Effect of vancomycin dose on treatment outcomes in severe Clostridium difficile infection
Introduction
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a large epidemiological problem for hospitalised patients across the world, with incidences ranging from 3.4 to 8.4 cases per 1000 admissions [1]; however, the incidence is rising, with rates of hospital discharges for CDI doubling from 1996 to 2003 [2], [3]. Furthermore, the severity of CDI-related illness is increasing [4], with mortality rates in the USA increasing four-fold between 2000 and 2004 [5]. The increase in severity of CDI may partially be explained by the emergence of hyper-toxin-producing C. difficile strains [6], [7]. Metronidazole has traditionally been the preferred treatment of CDI given its low cost and lack of association with the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci [8]. However, increased rates of treatment failure and recurrence with metronidazole have been observed in patients with more severe CDI [9], [10]. As such, recent guidelines have recommended vancomycin as the initial therapy in severe CDI [11], [12].
However, the optimal dosage of vancomycin has not been elucidated. Currently, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)/Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) guidelines recommend oral vancomycin 125 mg four times daily (500 mg/day) for severe cases of CDI and 500 mg four times daily (2000 mg/day) with intravenous (i.v.) metronidazole in severe-complicated CDI involving shock, ileus or toxic megacolon [12]. In addition, the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) recommends giving vancomycin 125 mg four times daily orally for severe CDI if oral therapy is possible. If oral therapy is not possible, then severe CDI should be treated with the combination of i.v. metronidazole, intracolonic vancomycin and/or 500 mg vancomycin four times daily by nasogastric tube [11].
A study by Fekety et al. compared the use of 125 mg or 500 mg of oral vancomycin four times daily for the treatment of CDI and found no significant differences in response rate, time to response or recurrence [13]. However, as the authors of this study pointed out, the study may have been underpowered to evaluate small but clinically significant differences between the two treatment regimens. Furthermore, the study did not stratify patients based on severity of illness and was performed over 20 years ago, preceding recent reports of increasing CDI virulence [6].
A recent pharmacokinetic study evaluated faecal concentrations of different doses of oral vancomycin and discovered that levels in the stool rose correspondingly with increasing doses [14]. There was large interpatient variability, and stool concentrations were inversely correlated with the number of stools per day [14]. In one patient who was prescribed 125 mg four times daily, the vancomycin level on Day 1 was as low as 15 mg/L [14].
A composite evaluation of earlier studies demonstrated that vancomycin at a dosage of 500 mg four times daily for 10 days achieved a 100% resolution rate, whereas response rates dropped to 75–86% when the regimen was decreased to 125 mg four times daily [8]. In addition, in an evaluation of recurrent CDI, there was a trend for a lower recurrence rate when vancomycin was used at doses ≥2000 mg/day [15]. As such, several CDI treatment reviews recommend utilising doses higher than those recommended in the IDSA/SHEA guidelines for the treatment of initial episodes of CDI [8], [16].
Given the pharmacokinetic variability of oral vancomycin [14], [17], the increase in incidence and virulence of C. difficile [6], the lack of comparison in dosing of oral vancomycin since the emergence of hyper-toxin-producing strains and the considerable variability in dosing reported in the literature [18], the optimal dose of vancomycin for severe CDI warrants further investigation. As such, the purpose of this study was to evaluate for differences in time to clinical cure as well as rate of overall cure, complications and recurrence for patients with severe CDI treated with high-dose (>500 mg/day) compared with low-dose (≤500 mg/day) vancomycin.
Section snippets
Study design
This was a retrospective cohort study evaluating low-dose (≤500 mg daily) compared with high-dose (>500 mg daily) oral vancomycin for the treatment of severe CDI. The study was performed at a large, tertiary care, academic medical centre and was approved by the Cleveland Clinic Institutional Review Board (Cleveland, OH) with a waiver of informed consent. This study was designed in conjunction with a separate study evaluating the role of combination therapy for the treatment of severe CDI, and
Results
In total, 651 patients with positive C. difficile toxin testing from a laboratory report were screened; 78 patients met the inclusion criteria but did not meet exclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study, including 25 patients (32%) in the low-dose group and 53 patients (68%) in the high-dose group (Fig. 1). Baseline characteristics are summarised in Table 1. Overall, patients who received high-dose vancomycin appeared more severely ill compared with the low-dose group; both median CCI
Discussion
This study investigated the use of low-dose (≤500 mg daily) versus high-dose (>500 mg daily) oral vancomycin for the treatment of severe CDI. There was no difference in any measured outcomes, including cure at Day 10, time to cure, complication rates, recurrence and death, between the high-dose and low-dose groups. Of note, patients who received higher doses of vancomycin were more severely ill at baseline. However, multivariate adjustments accounting for baseline differences between groups also
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