the aims of the current study were (1) implementation of the cluster-based image processing and (2) assessment and comparison of various ADC features to find most suitable one for clinical use.
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Study setting
This study is based on a prospectively collected registry of emergency department (ED) OHCA patients treated at a 950-bed tertiary academic hospital located in a city with a population of 480,000. The majority of the emergency medical services in this area are provided by the government and its level of care is primarily restricted to basic life support.9 The management of cardiac arrest was based on the recommendations of the 2005 American Heart Association cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Baseline characteristics
Of the 596 OHCA patients who were older than fifteen, 333 patients had return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Among them, a total of 56 comatose OHCA patients were evaluated with diffusion-weighted MRI for prognostication. After exclusion of five patients whose brain MRI was done too early (within 12 h after ROSC) or with poor baseline neurology, a total of 51 patients were included for this study (Table 1). The median age of the study population was 63 years (IQR, 42–72), and 11 (21.6%) of
Discussion
In current study, size, mean and minimum ADC of most dominant cluster were significantly associated with long-term neurologic outcome. Their prognostic performances were varied according to cluster attributes and brain regions. Several indicators, especially MCS of occipital region, were found to have better prognostic performance. Our findings suggest that analysis of low-ADC clusters using simple computerized algorithm can provide useful prognostic information.
Accurate prognostication of
Conclusions
The cluster-based computerized image analysis might be a simple but useful method for prediction of poor neurologic outcome. Future studies validating its prognostic performance are required.
Conflicts of interest statement
All authors do not have any conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported partially by Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) grant 02-2013-135.
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2021, ResuscitationCitation Excerpt :These include lowest minimum or mean ADC,400 mean ADC,401 the proportion of brain volume below a given ADC threshold,401,402 and the maximum size of the MRI clusters with minimum ADC.400 Most of these studies assessed global ADC, while one of them assessed regional ADC.400 In all these studies, an ADC threshold for 100% specificity was identified, often with sensitivities above 50%.
Prognostication of cardiac arrest survivors using low apparent diffusion coefficient cluster volume
2016, ResuscitationCitation Excerpt :However, their credibility has been challenged since the widespread adoption of therapeutic hypothermia which often requires the administration of sedatives and paralytics to the patients whose cellular and drug metabolism are often impaired.6,7 Recently, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), more specifically diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging, has shown promising results for the long-term prognostication of comatose CA patients.8–17 The methods are very diverse, but the most common approaches include use of a scoring system or apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) sampling from hand-drawn regions of interest (ROI) that requires subjective human interpretation of lesion characteristics or brain anatomy.
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A Spanish translated version of the summary of this article appears as Appendix in the final online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.04.011.