ReviewSystematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of high protein oral nutritional supplements
Highlights
► Systematic review demonstrating the benefits of high protein ONS. ► Significant reduction in complications with high protein ONS. ► Significantly fewer readmissions to hospital with the use of high protein ONS. ► Significant improvement in handgrip strength with the use of high protein ONS. ► High protein ONS increase total dietary intake and improves body weight.
Introduction
The prevalence of disease related malnutrition is common across all health and social care settings including hospitals, care homes, and sheltered housing (Waitzberg et al., 2001, Stratton et al., 2003, Kruizenga et al., 2003, Russell and Elia, 2009, Elia and Russell, 2009a). Overall, more than 3 million people in the UK are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, with people aged over 65 years accounting for about 1.3 million of these (Elia and Russell, 2009b). Despite this, malnutrition continues to remain undetected and undertreated (Elia and Russell, 2009b) causing a variety of detrimental effects at enormous cost to the individual and healthcare system (Elia and Stratton, 2009). This is because malnutrition not only predisposes to disease, but it also adversely affects disease outcome in a variety of ways. For example, impaired immunity predisposes to infections and the ability of the body to recover from infections, muscle weakness and immobility predispose to falls, venous thromboembolism and pressure ulcers. Malnutrition delays recovery from illness, increases complications, and resource use, such as frequency of hospital admissions and length of hospital stay (Elia, 2006).
Since reduced dietary intake is a major cause of malnutrition, various authorities including NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) (NICE, 2006) recommend improving dietary intake using a range of nutrition support strategies, including dietary counselling, oral nutritional supplements (ONS) and artificial nutritional support. Many of these strategies not only aim to increase energy but also the contribution of protein to total energy intake and there are several reasons for this. First, the intake of protein is believed to be inadequate in a sizeable proportion of the free living population, especially older people (65 years and over), where 20% of the population do not meet the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) for protein in the UK (Finch et al., 1998). Inadequate protein intake is even more likely to occur in patients with disease-related malnutrition because appetite is often poor due to the effects of a wide range of diseases, including infective, malignant, and traumatic conditions. Second, patients with disease-related malnutrition tend to be sedentary, ingesting less food with less protein and other nutrients, which means that nutrient deficiencies including protein are more likely to occur (WHO, 2007). If a normal protein intake was to be maintained in the face of reduced energy intake, protein would need to account for a greater proportion of total dietary energy, which should be considered when making recommendations about the composition of dietary intake in disease-related malnutrition. Third, a protein intake above normal may be desirable in patients with illnesses and disabilities for at least two reasons. One reason, is to counteract increased protein losses, which may occur in people with protein losing enteropathy (e.g. Crohn's disease and colitis), transudative wounds including burns, and the catabolic effects of inflammatory disease. The other is the need for protein to encourage repair of damaged tissues, such as wounds, including pressure ulcers, and to facilitate whole body repletion. For example, at a fixed energy intake whole body accretion of lean tissue can be facilitated by increasing protein intake (Elia, 2003).
The above considerations have led to advice to moderately increase the protein content of the diet particularly in older individuals (Paddon-Jones et al., 2008), either by food fortification, protein supplements or by use of commercially available ONS rich in protein to support patients with disease-related malnutrition. There is limited evidence for the clinical effectiveness of dietary advice (Baldwin and Weekes, 2009), however a number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses consistently indicate beneficial clinical effects when using ONS (Stratton and Elia, 2007). None of the previous ONS reviews have specifically investigated the role of high protein supplements (>20% energy from protein) on dietary intake, changes in body composition and functionally/clinically relevant outcomes, such as complications, mortality and length of hospital stay. Given the arguments raised above, beneficial effects might be expected; however, high protein intake has also been implicated in producing some adverse effects like being linked with osteoporosis and renal failure as well as encephalopathy in patients with advanced liver disease (Department of Health, 1992, Institute of Medicine, 2005). Therefore, this systematic review was undertaken to examine whether high protein ONS have beneficial effects in clinical practice and the extent to which these are associated with increased protein intake.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The review was planned, conducted and reported following published guidelines. These include those issued by the Cochrane Collaboration (The Cochrane Collaboration, 2009), the UK National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2009), and the PRISMA guidelines (Moher et al., 2009). Fig. 1 illustrates the principle stages and processes undertaken.
Overall search findings (n = 36 RCT)
A total of 11142 studies were identified by the search strategy (Fig. 1). Following evaluation of the title and or abstract, 132 papers were potentially relevant and obtained in full. Upon reading the full text of these, 36 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion (n = 3790) mean age 74 years (range 42–86 years); 64% female (range 15–100%) (McEvoy and James, 1982, Stableforth, 1986, Efthimiou et al., 1988, Knowles et al., 1988, Otte et al., 1989, Delmi et al., 1990, Tkatch et al., 1992, Volkert
Discussion
This is the first systematic review to examine the effect of high protein ONS on clinical, functional and nutritional outcomes. It demonstrates that high protein ONS produce multiple beneficial effects with no outcomes that significantly favour the control group, which is consistent with conclusions from other systematic reviews that include all types of ONS (Koretz et al., 2007, Milne et al., 2009). The duration of intervention with ONS ranged from short to longer term (mean period of
Conclusion
There are clinical, nutritional and functional benefits resulting from high protein ONS use and the available evidence suggests little suppression of normal food intake, with the ONS being mostly additive to food intake. There is still a need to understand the mechanisms of action, the extent to which high protein ONS represent an improvement over standard ONS, and their overall economic impact, which is associated with reduced length of stay and reduced hospital readmissions. A formal economic
Disclosure statement
Both AC and RS are employed by Nutricia, Advanced Medical Nutrition.
Acknowledgements
Personal communication from authors for extra data; Salah Gariballa, Jan Tidermark, Birgitta Olofsson.
Rachel Freeman for literature searches.
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